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Mlejnek P. What Is the Significance of Lysosomal-Mediated Resistance to Imatinib? Cells 2023; 12:cells12050709. [PMID: 36899844 PMCID: PMC10000661 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal sequestration of hydrophobic weak-base anticancer drugs is one proposed mechanism for the reduced availability of these drugs at target sites, resulting in a marked decrease in cytotoxicity and consequent resistance. While this subject is receiving increasing emphasis, it is so far only in laboratory experiments. Imatinib is a targeted anticancer drug used to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), and a number of other malignancies. Its physicochemical properties make it a typical hydrophobic weak-base drug that accumulates in the lysosomes of tumour cells. Further laboratory studies suggest that this might significantly reduce its antitumor efficacy. However, a detailed analysis of published laboratory studies shows that lysosomal accumulation cannot be considered a clearly proven mechanism of resistance to imatinib. Second, more than 20 years of clinical experience with imatinib has revealed a number of resistance mechanisms, none of which is related to its accumulation in lysosomes. This review focuses on the analysis of salient evidence and raises a fundamental question about the significance of lysosomal sequestration of weak-base drugs in general as a possible resistance mechanism both in clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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Asari K, Sun WT, Kok ZH, Lam YH, Ng BL, Saunders V, White DL, Chuah C, Xiang W. Simvastatin enhances the efficacy of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukaemia by post-translational modification and drug transporter modulation. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:526-36. [PMID: 33587350 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a significant clinical problem. Targeting alternative pathways, such as protein prenylation, is known to be effective in overcoming resistance. Simvastatin inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (a key enzyme in isoprenoid-regulation), thereby inhibiting prenylation. We demonstrate that simvastatin alone effectively inhibits proliferation in a panel of TKI-resistant CML cell lines, regardless of mechanism of resistance. We further show that the combination of nilotinib and simvastatin synergistically kills CML cells via an increase in apoptosis and decrease in prosurvival proteins and cellular proliferation. Mechanistically, simvastatin inhibits protein prenylation as shown by increased levels of unprenylated Ras and rescue experiments with mevalonate resulted in abrogation of synergism. The combination also leads to an increase in the intracellular uptake and retention of radio-labelled nilotinib, which further enhances the inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase activity. In primary CML samples, this combination inhibits clonogenicity in both imatinib-naive and resistant cells. Such combinatorial effects provide the basis for utilising these Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs as a potential clinical approach in overcoming resistance and improving CML treatment.
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Cao H, Li W, Zhou Y, Tan R, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Guo Q, Zhao L. Oroxylin a Inhibits the Protection of Bone Marrow Microenvironment on CML Cells Through CXCL12/CXCR4/P-gp Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2019; 9:188. [PMID: 31024831 PMCID: PMC6463784 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib (IM) resistance could have significant impact on the survival time of the CML-patients treated with IM. Previous studies have shown that the protective effects of the bone marrow stroma cells (BMSCs) on CML cells are achieved by the secretion of CXCL12. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Oroxylin A could reverse the protective effect of BMSCs on CML cells and illuminate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that CXCL12 could enhance the resistance potential of K562 and KU812 cells to IM by increasing the expression of CXCR4, thus promoting the translocation of β-catenin into nucleus and subsequently increasing the expression of P-gp in K562 and KU812 cells. What's more, IM resistance could also be partially reversed by CXCR4 siRNA transfection. Moreover, the reverse effect of IM resistance by Oroxylin A was demonstrated by the inhibition of β-catenin/P-gp pathway via the decrease of CXCR4 in vitro. The in vivo study also showed that Oroxylin A could decrease the expression of P-gp and β-catenin in mice bone marrow with low toxicity, which could be consistent with the mechanisms verified in vitro studies. In conclusion, all these results showed that Oroxylin A improved the sensitivity of K562 and KU812 cells to IM in BM microenvironment by decreasing the expression of CXCR4 and then inhibiting β-catenin/P-gp pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Kazan HH, Urfali-mamatoglu C, Gündüz U. Resistance to anticancer drugs permanently alters electrophoretic mobility of cancer cell lines: General. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1201-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Chen Y, Chang L. NFκB- and AP-1-mediated DNA looping regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 transcription in TNF-α-treated human leukemia U937 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 2015; 1849:1248-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Demircan Y, Koyuncuoğlu A, Erdem M, Özgür E, Gündüz U, Külah H. Label-free detection of multidrug resistance in K562 cells through isolated 3D-electrode dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1149-57. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Demircan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; METU; Ankara Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center; Ankara Turkey
| | - Aziz Koyuncuoğlu
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; METU; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Ebru Özgür
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center; Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering; METU; Ankara Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center; Ankara Turkey
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Chen YJ, Chang LS. Simvastatin induces NFκB/p65 down-regulation and JNK1/c-Jun/ATF-2 activation, leading to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) but not MMP-2 down-regulation in human leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:530-43. [PMID: 25316568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the signaling pathways associated with the effect of simvastatin on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 expression in human leukemia K562 cells. In sharp contrast to its insignificant effect on MMP-2, simvastatin down-regulated MMP-9 protein expression and mRNA levels in K562 cells. Simvastatin-induced Pin1 down-regulation evoked NFκB/p65 degradation. Meanwhile, simvastatin induced JNK-mediated c-Jun and ATF-2 activation. Over-expression of Pin1 suppressed simvastatin-induced MMP-9 down-regulation. Treatment with SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) or knock-down of JNK1 reduced MMP-2 expression in simvastatin-treated cells. Simvastatin enhanced the binding of c-Jun/ATF-2 with the MMP-2 promoter. Down-regulation of c-Jun or ATF-2 by siRNA revealed that c-Jun/ATF-2 activation was crucial for MMP-2 expression. Suppression of p65 activation or knock-down of Pin1 by shRNA reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in K562 cells. Over-expression of constitutively active JNK1 rescued MMP-2 expression in Pin1 shRNA-transfected cells. Simvastatin treatment also suppressed MMP-9 but not MMP-2 expression in human leukemia U937 and KU812 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that simvastatin-induced p65 instability leads to MMP-9 down-regulation in leukemia cells, while simvastatin-induced JNK1/c-Jun/ATF-2 activation maintains the MMP-2 expression underlying p65 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Liu WH, Chen YJ, Chien JH, Chang LS. Amsacrine suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 expression in human leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:588-98. [PMID: 24122234 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the suppression mechanism of amsacrine (4-(9-Acridinylamino)-N-(methanesulfonyl)-m-anisidine hydrochloride) on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression in human leukemia cells. Amsacrine attenuated cell invasion with decreased MMP-2/MMP-9 protein expression and mRNA levels in U937, Jurkat, HL-60, K562, KU812, and MEG-01 cells. Moreover, amsacrine reduced both MMP-2/MMP-9 promoter luciferase activity and MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA stability in leukemia cells. Studies on amsacrine-treated U937 cells revealed that amsacrine-elicited ROS generation induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation but reduced the phospho-ERK level. Amsacrine-induced ERK inactivation and p38 MAPK/JNK activation were demonstrated to suppress MMP-2/MMP-9 promoter luciferase activity and promote MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA decay, respectively. p38 MAPK/JNK activation led to up-regulation of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) in amsacrine-treated U937 cells. Okadaic acid (PP2A inhibitor) treatment increased MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA stability in amsacrine-treated cells, whereas PP2Acα over-expression increased MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA decay. Amsacrine-induced MMP-2/MMP-9 down-regulation was also related to PP2Acα up-regulation on Jurkat, HL-60, K562, KU812, and MEG-01 cells. Collectively, our data indicate that amsacrine induces MMP-2/MMP-9 down-regulation via simultaneous suppression of genetic transcription and mRNA stability in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Bahrieh G, Erdem M, Özgür E, Gündüz U, Külah H. Assessment of effects of multi drug resistance on dielectric properties of K562 leukemic cells using electrorotation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, dielectric characterization of multidrug resistant (MDR) K562 human leukemia cells was carried out using a MEMS based electrorotation (ER) device with 3D electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garsha Bahrieh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- METU
- Ankara, Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ebru Özgür
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- METU
- Ankara, Turkey
- METU-MEMS Research and Applications Center
- Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Augis V, Airiau K, Josselin M, Turcq B, Mahon FX, Belloc F. A single nucleotide polymorphism in cBIM is associated with a slower achievement of major molecular response in chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with imatinib. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78582. [PMID: 24223824 PMCID: PMC3818406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose BIM is essential for the response to tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients. Recently, a deletion polymorphism in intron 2 of the BIM gene was demonstrated to confer an intrinsic TKI resistance in Asian patients. The present study aimed at identifying mutations in the BIM sequence that could lead to imatinib resistance independently of BCR-ABL mutations. Experimental Design BIM coding sequence analysis was performed in 72 imatinib-treated CML patients from a French population of our centre and in 29 healthy controls (reference population) as a case-control study. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) was performed to assess Bim expression in our reference population. Results No mutation with amino-acid change was found in the BIM coding sequence. However, we observed a silent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c465C>T (rs724710). A strong statistical link was found between the presence of the T allele and the high Sokal risk group (p = 0.0065). T allele frequency was higher in non responsive patients than in the reference population (p = 0.0049). Similarly, this T allele was associated with the mutation frequency on the tyrosine kinase domain of BCR-ABL (p<0.001) and the presence of the T allele significantly lengthened the time to achieve a major molecular response (MMR). Finally, the presence of the T allele was related to a decreased basal expression of the Bim mRNA in the circulating mononuclear cells of healthy controls. Conclusion These results suggest that the analysis of the c465C>T SNP of BIM could be useful for predicting the outcome of imatinib-treated CML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gene Frequency
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Mutation Rate
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Augis
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelly Airiau
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marina Josselin
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Turcq
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François-Xavier Mahon
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Service des maladies du Sang, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Belloc
- Université Bordeaux Segalen and INSERM U1035 Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Ekiz HA, Can G, Gunduz U, Baran Y. Nilotinib significantly induces apoptosis in imatinib resistant K562 cells with wild-type BCR–ABL, as effectively as in parental sensitive counterparts. Hematology 2013; 15:33-8. [DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12583347009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Geylani Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Gunduz
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsMiddle East Technical University, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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13
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Baran Y, Ceylan C, Camgoz A. The roles of macromolecules in imatinib resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lee J, Shen P, Zhang G, Wu X, Zhang X. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the Bcr/Abl oncogene at the mRNA level in chronic myeloid leukemia sensitive or resistant to imatinib. Biomed Pharmacother 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Bozkurt S, Özkan T, Özmen F, Baran Y, Sunguroğlu A, Kansu E. The roles of epigenetic modifications of proapoptotic BID and BIM genes in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:217-23. [PMID: 23394612 DOI: 10.1179/1607845412y.0000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), epigenetic modifications such as promoter hypermethylation and inactive histone modification are known mechanisms of drug resistance. In our study, we investigated the roles of promoter hypermethylation of BIM and BID genes and H3K27me3 histone modification on imatinib resistance. We detected higher expression levels of BIM and BID genes and lower expression levels of EZH2, EED2, SIRT1, and SUZ12 genes in imatinib-resistant K562/IMA-3 cells compared to imatinib-non-resistant K562 cells. While we determined the EZH2 and DNMT enzymes as bounded to the promoter of the BIM gene, we did not detect hypermethylation of this promoter. We also found the H3K27me3 histone modification promoter of BIM and BID genes in both cell lines. In conclusion, our results support the notion that DNA promoter methylation may be formed independently from EZH2-H3K27me3 and pro-apoptotic BIM and BID genes are not methyllated in the imatinib resistance of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Bozkurt
- Department of Basic Oncology, Insitute of Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Liu WH, Chen YL, Chang LS. CIL-102 induces matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 down-regulation via simultaneous suppression of genetic transcription and mRNA stability. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Camgoz A, Gencer EB, Ural AU, Baran Y. Mechanisms responsible for nilotinib resistance in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells and reversal of resistance. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:1279-87. [PMID: 23098068 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.737919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance remains a significant obstacle to successful chemotherapy. The ability to determine the possible resistance mechanisms and surmount the resistance is likely to improve chemotherapy. Nilotinib is a very effective drug in the treatment of imatinib-sensitive or -resistant patients. Although very successful hematologic and cytogenetic responses have been obtained in nilotinib-treated patients, in recent years cases showing resistance to nilotinib have been observed. We aimed to examine the mechanisms underlying nilotinib resistance and to provide new targets for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). There was an up-regulation of antiapoptotic BCR/ABL, GCS and SK-1 genes and MRP1 transporter gene and down-regulation of apoptotic Bax and CerS1 genes in nilotinib-resistant cells. There was no mutation in the nilotinib-binding region of BCR/ABL in resistant cells. Inhibiton of GCS and SK-1 restored nilotinib sensitivity. Targeting the proteins that are involved in nilotinib resistance in addition to the inhibition of BCR/ABL could be a better method of treatment in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Camgoz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, İ zmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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Corrêa S, Pizzatti L, Du Rocher B, Mencalha A, Pinto D, Abdelhay E. A comparative proteomic study identified LRPPRC and MCM7 as putative actors in imatinib mesylate cross-resistance in Lucena cell line. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:23. [PMID: 22458888 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment has improved since the introduction of imatinib mesylate (IM), cases of resistance have been reported. This resistance has been associated with the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, as a BCR-ABL independent mechanism. The classic pathway studied in MDR promotion is ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family transporters expression, but other mechanisms that drive drug resistance are largely unknown. To better understand IM therapy relapse due to the rise of MDR, we compared the proteomic profiles of K562 and Lucena (K562/VCR) cells. Results The use of 2-DE coupled with a MS approach resulted in the identification of 36 differentially expressed proteins. Differential mRNA levels of leucine-rich PPR motif-containing (LRPPRC) protein, minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B (MDR/TAP) member 1 (ABCB1) were capable of defining samples from CML patients as responsive or resistant to therapy. Conclusions Through the data presented in this work, we show the relevance of MDR to IM therapy. In addition, our proteomic approach identified candidate actors involved in resistance, which could lead to additional information on BCR-ABL-independent molecular mechanisms.
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de Souza PS, da Cunha Vasconcelos F, Silva LFR, Maia RC. Cyclosporine A enables vincristine-induced apoptosis during reversal of multidrug resistance phenotype in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:943-56. [PMID: 22290425 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered a multifactorial phenotype which prevents a successful clinical cancer treatment. This phenomenon is mainly associated with mechanisms that include drug extrusion by P-glycoprotein (Pgp) overexpression and resistance to apoptosis derived by members of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as XIAP. Studies have proposed the use of compounds that are able to inhibit or modulate Pgp function, with no changes in the physiological expression of this protein. Based on that, the present study aimed to evaluate the reversal of MDR phenotype through modulation of Pgp efflux pump activity in leukemia multidrug-resistant cells, using a low dose of cyclosporine A (CsA). We showed that modulation of Pgp activity by using CsA did not induce cytotoxic effects in leukemia cells, independently of Pgp expression. However, during the modulation condition, we could observe that vincristine-induced apoptosis was significant in resistant cells, which was also coupled with decreasing expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein XIAP. In summary, our data suggest that CsA is able to reversing MDR phenotype in vitro, inducing sensibility in multidrug-resistant cells with no alterations in Pgp expression. These findings contribute to our knowledge for the circumvention of MDR in cancer cells and could be helpful for new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Silva de Souza
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pesquisa em Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Coordenação Geral Técnico-Científica, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça da Cruz Vermelha 23, 6º andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-130, Brazil
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He Q, Dong J, Zhen H, Ying Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Li B, Zhou Y. A small molecule significantly inhibits the bcr/abl fusion gene at the mRNA level in human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1074-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Camgoz A, Gencer EB, Ural AU, Avcu F, Baran Y. Roles of ceramide synthase and ceramide clearence genes in nilotinib-induced cell death in chronic myeloidleukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1574-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.568653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Gromicho M, Dinis J, Magalhães M, Fernandes AR, Tavares P, Laires A, Rueff J, Rodrigues AS. Development of imatinib and dasatinib resistance: dynamics of expression of drug transporters ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCG2, MVP, and SLC22A1. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1980-90. [PMID: 21663515 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.584005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
About 20% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) do not respond to treatment with imatinib either initially or because of acquired resistance. To study the development of CML drug resistance, an in vitro experimental system comprising cell lines with different resistance levels was established by exposing K562 cells to increasing concentrations of imatinib and dasatinib anticancer agents. The mRNA levels of BCR- ABL1 and of genes involved in drug transport or redistribution (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCG2, MVP, and SLC22A1) were measured and the ABL1 kinase domain sequenced. Results excluded BCR- ABL1 overexpression and mutations as relevant resistance mechanisms. Most studied transporters were overexpressed in the majority of resistant cell lines. Their expression pattern was dynamic: varying with resistance level and chronic drug exposure. Studied efflux transporters may have an important role at the initial stages of resistance, but after prolonged exposure and for higher doses of drugs other mechanisms might take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gromicho
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Center (CIGMH), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
Imatinib is a chemotherapeutic drug used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recent data showed imatinib-induced cell death in various types of cancers. Autophagy is the physiological process in which cellular components are broken down by the lysosomal activation. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of imatinib on autophagy in addition to apoptosis in CML cells. Results suggested that imatinib induces autophagy in CML cells through inducing over-expression of BECLIN-1 and ATG5 genes with the statistical significance. Our results demonstrated that autophagy might be involved in imatinib-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geylani Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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24
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Xishan Z, Guangyu A, Yuguang S, Hongmei Z. The research on the immuno-modulatory defect of mesenchymal stem cell from Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:47. [PMID: 21535879 PMCID: PMC3095541 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence from leukemia research has shown that the clonal population of neoplastic cells exhibits marked heterogeneity with respect to proliferation and differentiation. There are rare stem cells within the leukemic population that possess extensive proliferation and self-renewal capacity not found in the majority of the leukemic cells. These leukemic stem cells are necessary and sufficient to maintain the leukemia. While the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) origin of CML was first suggested over 30 years ago, recently CML-initiating cells beyond HSCs are also being investigated. We have previously isolated fetal liver kinase-1-positive (Flk1+) cells carrying the BCR/ABL fusion gene from the bone marrow of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) patients with hemangioblast property. Here, we showed that CML patient-derived Flk1+CD31-CD34-MSCs had normal morphology, phenotype and karyotype but appeared impaired in immuno-modulatory function. The capacity of patient Flk1+CD31-CD34- MSCs to inhibit T lymphocyte activation and proliferation was impaired in vitro. CML patient-derived MSCs have impaired immuno-modulatory functions, suggesting that the dysregulation of hematopoiesis and immune response may originate from MSCs rather than HSCs. MSCs might be a potential target for developing efficacious cures for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xishan
- Institute of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, PR China.
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25
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Kosova B, Tezcanli B, Ekiz HA, Cakir Z, Selvi N, Dalmizrak A, Kartal M, Gunduz U, Baran Y. Suppression of STAT5A increases chemotherapeutic sensitivity in imatinib-resistant and imatinib-sensitive K562 cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 51:1895-901. [PMID: 20849385 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.507830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STAT proteins are cytoplasmic transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of numerous cellular activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. In this study, we aimed to identify the expression pattern of STAT genes in imatinib-sensitive and -resistant K562 cells, and further, to reveal the effects of STAT5A siRNA knockdown on cell growth and apoptosis induction. The XTT cell proliferation assay showed that both sensitive and resistant K562 cells were sensitized to imatinib upon transfection with STAT5A siRNA. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was increased significantly in both cells. These results may open up new opportunities to overcome chemotherapeutic resistance in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Kosova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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26
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Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang B, Li J, Dou X, Zhao RC. TGF- 1-induced PI3K/Akt/NF- B/MMP9 signalling pathway is activated in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia hemangioblasts. J Biochem 2011; 149:405-14. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Imatinib is a specific BCR/ABL inhibitor, commonly used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), a hematological malignancy resulting from a chromosomal translocation that generates the BCR/ABL fusion protein. Recent studies showed that the imatinib has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on many BCR/ABL-negative cancers. Numerous compounds with cytotoxic potential exert their functions by interfering with the DNA topoisomerase. In this study, we examined the effects of imatinib on tumour cell-killing in relation to DNA topoisomerase enzyme inhibition. METHODS We determined the cytotoxicity by cell proliferation assay (XTT; tetrazolium hydroxide), using the human K562 CML cells, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential by monitoring the changes in caspase-3 enzyme activity. Type I and II topoisomerase activities were measured by supercoiled plasmid relaxation and minicircle DNA decatenation assays respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Imatinib-induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that the imatinib was effective in both type I and type II topoisomerase reactions to a varying degree between 94% and 7% for the concentration range of 1 mm-0.02 mm in a dose-dependent manner. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the inhibition of topoisomerases may be a significant factor in imatinib-induced apoptosis in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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28
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Baran Y, Oztekin C, Bassoy EY. Combination of Fludarabine and Imatinib Induces Apoptosis Synergistically Through Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Increases in Caspase-3 Enzyme Activity in Human K562 Chronic Myleloid Leukemia Cells. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:623-8. [DOI: 10.3109/07357901003631056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Avcı CB, Gündüz C, Baran Y, Sahin F, Yılmaz S, Dogan ZO, Saydam G. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester triggers apoptosis through induction of loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in CCRF-CEM cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:41-7. [PMID: 20221636 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester) is one of the most valuable and investigated component of propolis which is composed by honeybees. In the current study, we aimed at examining apoptotic effects of CAPE on CCRF-CEM leukemic cells and at determining the roles of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in cell death. METHODS Trypan blue and XTT methods were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was examined by ELISA-based oligonucleotide and acridine orange/ethidium bromide dye techniques. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated using JC-1 dye by flow cytometric analysis and under fluorescent microscope. RESULTS We detected the time- and dose-dependent increases in cytotoxic effect of CAPE on CCRF-CEM cells. ELISA and acridine orange/ethidium bromide results showed that apoptotic cell population increased significantly in CCRF-CEM cells exposed to increasing concentrations of CAPE. On the other hand, there was significant loss of MMP determined in response to CAPE in CCRF-CEM cells. CONCLUSION This in vitro data by being supported with clinical data may open the way of the potential use of CAPE for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cığır Biray Avcı
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Gucluler G, Baran Y. Docetaxel enhances the cytotoxic effects of imatinib on Philadelphia positive human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:139-44. [PMID: 19490758 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x426164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 which generates BCR/ABL fusion protein and characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells. Imatinib, a molecularly targeting anticancer agent, is used widely for the treatment of CML and showed significant activity in chronic and accelerated phases but much less in blast crisis phase. The resistance to imatinib especially in blast crisis phase is recognized as a major problem in the treatment of CML patients. Docetaxel is shown to arrest cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle which makes cells more sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy. In this study, we aimed to increase chemosensitivity of human K562 CML cells to imatinib in combination with docetaxel. Taken together, our results showed that the combination of imatinib and docetaxel decreased cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis in human K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells as compared to any agent alone. Imatinib and docetaxel induced apoptosis through caspase-3 enzyme activity and mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Gucluler
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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Wei YL, Xu L, Liang Y, Xu XH, Zhao XY. Berbamine exhibits potent antitumor effects on imatinib-resistant CML cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:451-7. [PMID: 19270722 PMCID: PMC4002272 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the effects and mechanism of berbamine on imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL-positive human leukemia K562 (K562-r) cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and apoptotic morphology changes were detected by fluorescence microscopy. The apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometric assay. mdr-1 mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. Bcl-2 family proteins, cytochrome c(cyt C), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and P-glycoprotein were detected by Western blot. BALB/c nu/nu mice were injected with K562-r cells subcutaneously. Tumor-bearing mice were treated intravenously with berbamine. RESULTS MTT tests revealed that berbamine significantly inhibited K562-r cell proliferation and increased the chemo-sensitivity of K562-r cells to imatinib. The apoptosis rate was significantly increased following treatment with 21.2 micromol/L berbamine; formation of typical apoptotic blebs was apparent, as observed by fluorescence microscopy. Expression levels of mdr-1 mRNA and P-gp protein were high in untreated K562-r cells and significantly down-regulated by berbamine treatment. Berbamine-treated K562-r cells also exhibited down-regulated expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), up-regulated expression of the apoptotic proteins Bax and cytoplasmic cyt C, and stimulated proteolytic cleavage of PARP. In addition, berbamine also suppressed the growth of K562-r xenotransplanted tumors in vivo. CONCLUSION Berbamine inhibited proliferation of K562-r cells both in vitro and in vivo. Berbamine-induced apoptosis in K562-r cells appeared to occur through a mechanism involving Bcl-2 family proteins, as well as mdr-1 mRNA and P-gp protein. Berbamine in combination with imatinib restored the chemo-sensitivity of K562-r cells to imatinib. Our findings suggest that berbamine may be useful in treating imatinib-resistant CML patients.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology
- Benzylisoquinolines/toxicity
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- bcl-X Protein/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-lin Wei
- Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiao-hua Xu
- Department of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiao-ying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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