1
|
Abuhamdah SMA, Naser AY. Smart phone addiction and its mental health risks among university students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:812. [PMID: 37936164 PMCID: PMC10631016 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction to smart phones is classified clinically as behavioral addiction resulted from an excessive problematic usage of smart phones that effect the daily life of the users. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence of smart phone addiction, its associated psychological distress risk, and its associated predictors among university students in Jordan. METHODS Between November 2022 and January 2023, a cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in Jordan. In this study, we used previously developed questionnaire instruments, the psychological Distress scale of Kessler and the Smartphone Addiction Scale. A score of 30 was used to identify the dummy variable in the binary logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of severe psychological distress, and smartphone addiction score of 38.7 was used to to identify predictors of smartphone addiction. RESULTS A total of 2337 university students participated in this study. The mean psychological distress score for the study participants was 30.0 (SD: 8.9). More than half of the study participants (59.1%) had a psychological distress score of 30 and above, which indicates a severe mental disorder state. More than half of the study participants (56.7%) had a smartphone addiction score of 30 and above, which reflects a smartphone addiction state. Females, divorced, those who feel that their mental abilities have been negatively affected by the use of smart phones, those who feel that using smartphones has affected their sleep and made it harder to fall asleep, and those feel that everything requires effort and fatigue, and they do not want to do any activity that requires effort were more likely to have severe psychological distress compared to others (p < 0.05). Females, those who feel that using smartphones has affected their sleep and made it harder to fall asleep, and those feel that everything requires effort and fatigue, and they do not want to do any activity that requires effort were more likely to be smartphone addicted compared to others (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Mental diseases are a major public health concern in Jordan, especially among university students. Females, those who thought smartphone usage hurt their mental capacities, and those who had trouble sleeping and fatigue were more likely to develop serious psychological discomfort and smartphone addiction. Smartphones are indispensable, but excessive use can lead to addiction and harm university students' mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan M A Abuhamdah
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, P.O.Box: 13380, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O.Box: 112612, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Abdallah Y Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glickman KL, Smith SW, Woods EC. Psychological distress, attitudes toward seeking help, and utilization of college counseling at a predominantly minority college. J Am Coll Health 2023; 71:765-774. [PMID: 33891513 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1908301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined psychological distress among students at a predominantly-minority college, attitudes toward seeking help, and utilization of college counseling services. Demographic variables and associations between 8 problem areas (depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, academic stress, eating concerns, family distress, hostility, substance use) were explored. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 347 students at a large public university. METHODS In 2016-2017, students completed a Web-based questionnaire providing information about their mental health, attitudes toward seeking help, and utilization of counseling services. RESULTS Psychological distress was significantly higher for LGBQT, Muslim and female students and lower for Christian affiliated and religious students. LGBQT students were less likely to seek psychological help than other students. Utilization of college counseling did not differ by race or gender. CONCLUSIONS Administrators at PMCs must increase their efforts to disseminate information about mental health services and reduce barriers to seeking help, particularly for LGBQT, female and Muslim students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Glickman
- Assistant Professor of Social Work, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Scott W Smith
- Student Psychological Counselor/Licensed Psychologist, Counseling Center, Room AC-1G03E, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Ericka C Woods
- NYS Licensed Psychologist, Student Psychological Counselor, Counseling Center, Room AC-1G03E, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yitayih Y, Vanderplasschen W, Vandewalle S, Rita VD, Gilbert L. The effects of khat use during pregnancy on perinatal and maternal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:11-27. [PMID: 36689029 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chewing khat during pregnancy adversely affects maternal and fetal health, but available studies are scarce and inconsistent, and it is difficult to conclude the relationship between khat consumption and perinatal outcomes. We aimed to investigate the available studies on the effect of khat use during pregnancy on perinatal and maternal outcomes. For this meta-analysis, we conducted a thorough search of articles published in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to the date this search was undertaken (03.01.2022). We used random effect model with the Mantel-Haenszel method to calculate the pooled odds ratio and mean difference. We found that khat use during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased odds of low birth weight (OR:2.51; 95% CI: 1.60 to 3.94), congenital anomalies (OR:3.17; 95% CI: 1.30 to 7.73), premature rupture of membrane (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.59 to 2.50), perinatal mortality (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.03), and lower APGAR scores at the fifth minute (MD: -1.7; 95% CI: -2.32 to -1.07). Also, increased odds for developing maternal psychological stress and anemia were reported in women using khat during pregnancy. There were no statistically significant differences in stillbirth and preterm birth between women using khat during pregnancy and their counterparts. Since prenatal khat use is associated with adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, we strongly recommend equitable and easily accessible health services through the implementation of integrated addiction treatment with maternity services to address khat use during pregnancy and encourage the practice of healthy behavior of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Vanderplasschen
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vandewalle
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Van Damme Rita
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Perinatal Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lemmens Gilbert
- Department of Head and Skin - Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10. B 9000 Gent, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Perinatal Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wao H, Wao MA, Muriithi I, Seraii P, Syonguvi J. Availability, accessibility and activation of mental health services among university students in Africa: a protocol of a mixed-methods systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-synthesis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059991. [PMID: 35705341 PMCID: PMC9204451 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Africa, the prevalence of mental health problems is higher among university students than in the general population. A number of systematic reviews and recent prevalence studies have focused on prevalence of mental health issues among college. This mixed-methods systematic review, including meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, will explore: what mental health services are available to university students; the extent to which students access available services and factors associated with service access; and the degree to which students activate (use) accessible services and factors associated with service activation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct electronic literature search of the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, Trip Database, Medline and PsycINFO. Disagreement, if any, will be resolved by a third reviewer. Two reviewers will independently assess the methodological quality of included studies using relevant tools. For cross-sectional studies, we will use the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies whereas qualitative or mixed-methods studies will be assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. OR, risk ratio or mean difference with 95% CI will be considered as the effect size. We will assess heterogeneity between studies by appropriate subgroup analyses. Publication bias will be detected using funnel plots. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical clearance is not required as we are not collecting primary data. Findings will be disseminated via relevant scientific conferences and peer-reviewed publications. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022296870.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesborn Wao
- Research and Related Capacity Strengthening (RRCS), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melvin A Wao
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University - Africa (USIU-A), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ian Muriithi
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University - Africa (USIU-A), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Seraii
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University - Africa (USIU-A), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jackline Syonguvi
- Research and Related Capacity Strengthening (RRCS), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo L, Fan H, Xu Z, Li J, Chen T, Zhang Z, Yang K. Prevalence and changes in depressive symptoms among postgraduate students: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 1980 to 2020. Stress Health 2021; 37:835-847. [PMID: 33871902 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Education actively helps us develop our well-being and health, but postgraduate students are at high risk of depression. The prevalence of depression symptoms varies from 6.2% to 84.7% among them, and its changes throughout the years remains unclear. The present study aimed to estimate the real prevalence of depression symptoms among postgraduate students and the changes from 1980 to 2020. Thirty-seven primary studies with 41 independent reports were included in the meta-analysis (none reports were in high-quality, three were medium-to-high quality, 20 were low-to-medium quality, and 18 were low-quality), involving 27,717 postgraduate students. The pooled prevalence of overall, mild, moderate, and severe depression symptoms was 34% (95% CI: 28-40, I2 = 98.6%), 27% (95% CI: 22-32, I2 = 85.8%), 13% (95% CI: 8-21, I2 = 97.3%), and 8% (95% CI: 6-11, I2 = 81.0%), respectively. Overall, the prevalence of depression symptoms remained relatively constant through the years following 1980 (overall: β = -0.12, 95% CI: [-0.39, 0.15], p = 0.39; mild: β = 0.24, 95% CI: [-0.02, 0.51], p = 0.07; moderate: β = -0.24, 95% CI: [-0.75, 0.26], p = 0.34; severe: β = 0.13, 95% CI: [-0.25, 0.51], p = 0.50). Doctoral students experienced more depressive symptoms than did master's students (43% vs. 27%; Q = 2.23, df = 1, p = 0.13), and studies utilising non-random sampling methods reported a higher prevalence of mild depression and lower moderate depression symptoms than those that used random sampling (overall: 34% vs. 29%; Q = 0.45, df = 1, p = 0.50; mild: 29% vs. 21%; Q = 1.69, df = 1, p = 0.19; moderate: 16% vs. 25%; Q = 1.79, df = 1, p = 0.18; severe: 8% vs. 9%; Q = 0.13, df = 1, p = 0.72) despite these differences was not statistically significant. The prevalence of depression symptoms was moderated by the measurements and the quality of primary studies. More than one-third of postgraduates reported depression symptoms, which indicates the susceptibility to mental health risk among postgraduates. School administrators, teachers, and students should take joint actions to prevent mental disorders of postgraduates from increasing in severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Guo
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Evidence-based Social Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Fan
- School of Education, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Evidence-based Social Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jieyun Li
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Evidence-based Social Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Taolin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,School of Foreign Language, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kehu Yang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Evidence-based Social Sciences Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shorey S, Ng ED, Wong CHJ. Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol 2021; 61:287-305. [PMID: 34569066 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence is a formative and turbulent phase where physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive changes leave adolescents vulnerable to psychological disorders. Given the lack of reviews that consolidate and compare worldwide prevalence of depression among adolescents, this review aims to examine the global prevalence of major depressive disorders, dysthymia, and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Six databases were searched for studies published from 2001 to December 2020. Seventy-two studies were included. Subgroup analysis were performed for year of publication, geographical region, gender, and assessment tools used. RESULTS The global point prevalence rate of elevated self-reported depressive symptoms from 2001 to 2020 was 34% (95% CI: 0.30-0.38). Point prevalence for major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia was 8% (95% CI: 0.02-0.13) and 4% (95% CI: 0.01-0.07), respectively. The pooled one-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence for MDD were 8% (95% CI: 0.05-0.12) and 19% (95% CI: 0.12-0.26). Point prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents increased from 24% (95% CI: 0.19-0.28) between 2001 and 2010 to 37% (95% CI: 0.32-0.42) between 2011 and 2020. The Middle East, Africa, and Asia have the highest prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms, and female adolescents were reported to have a higher prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms than male adolescents. CONCLUSION Besides targeting those with existing clinical depression, research and policies should also focus on educational and supportive mitigation efforts to curb depressive symptoms among adolescents before escalation. The findings encourage future research to develop more gender-specific and culturally relevant intervention programmes. PRACTITIONER POINTS 34% of adolescents globally, aged 10-19 years, are at risk of developing clinical depression, which exceeds the reported estimates of individuals aged 18 to 25 years. Practitioners are highly encouraged to prioritize depression screening and intervention implementation for individuals in this age group. Female adolescents and adolescents from Middle East, Africa, and Asia have the highest risk of developing depression. This urges practitioners and researchers to develop more gender-specific and culturally relevant intervention programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esperanza Debby Ng
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine H J Wong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Porter C, Favara M, Hittmeyer A, Scott D, Sánchez Jiménez A, Ellanki R, Woldehanna T, Duc LT, Craske MG, Stein A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms of young people in the global south: evidence from a four-country cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049653. [PMID: 33858874 PMCID: PMC8053815 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide evidence on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of young people who grew up in poverty in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN A phone survey administered between August and October 2020 to participants of a population-based longitudinal cohort study established in 2002 comprising two cohorts born in 1994-1995 and 2001-2002 in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Peru and Vietnam. We use logistic regressions to examine associations between mental health and pandemic-related stressors, structural factors (gender, age), and lifelong protective/risk factors (parent and peer relationship, wealth, long-term health problems, past emotional problems, subjective well-being) measured at younger ages. SETTING A geographically diverse, poverty-focused sample, also reaching those without mobile phones or internet access. PARTICIPANTS 10 496 individuals were approached; 9730 participated. Overall, 8988 individuals were included in this study; 4610 (51%) men and 4378 (49%) women. Non-inclusion was due to non-location or missing data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Symptoms consistent with at least mild anxiety or depression were measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (≥5) or Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (≥5). RESULTS Rates of symptoms of at least mild anxiety (depression) were highest in Peru at 41% (32%) (95% CI 38.63% to 43.12%; (29.49-33.74)), and lowest in Vietnam at 9% (9%) (95% CI 8.16% to 10.58%; (8.33-10.77)), mirroring COVID-19 mortality rates. Women were most affected in all countries except Ethiopia. Pandemic-related stressors such as health risks/expenses, economic adversity, food insecurity, and educational or employment disruption were risk factors for anxiety and depression, though showed varying levels of importance across countries. Prior parent/peer relationships were protective factors, while long-term health or emotional problems were risk factors. CONCLUSION Pandemic-related health, economic and social stress present significant risks to the mental health of young people in LMICs where mental health support is limited, but urgently needed to prevent long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Favara
- Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annina Hittmeyer
- Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Douglas Scott
- Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Revathi Ellanki
- Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Begumpet, India
| | - Tassew Woldehanna
- Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Le Thuc Duc
- Centre for Analysis and Forecasting, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wilson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|