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Sideridis G, Jaffari F. Aptitude measurement: is measurement validity compromised in the morning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1210958. [PMID: 37674749 PMCID: PMC10478097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1210958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the General Aptitude Test (GAT), a national instrument for the measurement of aptitude/achievement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a function of daytime testing. Participants were 722 students who took on the GAT across morning and evening administrations in a within-person pre-post design. Participants were matched for gender, parental education, and test center characteristics (i.e., size). The GAT was tested for its psychometric properties and its measurement invariance across time of day. Results pointed to a significant misfit using an exact invariance protocol. Specifically, there was a large number of non-invariant items pointing to Differential Item Functioning (DIF). Second, internal consistency reliabilities were consistently lower during morning testing compared to evening testing as evidenced using both statistical and visual means. Concerns about dimensionality were also raised for the morning compared to the evening administration. Last, comparison of performance levels indicated that morning testing was associated with significant decrements in performance across all domains compared to performance levels during evening testing. The results have implications for the validity of measurement and public testing policy if test validity during morning administration is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Sideridis
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Research, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fathima Jaffari
- Education and Training Evaluation Commission, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mokros L, Nowakowska-Domagała K, Witusik A, Pietras T. Evening chronotype as a bipolar feature among patients with major depressive disorder: the results of a pilot factor analysis. Braz J Psychiatry 2022; 44:35-40. [PMID: 35170673 PMCID: PMC8827374 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The bipolar spectrum concept has resulted in a paradigm shift that has affected both the diagnosis and therapy of mood disorders, with bipolarity becoming an indicator of treatment resistance in depression. Evening circadian preference has also been linked to affective disorders. The aim of our study was to confirm the relationship between the severity of depressive symptoms, bipolar features, chronotype, and sleep quality among patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A group of 55 individuals who were recruited from a mental health outpatient clinic completed the following psychometric tools: a Chronotype Questionnaire comprising morningness-eveningness (ME) and subjective amplitude of the rhythm (AM) scales, the Hypomania Checklist 32 (HCL-32), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Factor analysis identified two latent components, accounting cumulatively for 58% of variables: depressive symptoms (BDI and PSQI) and bipolarity (ME, AM, and HCL-32). After rotation, ME loading in the first factor increased the result to a significant level. The correlation between the two components was very low. Conclusions: Evening chronotype appears to be a bipolarity-related marker, with this relationship being independent of its link to depressive symptoms and sleep quality. Eveningness and high circadian rhythm amplitude may offer promise as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Mokros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Witusik
- Music Therapy Course, Faculty of Composition, Theory of Music, Conducting, Eurhythmics and Music Education, Grazyna and Kiejstut Bacewicz Memorial Academy of Music in Lódź, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Höller Y, Urbschat MM, Kristófersson GK, Ólafsson RP. Predictability of Seasonal Mood Fluctuations Based on Self-Report Questionnaires and EEG Biomarkers in a Non-clinical Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:870079. [PMID: 35463521 PMCID: PMC9030950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced by decreasing light, people affected by seasonal mood fluctuations may suffer from low energy, have low interest in activities, experience changes in weight, insomnia, difficulties in concentration, depression, and suicidal thoughts. Few studies have been conducted in search for biological predictors of seasonal mood fluctuations in the brain, such as EEG oscillations. A sample of 64 participants was examined with questionnaires and electroencephalography in summer. In winter, a follow-up survey was recorded and participants were grouped into those with at least mild (N = 18) and at least moderate (N = 11) mood decline and those without self-reported depressive symptoms both in summer and in winter (N = 46). A support vector machine was trained to predict mood decline by either EEG biomarkers alone, questionnaire data from baseline alone, or a combination of the two. Leave-one-out-cross validation with lasso regularization was used with logistic regression to fit a model. The accuracy for classification for at least mild/moderate mood decline was 77/82% for questionnaire data, 72/82% for EEG alone, and 81/86% for EEG combined with questionnaire data. Self-report data was more conclusive than EEG biomarkers recorded in summer for prediction of worsening of depressive symptoms in winter but it is advantageous to combine EEG with psychological assessment to boost predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
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Ge Y, Sheng B, Qu W, Xiong Y, Sun X, Zhang K. Differences in visual-spatial working memory and driving behavior between morning-type and evening-type drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 136:105402. [PMID: 31862644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are changes in life activities over a cycle of approximately 24 hours. Studies on chronotypes have found that there are significant differences in physiology, personality, cognitive ability and driving behavior between morning-type and evening-type people. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between visual-spatial working memory and driving behavior between morning-type and evening-type drivers in China. A total of 42 Chinese drivers were selected to participate in this study according to their score on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, including 22 morning-type drivers and 20 evening-type drivers. During the experiment, the participants completed one cognitive task (visual-spatial working memory), two simulated driving tasks (car-following task and pedestrian-crossing task), and the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI). The results showed that evening-type drivers self-reported more dangerous driving behaviors but had better lateral control on the simulated driving task than morning-type drivers. In addition, evening-type drivers had greater accuracy when performing the visual-spatial working memory task. Moreover, the accuracy on the visual-spatial working memory task positively predicted the percentage of time over the speed limit by 10 mph (POS10) and negatively correlated with the reaction time measure (time to meet pedestrians) in the pedestrian-crossing task. The relationships among chronotype, cognitive ability and driving behavior are also discussed. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could help explain why evening-type drivers perform dangerous driving behaviors more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biying Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weina Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuexing Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Okkels N, Jensen LG, Skovshoved LC, Arendt R, Blicher AB, Vieta E, Straszek S. Lighting as an aid for recovery in hospitalized psychiatric patients: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:105-114. [PMID: 31603013 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1676465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Artificial indoor lighting can disturb sleep and increase depressive symptoms; both common complaints in psychiatric inpatients. In this trial we aimed to improve sleep in psychiatric inpatients using a circadian lighting environment.Patients and methods: Investigator-blinded parallel-group randomised controlled effectiveness trial in an inpatient psychiatric ward with adjustable lighting. Admitted patients received a pre-set circadian lighting environment (intervention group) or lighting as usual (control group). The primary outcome was the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and secondary outcomes included the Major Depression Inventory and WHO-5 Well-Being Index.Results: We assessed 74 patients and included 54 (27 treated and 27 controls). Treated patients reported a non-significant change in mean sleep quality by -1.02 points on the PSQI (95% CI: -3.17; 1.12) and controls by -0.59 points (95% CI: -2.52; 1.33), difference -0.43 (95% CI: -3.05; 2.2, p-value .74). Similarly, treated patients reported a non-significant change in depressive symptoms and well-being compared to controls. Qualitative data indicated no serious side-effects and no patients in the intervention group were submitted to involuntary measures. Collection of data was non-complete and missing data from self-reported questionnaires amounted to 52.5%.Conclusions: The intervention showed no effect on sleep quality, mood or well-being. The circadian lighting environment was safe in our small and diverse patient sample. The trial integrated well with routine clinical care and our sample reflected the heterogeneity of the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Okkels
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Runhild Arendt
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Bastholm Blicher
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sune Straszek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark.,Bipolar Disorder Unit, Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
Later chronotype (i.e. evening preference) and later timing of sleep have been associated with greater morbidity, including higher rates of metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no one has examined whether chronotype is associated with mortality risk to date. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that being an evening type is associated with increased mortality in a large cohort study, the UK Biobank. Our analysis included 433 268 adults aged 38-73 at the time of enrolment and an average 6.5-year follow-up. The primary exposure was chronotype, as assessed through a single self-reported question-defining participants as definite morning types, moderate morning types, moderate evening types or definite evening types. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and mortality due to CVD. Prevalent disease was also compared among the chronotype groups. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, sleep duration, socioeconomic status and comorbidities. Greater eveningness, particularly being a definite evening type, was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of all comorbidities. Comparing definite evening type to definite morning type, the associations were strongest for psychological disorders (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.86-2.02, p = < 0.001), followed by diabetes (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.24-1.36, p = < 0.001), neurological disorders (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.20-1.30, p = < 0.001), gastrointestinal/abdominal disorders (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.19-1.27, p = < 0.001) and respiratory disorders (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.18-1.26, p = < 0.001). The total number of deaths was 10 534, out of which 2127 were due to CVD. Greater eveningness, based on chronotype as an ordinal variable, was associated with a small increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.004-1.05, p = 0.017) and CVD mortality (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.09, p = 0.06). Compared to definite morning types, definite evening types had significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.18, p = 0.012). This first report of increased mortality in evening types is consistent with previous reports of increased levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in this group. Mortality risk in evening types may be due to behavioural, psychological and physiological risk factors, many of which may be attributable to chronic misalignment between internal physiological timing and externally imposed timing of work and social activities. These findings suggest the need for researching possible interventions aimed at either modifying circadian rhythms in individuals or at allowing evening types greater working hour flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Knutson
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago IL USA
| | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evening chronotype is increasingly recognized as a correlate of, and perhaps a contributor to, mental illness. The current review evaluates recent evidence for the association between chronotype and mental illness and putative mechanisms underlying the association, while highlighting methodological advances and areas of research that are relatively under-examined in the literature. RECENT FINDINGS While evening chronotype is most consistently associated with severity of mood disorder symptoms, emerging evidence implicates evening chronotype as a transdiagnostic correlate of substance use severity, anxiety symptoms, attentional difficulties, and maladaptive behaviors such as aggression. Longitudinal studies point to the possibility that evening chronotype precedes problematic substance use, depression, and anxiety. Neural processes related to reward and affective regulation may underlie associations between evening chronotype and illness. The literature on chronotype and mental illness has evolved to (1) include associations with a broader range of psychiatric symptom profiles; (2) explore underlying mechanisms; and (3) expand on earlier research using objective measures and more sophisticated study designs. In addition to further mechanistic research, additional work is needed to examine the stability and key subcomponents of the chronotype construct, as well as more attention to pediatric and special populations. This research is needed to clarify the chronotype-mental health relationship, and to identify how, when, and what aspects of chronotype can be targeted via therapeutic interventions.
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Zakharenko LP, Petrovskii DV, Putilov AA. Larks, owls, swifts, and woodcocks among fruit flies: differential responses of four heritable chronotypes to long and hot summer days. Nat Sci Sleep 2018; 10:181-191. [PMID: 29950910 PMCID: PMC6016586 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s168905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Drosophila melanogaster and our own species share (Homo sapiens) the history of relatively rapid out-of-Africa dispersal. In Eurasia, they had faced a novel adaptive problem of adjustment of their circadian rhythmicity and night sleep episode to seasonal variation in day length and air temperature. Both species usually respond to heat and a short duration of night by reduction of the amount of night sleep and prolongation of "siesta". To further explore similarities between the two species in the ways of adjustment of their sleep-wake behavior to extreme environmental factors, this study examined the possibility to distinguish four extreme chronotypes among fruit flies and the possibility of the differential response of such chronotypes to light and heat stressors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and sleep-wake pattern were tested in constant darkness, and four strains of fruit flies originating from three wild populations of Africa, Europe, and the USA were selected to represent four distinct chronotypes: "larks" (early morning and evening activity peaks), "owls" (late morning and evening peaks), "swifts" (early morning and late evening peaks), and "woodcocks" (late morning and early evening peaks). The circadian rhythms and sleep efficiency of the selected chronotypes were further tested under such extreme conditions as either long day (LD20:4 at 20°C) or a combination of LD20:4 with hot temperature (29°C). RESULTS Despite the identity of such experimental conditions for four chronotypes, their circadian rhythms and sleep timing showed significantly distinct patterns of response to exposure to heat and/or long days. All two-way repeated measures analysis of variances yielded a significant interaction between chronotype and time of the day (P<0.001). CONCLUSION An experimental study of heritable chronotypes in the fruit fly can facilitate a search for genetic underpinnings of individual variation in vulnerability to circadian misalignment, maladaptive sleep-wake behavior, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila P Zakharenko
- Department of Insect Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Faculty of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Petrovskii
- Department of Insect Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arcady A Putilov
- Research Group for Biomedical Systems Modeling, Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Dorokhov VB, Puchkova AN, Taranov AO, Slominsky PA, Tupitsina TV, Ivanov ID, Vavilin VA, Nechunaev VV, Kolomeichuk SN, Morozov AV, Budkevich EV, Budkevich RO, Dementienko VV, Sveshnikov DS, Donskaya OG, Putilov AA. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening: association of morning component of morningness–eveningness with single nucleotide polymorphisms in circadian clock genes. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1390823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B. Dorokhov
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Puchkova
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Cognition and Communication, Pushkin State Russian Language Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton O. Taranov
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, The Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr A. Slominsky
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Diseases, The Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Tupitsina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Diseases, The Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor D. Ivanov
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, The Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin A. Vavilin
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, The Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V. Nechunaev
- Chair of Personality Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Chair of Social Work, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kolomeichuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Artem V. Morozov
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Budkevich
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Biophysics, North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia
| | - Roman O. Budkevich
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Biophysics, North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia
| | - Valeriy V. Dementienko
- Laboratory of Medical Electronics, Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Sveshnikov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship, University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga G. Donskaya
- Research Group for Math-Modeling of Biomedical Systems, The Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arcady A. Putilov
- Research Group for Math-Modeling of Biomedical Systems, The Research Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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