1
|
Zhou Y, Qiu C, Fu Q, Li T, Zhang X, Zhu C, Qin X, Wu B. Pan-Cancer Analysis of Oncogenic Role of RAD54L and Experimental Validation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3997-4017. [PMID: 37719938 PMCID: PMC10503553 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s426558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RAD54L is a prominent member of the SWI2/SNF2 protein family, primarily involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) process, thereby playing a pivotal role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). RAD54L has been implicated in the development of numerous tumors. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the potential contribution of RAD54L in pan-cancer. Methods Various databases and analytical tools were employed for bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, in vitro experiments were conducted to corroborate the findings from the bioinformatics analysis and delve deeper into the role of RAD54L in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results RAD54L expression demonstrated a significant elevation in the majority of tumors, and its overexpression was strongly associated with unfavorable survival outcomes. RAD54L displayed robust correlations with the infiltration levels of various immune cells, including cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Additionally, associations were observed between RAD54L and key factors such as tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), multiple immune checkpoints, and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, a close relationship was observed between RAD54L expression levels in HCC and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as immune cell infiltration. Experimental techniques including qRT-PCR, Western blotting, colony-forming, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound-healing, and transwell assays were employed, which collectively demonstrated that RAD54L promoted the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Conclusion RAD54L exhibits robust expression in both pan-cancer and HCC, exerting a significant influence on the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. These findings highlight its potential as a promising biomarker for pan-cancer and a prospective target for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Fu
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xihu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoqiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233003, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guantay L, Garro C, Siri S, Pansa MF, Ghidelli-Disse S, Paviolo N, Racca A, Nicotra V, Radu C, Bocco JL, Felice R, Jansson KH, Remlinger K, Amador A, Stronach E, Coleman K, Muelbaier M, Drewes G, Gloger I, Madauss K, García M, Gottifredi V, Soria G. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) inhibition is synthetic lethal with BRCA2 deficiency. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 67:100932. [PMID: 36706533 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a well-established cancer driver in several human malignancies. While the remarkable success of PARP inhibitors proved the clinical potential of targeting BRCA deficiencies, the emergence of resistance mechanisms underscores the importance of seeking novel Synthetic Lethal (SL) targets for future drug development efforts. In this work, we performed a BRCA2-centric SL screen with a collection of plant-derived compounds from South America. We identified the steroidal alkaloid Solanocapsine as a selective SL inducer, and we were able to substantially increase its potency by deriving multiple analogs. The use of two complementary chemoproteomic approaches led to the identification of the nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) as Solanocapsine's target responsible for its BRCA2-linked SL induction. Additional confirmatory evidence was obtained by using the highly specific dCK inhibitor (DI-87), which induces SL in multiple BRCA2-deficient and KO contexts. Interestingly, dCK-induced SL is mechanistically different from the one induced by PARP inhibitors. dCK inhibition generates substantially lower levels of DNA damage, and cytotoxic phenotypes are associated exclusively with mitosis, thus suggesting that the fine-tuning of nucleotide supply in mitosis is critical for the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells. Moreover, by using a xenograft model of contralateral tumors, we show that dCK impairment suffices to trigger SL in-vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil dCK as a promising new target for BRCA2-deficient cancers, thus setting the ground for future therapeutic alternatives to PARP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guantay
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sebastián Siri
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | | | - Natalia Paviolo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Racca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Caius Radu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rosana Felice
- GlaxoSmithKline, Southern Cone LatAm, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Keith H Jansson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Katja Remlinger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Alejandro Amador
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Euan Stronach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Coleman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Synthetic Lethal RU, Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH - a GSK Company, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isro Gloger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Manuela García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li P, Chen C, Li J, Yang L, Wang Y, Dong Z, Mi J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang H, Rodriguez R, Tian J, Wang Z. Homologous Recombination Related Signatures Predict Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:875128. [PMID: 35559013 PMCID: PMC9086193 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.875128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study used homologous recombination (HR) related signatures to develop a clinical prediction model for screening immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) advantaged populations and identify hub genes in advanced metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Methods: The single-sample gene enrichment analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were applied to identify modules associated with immune response and HR in IMvigor210 cohort samples. The principal component analysis was utilized to determine the differences in HR-related module gene signature scores across different tissue subtypes and clinical variables. Risk prediction models and nomograms were developed using differential gene expression analysis associated with HR scores, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and multivariate proportional hazards model regression. Additionally, hub genes were identified by analyzing the contribution of HR-related genes to principal components and overall survival analysis. Finally, clinical features from GSE133624, GSE13507, the TCGA, and other data sets were analyzed to validate the relationship between hub genes and tumor growth and mutation. Results: The HR score was significantly higher in the complete/partial response group than in the stable/progressive disease group. The majority of genes associated with HR were discovered to be involved in the cell cycle and others. Genomically unstable, high tumor level, and high immune level samples all exhibited significantly higher HR score than other sample categories, and higher HR scores were related to improved survival following ICIs treatment. The risk scores for AUNIP, SEPT, FAM72D, CAMKV, CXCL9, and FOXN4 were identified, and the training and verification groups had markedly different survival times. The risk score, tumor neoantigen burden, mismatch repair, and cell cycle regulation were discovered to be independent predictors of survival time following immunotherapy. Patients with a high level of expression of hub genes such as EME1, RAD51AP1, and RAD54L had a greater chance of surviving following immunotherapy. These genes are expressed at significantly higher levels in tumors, high-grade cancer, and invasive cancer than other categories, and are associated with TP53 and RB1 mutations. Conclusion: HR-related genes are upregulated in genomically unstable samples, the survival time of mUC patients after treatment with ICIs can be predicted using a normogram model based on HR signature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaohu Chen
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhilong Dong
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Mi
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunxin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Junqiang Tian
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou, China.,Clinical Center of Gansu Province for Nephron-Urology, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen M, Linstra R, van Vugt MATM. Genomic instability, inflammatory signaling and response to cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188661. [PMID: 34800547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and chromosomal instability are hallmarks of cancer and shape the genomic composition of cancer cells, thereby determining their behavior and response to treatment. Various genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer have been linked to genomic instability, including DNA repair defects, oncogene-induced replication stress, and spindle assembly checkpoint malfunction. A consequence of genomic and chromosomal instability is the leakage of DNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, either directly or through the formation and subsequent rupture of micronuclei. Cytoplasmic DNA subsequently activates cytoplasmic DNA sensors, triggering downstream pathways, including a type I interferon response. This inflammatory signaling has pleiotropic effects, including enhanced anti-tumor immunity and potentially results in sensitization of cancer cells to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, cancers frequently evolve mechanisms to avoid immune clearance, including suppression of inflammatory signaling. In this review, we summarize inflammatory signaling pathways induced by various sources of genomic instability, adaptation mechanisms that suppress inflammatory signaling, and implications for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Linstra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao M, Wu X. The role of patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids in the study of PARP inhibitors sensitivity and resistance: from genomic analysis to functional testing. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:338. [PMID: 34702316 PMCID: PMC8547054 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) harbors distinct genetic features such as homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency, and therefore may respond to poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Over the past few years, PARPi have been added to the standard of care for EOC patients in both front-line and recurrent settings. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) genomic analysis provides key information, allowing for the prediction of PARPi response in patients who are PARPi naïve. However, there are indeed some limitations in NGS analyses. A subset of patients can benefit from PARPi, despite the failed detection of the predictive biomarkers such as BRCA1/2 mutations or HRR deficiency. Moreover, in the recurrent setting, the sequencing of initial tumor does not allow for the detection of reversions or secondary mutations restoring proficient HRR and thus leading to PARPi resistance. Therefore, it becomes crucial to better screen patients who will likely benefit from PARPi treatment, especially those with prior receipt of maintenance PARPi therapy. Recently, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been regarded as a reliable preclinical platform with clonal heterogeneity and genetic features of original tumors. PDOs are found feasible for functional testing and interrogation of biomarkers for predicting response to PARPi in EOC. Hence, we review the strengths and limitations of various predictive biomarkers and highlight the role of patient-derived ovarian cancer organoids as functional assays in the study of PARPi response. It was found that a combination of NGS and functional assays using PDOs could enhance the efficient screening of EOC patients suitable for PARPi, thus prolonging their survival time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu Jian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gianni P, Matenoglou E, Geropoulos G, Agrawal N, Adnani H, Zafeiropoulos S, Miyara SJ, Guevara S, Mumford JM, Molmenti EP, Giannis D. The Fanconi anemia pathway and Breast Cancer: A comprehensive review of clinical data. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:10-25. [PMID: 34489172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of breast cancer depends on several risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. Despite the evolution of DNA sequencing techniques and biomarker detection, the epidemiology and mechanisms of various breast cancer susceptibility genes have not been elucidated yet. Dysregulation of the DNA damage response causes genomic instability and increases the rate of mutagenesis and the risk of carcinogenesis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is an important component of the DNA damage response and plays a critical role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks and genomic stability. The FA pathway involves 22 recognized genes and specific mutations have been identified as the underlying defect in the majority of FA patients. A thorough understanding of the function and epidemiology of these genes in breast cancer is critical for the development and implementation of individualized therapies that target unique tumor profiles. Targeted therapies (PARP inhibitors) exploiting the FA pathway gene defects have been developed and have shown promising results. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on the involvement of FA genes in sporadic and familial breast cancer with a focus on clinical data derived from large cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Evangelia Matenoglou
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Harsha Adnani
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - James M Mumford
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin protein family, is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent type III histone deacetylase and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase. SIRT1 can deacetylate histones (H1, H3, and H4) and non-histone proteins, and it is widely involved in various physiological and pathological processes in the body, including metabolism, aging, transcription, DNA damage and repair, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, inflammation and cancer. Research has shown that SIRT1 is involved in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance, but it exerts opposing effects and plays different roles in different pathogenic processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 may be implicated in the pathogenesis, development, treatment and prognosis of tumors; however, its role in gynecological tumors remains elusive. The aim of the present review was to summarize the pathogenic roles of SIRT1 in cancer, and to provide what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first review of recent advances involving SIRT1 in cervical cancer, endometrial cancer (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC). In addition, the critical research gaps regarding SIRT1, particularly its potential involvement in the concurrence of EC and cervical cancer and its antagonistic effect against poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in OC, were highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Houzao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Lingya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Wang Q, Xu Y, Cui M, Han L. Advances in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Using PARP Inhibitors and the Underlying Mechanism of Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:167-178. [PMID: 31553293 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190925123507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, it has high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors selectively target DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in tumor cells that cannot be repaired and induce the synthetic lethality of BRCA1/2 mutation cancers. PARP inhibitors are clinically used to treat recurrent ovarian cancer and show significant efficacy in ovarian cancer patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway defects. PARP inhibitors also have significant clinical benefits in patients without HR defects. With the increasingly extensive clinical application of PARP inhibitors, the possibility of acquiring drug resistance is high. Therefore, clinical strategies should be adopted to manage drug resistance of PARP inhibitors. This study aims to summarize the indications and toxicity of PARP inhibitors, the mechanism of action, targeted treatment of drug resistance, and potential methods to manage drug-resistant diseases. We used the term "ovarian cancer" and the names of each PARP inhibitor as keywords to search articles published in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) on Pubmed, along with the keywords "clinicaltrials.gov" and "google.com/patents" as well as "uspto.gov." The FDA has approved olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Talazoparib and veliparib are currently in early trials and show promising clinical results. The mechanism underlying resistance to PARP inhibitors and the clinical strategies to overcome them remain unclear. Understanding the mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors and their relationship with platinum resistance may help with the development of antiresistance therapies and optimization of the sequence of drug application in the future clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is probably the tumor type with the highest percentage of hereditary cases observed, irrespectively of selection criteria. A fourth to a fifth of unselected epithelial EOC patients carry pathogenic variants (PVs) in a number of genes, the majority of which encode for proteins involved in DNA repair pathways. BRCA1 and BRCA2 predisposing PVs were the first to be associated to ovarian cancer, with the advent in DNA sequencing technologies leading to the discovery and association of additional genes which compromise the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. In addition, PVs genes involved in mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, account for 10–15% of hereditary EOC. The identification of women with HR deficient ovarian cancers has significant clinical implications concerning chemotherapy regimen planning and development and use of targeted therapies as well. More specifically, in patients with BRCA1/2 PVs or HR deficiency maintenance treatment with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, either in the first line setting or in recurrent disease, improves the progression-free survival. But also patients with HR proficient tumors show a benefit. Therefore, genetic testing in ovarian cancer has a prognostic and predictive value. In this review, we discuss which ovarian cancer patients should be referred for genetic counseling and how to perform genetic testing. We also discuss the timing of genetic testing and its clinical relevance to BRCA status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Fostira
- InRaSTES, Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, National Centre for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Papadimitriou
- Oncology Unit, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Papadimitriou
- Oncology Unit, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hays E, Nettleton E, Carter C, Morales M, Vo L, Passo M, Vélez-Cruz R. The SWI/SNF ATPase BRG1 stimulates DNA end resection and homologous recombination by reducing nucleosome density at DNA double strand breaks and by promoting the recruitment of the CtIP nuclease. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3096-3114. [PMID: 33044911 PMCID: PMC7714457 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1831256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most toxic DNA lesions and can be repaired accurately through homologous recombination (HR). HR requires processing of the DNA ends by nucleases (DNA end resection) in order to generate the required single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers are 10–15 subunit complexes that contain one ATPase (BRG1 or BRM). Multiple subunits of these complexes have recently been identified as a novel family of tumor suppressors. These complexes are capable of remodeling chromatin by pushing nucleosomes along the DNA. More recent studies have identified these chromatin remodelers as important factors in DNA repair. Using the DR-U2OS reporter system, we show that the down regulation of BRG1 significantly reduces HR efficiency, while BRM has a minor effect. Inactivation of BRG1 impairs DSB repair and results in a defect in DNA end resection, as measured by the amount of BrdU-containing ssDNA generated after DNA damage. Inactivation of BRG1 also impairs the activation of the ATR kinase, reduces the levels of chromatin-bound RPA, and reduces the number of RPA and RAD51 foci after DNA damage. This defect in DNA end resection is explained by the defective recruitment of GFP-CtIP to laser-induced DSBs in the absence of BRG1. Importantly, we show that BRG1 reduces nucleosome density at DSBs. Finally, inactivation of BRG1 renders cells sensitive to anti-cancer drugs that induce DSBs. This study identifies BRG1 as an important factor for HR, which suggests that BRG1-mutated cancers have a DNA repair vulnerability that can be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hays
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA.,College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nettleton
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Caitlin Carter
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Mariangel Morales
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Lynn Vo
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Max Passo
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Renier Vélez-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA.,College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA.,Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University , Downers Grove, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rahimian E, Amini A, Alikarami F, Pezeshki SMS, Saki N, Safa M. DNA repair pathways as guardians of the genome: Therapeutic potential and possible prognostic role in hematologic neoplasms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102951. [PMID: 32971475 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair pathways, which are also identified as guardians of the genome, protect cells from frequent damage that can lead to DNA breaks. The most deleterious types of damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Single strand breaks (SSBs) can be corrected through base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR). Failure to restore DNA lesions or inappropriately repaired DNA damage culminates in genomic instability and changes in the regulation of cellular functions. Intriguingly, particular mutations and translocations are accompanied by special types of leukemia. Besides, expression patterns of certain repair genes are altered in different hematologic malignancies. Moreover, analysis of mutations in key mediators of DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, as well as investigation of their expression and function, may provide us with emerging biomarkers of response/resistance to treatment. Therefore, defective DDR pathways can offer a rational starting point for developing DNA repair-targeted drugs. In this review, we address genetic alterations and gene/protein expression changes, as well as provide an overview of DNA repair pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Rahimian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Pezeshki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grundy MK, Buckanovich RJ, Bernstein KA. Regulation and pharmacological targeting of RAD51 in cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa024. [PMID: 33015624 PMCID: PMC7520849 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of homologous recombination (HR) is central for cancer prevention. However, too little HR can increase cancer incidence, whereas too much HR can drive cancer resistance to therapy. Importantly, therapeutics targeting HR deficiency have demonstrated a profound efficacy in the clinic improving patient outcomes, particularly for breast and ovarian cancer. RAD51 is central to DNA damage repair in the HR pathway. As such, understanding the function and regulation of RAD51 is essential for cancer biology. This review will focus on the role of RAD51 in cancer and beyond and how modulation of its function can be exploited as a cancer therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie K Grundy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gou R, Dong H, Lin B. Application and reflection of genomic scar assays in evaluating the efficacy of platinum salts and PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy. Life Sci 2020; 261:118434. [PMID: 32941897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Defective DNA repair is one of the most important features of tumors. BRCA1/2 participates in homologous recombination repair as a key tumor suppressor gene. BRCA1/2 mutation is an important biomarker for predicting the sensitivity of platinum salts and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other cancers. However, epigenetic modifications and other mutations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes can also cause homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Patients with no BRCA1/2 mutations, but bearing similar molecular phenotypes (BRCAness) can still obtain clinical benefits from treatment with platinum salts or PARP inhibitors. Therefore, an accurate assessment of HRD is essential for the formulation of personalized treatments. However, methods to identify HRD in tumors vary and are controversial. Currently, genomic scar assays have been used in multiple clinical trials to assess patient clinical benefit. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of platinum salts and PARP inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancer, clarifies the predictive value of genomic scar assays in evaluating the clinical benefit of different patient groups and treatment options, and proposes the limitations and optimization of current HRD scoring methods. Using and optimizing genomic scar assays can help to accurately screen the population with the most benefit, expand the scope of drug application, and make the most suitable clinical decision based on individual differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao Y, Chen S. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB) Repair to Counteract Tumor Radio-resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:891-902. [PMID: 30806313 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, advances of radiotherapy (RT) have been made in the clinical practice of cancer treatment. RT exerts its anticancer effect mainly via leading to the DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB), which is one of the most toxic DNA damages. Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR) are two major DSB repair pathways in human cells. It is known that dysregulations of DSB repair elicit a predisposition to cancer and probably result in resistance to cancer therapies including RT. Therefore, targeting the DSB repair presents an attractive strategy to counteract radio-resistance. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge of the two DSB repair pathways, focusing on several key proteins contributing to the repair, such as DNA-PKcs, RAD51, MRN and PARP1. Most importantly, we discuss the possibility of overcoming radiation resistance by targeting these proteins for therapeutic inhibition. Recent tests of DSB repair inhibitors in the laboratory and their translations into clinical studies are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun C, Cao W, Qiu C, Li C, Dongol S, Zhang Z, Dong R, Song K, Yang X, Zhang Q, Kong B. MiR-509-3 augments the synthetic lethality of PARPi by regulating HR repair in PDX model of HGSOC. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 32005272 PMCID: PMC6995078 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-0844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PARP inhibitors have been the most promising target drugs with widely proven benefits among ovarian cancer patients. Although platinum-response, HR-related genes, or HRD genomic scar detection are acceptably used in assessment of Olaparib response, there are still evident limitations in the present approaches. Therefore, we aim to investigate more accurate approaches to predict Olaparib sensitivity and effective synergistic treatment strategies. METHODS We probed two databases (TCGA and Qilu Hospital) in order to quest novel miRNAs associated with platinum-sensitivity or HR-related genes. Cellular experiments in vitro or in vivo and PDX models were utilized to validate their role in tumor suppression and Olaparib sensitizing. Furthermore, HR gene mutation was analyzed through WES to explore the relation between HR gene mutation and Olaparib response. RESULTS High miR-509-3 expression indicated better response to platinum and longer progression-free and overall survival in two independent ovarian cancer patient cohorts (high vs. low miR-509-3 expression; PFS: TCGA P < 0.05, Qilu P < 0.05; OS: TCGA P < 0.05, Qilu P < 0.01). MiR-509-3 could impair the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability but enhance the sensitivity to Olaparib of ovarian cancer cell in vitro and in vivo by directly targeting HMGA2 and RAD51. In two PDX cases (PDX1 and PDX9), miR-509-3 could significantly increase the sensitivity to Olaparib along with the decrease of RAD51 positive rate (mean tumor weight NC + Olaparib vs. miR-509 + Olaparib; PDX1 P < 0.05, PDX9 P < 0.05). Additionally, in PDX8, miR-509-3 treatment dramatically reversed the Olaparib insensitivity (P < 0.05) by downregulating RAD51 expression. RAD51 functional detection revealed that all Olaparib sensitive cases exhibited low RAD51 positive rate (lesser than 50%) in treated groups. Furthermore, among the four HR gene mutation patients, three harbored HR core gene mutation and were sensitive to Olaparib while the remaining one with non-HR core gene mutation did not respond well to Olaparib. CONCLUSIONS MiR-509-3 can sensitize ovarian cancer cells to Olaparib by impeding HR, which makes it a potential target in PARPi synergistic treatment. HR core gene analysis and RAD51 functional detection are prospectively feasible in prediction of PARPi response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Samina Dongol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifen Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China. .,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China. .,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fang CB, Wu HT, Zhang ML, Liu J, Zhang GJ. Fanconi Anemia Pathway: Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Predisposition Development and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:160. [PMID: 32300589 PMCID: PMC7142266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genomic stability is crucial for species survival, and its failure is closely associated with tumorigenesis. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, involving 22 identified genes, plays a central role in repairing DNA interstrand cross-links. Importantly, a germline defect in any of these genes can cause Fanconi's anemia, a heterogeneous genetic disorder, characterized by congenital growth abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. On the other hand, the breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, also known as FANCS and FANCD1, respectively, are involved in the FA pathway; hence, researchers have studied the association between the FA pathway and cancer predisposition. Here, we mainly focused on and systematically reviewed the clinical and mechanistic implications of the predisposition of individuals with abnormalities in the FA pathway to cancer, especially breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can-Bin Fang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Man-Li Zhang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Liu,
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Cancer Center and the Department of Breast-Thyroid Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang’an, China
- Guo-Jun Zhang, ;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paviolo NS, Vega MBDL, Pansa MF, García IA, Calzetta NL, Soria G, Gottifredi V. Persistent double strand break accumulation does not precede cell death in an Olaparib-sensitive BRCA-deficient colorectal cancer cell model. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190070. [PMID: 31930278 PMCID: PMC7198003 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyl) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) selectively kill cancer cells with BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA)-mutations. It has been proposed that cell death induction after PARPi depends on unrepaired double strand breaks (DSBs) that accumulate due to the homologous recombination deficiency of BRCA-mutated cells. Such accumulation of DSBs is inferred mainly from the high levels of DNA damage markers like phosphorylated histone H2AX. Herein, we developed a model of isogenic cell lines to show that depletion of BRCA causes PARPi-triggered cell death, replication stress (phosphorylated-H2AX and 53BP1 foci), and genomic instability. However, persistent DSBs accumulation was not detected under the same experimental conditions. Hence, at least in this cellular model, the trigger for cell death in PARPi-treated BRCA-depleted samples is not the accumulation of unrepaired DSBs. Instead, cell death better correlates with a rapid and aberrant resolution of DSBs by error-prone pathways that leads to severe chromosomic aberrations. Therefore, our results suggest that in PARPi-treated BRCA-deficient cells, chromosome aberrations may dually trigger both genomic instability and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soledad Paviolo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén de la Vega
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET. Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Iris Alejandra García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET. Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Luis Calzetta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Soria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET. Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doherty RE, Bryant HE, Valluru MK, Rennie IG, Sisley K. Increased Non-Homologous End Joining Makes DNA-PK a Promising Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1278. [PMID: 31480356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumour in adults, with a mean survival of six months following metastasis. The survival rates have not improved in over 30 years. This study has shown that sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is low in UM which is likely due to a reduced expression of FANCD2. As FANCD2 can function to suppress non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), this study therefore investigated NHEJ in UM. The activation of the catalytic subunit of the NHEJ pathway protein DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) was measured by analysing the foci formation and the ligation efficiency by NHEJ determined using a plasmid-based end-joining assay. Using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down, and chemical inhibitors of DNA-PK, the survival of primary UM cultures and two cell lines were determined. To assess the homologous recombination capacity in response to the inhibition of DNA-PK, a SCE analysis was performed. In addition, to support the findings, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes associated with NHEJ was analysed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-UM RNAseq data (n = 79). The NHEJ activity and DNA-PKcs activation was upregulated in UM and the inhibition of DNA-PK selectively induced apoptosis and sensitized to ionising radiation and inter-strand cross-linking agents. The inhibition of the NHEJ protein DNA-PK is lethal to UM, indicating a potentially effective therapeutic option, either alone or as a sensitizer for other treatments.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang X, Li X, Li W, Bai H, Zhang Z. PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: Sensitivity prediction and resistance mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2303-2313. [PMID: 30672100 PMCID: PMC6433712 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have provided great clinical benefits to ovarian cancer patients. To date, three PARP inhibitors, namely, olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer in the United States. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and platinum sensitivity are prospective biomarkers for predicting the response to PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancers. Preclinical data have focused on identifying the gene aberrations that might generate HRD and induce sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in vitro in cancer cell lines or in vivo in patient‐derived xenografts. Clinical trials have focused on genomic scar analysis to identify biomarkers for predicting the response to PARP inhibitors. Additionally, researchers have aimed to investigate mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitors and strategies to overcome this resistance. Combining PARP inhibitors with HR pathway inhibitors to extend the utility of PARP inhibitors to BRCA‐proficient tumours is increasingly foreseeable. Identifying the population of patients with the greatest potential benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy and the circumstances under which patients are no longer suited for PARP inhibitor therapy are important. Further studies are required in order to propose better strategies for overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zernickel E, Sak A, Riaz A, Klein D, Groneberg M, Stuschke M. Targeting of BRM Sensitizes BRG1-Mutant Lung Cancer Cell Lines to Radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:656-666. [PMID: 30478150 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of epigenetic regulators as the chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF is proving to be a promising therapeutic strategy for individualized treatment of cancer patients. Here, we tested whether targeting one of the two mutually exclusive subdomains of the SWI/SNF complex BRM/SMARCA2 can sensitize specifically non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells with mutations in the other subunit BRG1/SMARCA4 toward ionizing radiation (IR). Knockdown of BRM with siRNA or shRNA and its consequences for radiation sensitivity as measured by clonogenic survival and plaque-monolayer control was studied in different NSCLC lines with or without BRG1 mutations and in primary fibroblasts. Furthermore, the effect on double-strand break (DSB) repair markers measured by immunofluorescence staining of 53BP1-, γ-H2AX-, and Rad51-foci was investigated. BRG1-mutated cell lines showed an increased surviving fraction compared with BRG1 proficient cells. Depletion of BRM (i) leads to a decreased proliferation rate and plating efficiency specifically in BRG1-mutated cells, (ii) specifically sensitized BRG1-mutant NSCLC cells toward IR as characterized by a survival reducing factor of 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.69] in the dose range between 2 and 6 Gy, and (iii) decreased the tumor control doses after daily fractionation at 4 Gy in BRG1-mutant NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 in minimonolayers by 9.9% ± 1.3% and 13.6% ± 1.8%, respectively. In addition, an increase of residual Rad51-foci at 24 hours after irradiation in BRG1-mutant cells was demonstrated. Therefore, targeting of BRM in combination with radiotherapy is supposed to improve the therapeutic outcome of lung cancer patients harboring BRG1 mutations.The present study shows that the moderate radioresponsiveness of NSCLC cells with BRG1 mutations can be increased upon BRM depletion that is associated with a prolonged Rad51-foci prevalence at DNA DSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zernickel
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ali Sak
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Assad Riaz
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Groneberg
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yan J, Zhou C, Guo K, Li Q, Wang Z. A novel seven-lncRNA signature for prognosis prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:213-223. [PMID: 30206981 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. This study is dedicated to developing a multi-long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) model for risk stratification and prognosis prediction on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We first downloaded lncRNA expression profiles and corresponding clinical information of patients with liver cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs between HCC samples and normal samples were identified. In total, 308 patients with HCC were randomly divided into a training group (n = 154) and a testing group (n = 154). Univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analyses were performed to select the best survival-related candidates from these DE lncRNAs in the training set. Seven lncRNAs (AC009005.2, RP11-363N22.3, RP11-932O9.10, RP11-572O6.1, RP11-190C22.8, RP11-388C12.8, and ZFPM2-AS1) were finally identified and used to construct a seven-lncRNA signature. The signature could classify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups with significantly different overall survival. The area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curve for the signature to predict 5-year survival reached more than 0.75. Besides, the prognostic value of the seven-lncRNA signature was independent of conventional clinical factors. The predictive performance of the signature was further validated in the testing set and the whole set. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the seven prognostic lncRNAs may be involved in several essential biological processes and pathways. The current study demonstrated the potential clinical implications of the seven-lncRNA signature for survival prediction of patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yan
- General Surgery Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- General Surgery Department, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuiyuan Guo
- General Surgery Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qian Li
- General Surgery Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- General Surgery Department, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang R, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Wu Q, Guo Y, Li Y, Liu J, Wang L. Inhibition of RAD54B suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1233-1242. [PMID: 29956808 PMCID: PMC6072389 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD54 homolog B is a central motor protein of homologous recombination (HR), which plays an important role in the development and evolution of human cancer. Recent studies have indicated that RAD54B is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and exhibits numerous biological functions, including participating in the repair of DNA double strand breaks. However, the expression and function of RAD54B in liver cancer have not yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of RAD54B and elucidate its role in liver cancer cell lines by inhibiting RAD54B using a lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference system. We also assessed the effect of RAD54B on cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis in BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cell lines using shRAD54B or shCtrl transfection. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between the expression of RAD54B protein, as measured by immunohistochemical staining, and the prognosis of patients with hepatoma. We found that RAD54B was highly expressed in liver cancer cell lines compared with the normal hepatic cell line LO2. Similarly, positive expression of RAD54B, which is associated with poor prognosis, was also observed in 52/83 samples of liver cancer tissue. Additionally, RAD54B downregulation significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, while also inducing G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cells. These results indicated that RAD54B has oncogenic properties, and may be a potential treatment target for liver cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yufo Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pfeffer CM, Ho BN, Singh ATK. The Evolution, Functions and Applications of the Breast Cancer Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:293-298. [PMID: 28870997 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are both tumor suppressors whose mutations are the cause of most hereditary breast cancers. Both genes are highly involved in ensuring genome stability. BRCA1 homologs are found in the plant and animal kingdoms while BRCA2 homologs are additionally found in the fungi kingdom. The initial origin of both genes remains unknown, however it is expected that the common ancestors originated around 1.6 billion years ago prior to the kingdoms diverging. There has been a great amount of divergence between homologs that is not observed in other tumor suppressors with only functionally important domains conserved. This divergence continues today with evidence of primate BRCA1/2 evolution. Cancer-associated mutations have been found to occur at conserved sites, indicating that conserved sites are important for function. In this study, we present a review on the phylogenesis of BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Pfeffer
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Social Sciences, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin N Ho
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Social Sciences, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, U.S.A
| | - Amareshwar T K Singh
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Social Sciences, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Papadimitriou M, Mountzios G, Papadimitriou CA. The role of PARP inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer: Unraveling the wide spectrum of synthetic lethality. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 67:34-44. [PMID: 29753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 15-20% of all breast cancers and is characterized by a lack of immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and HER2. TNBC is associated with poor long-term outcomes compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Many of these tumors are also basal-like cancers which are characterized by an aggressive biological behavior with a distant recurrence peak observed early at 3 years following diagnosis. Furthermore, metastatic TNBC bears a dismal prognosis with an average survival of 12 months. Although the prevalence of genetic alterations among women with TNBC differs significantly by ethnicity, race and age, BRCA mutations (including both germline mutations and somatic genetic aberrations) are found in up to 20-25% of unselected patients and especially in those of the basal-like immunophenotype. Therefore, defects in the DNA repair pathway could represent a promising therapeutic target for this subgroup of TNBC patients. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit this deficiency through synthetic lethality and have emerged as promising anticancer therapies, especially in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Several PARP inhibitors are currently being evaluated in the adjuvant, neo-adjuvant, and metastatic setting for the treatment of breast cancer patients with a deficient homologous recombination pathway. In this article, we review the major molecular characteristics of TNBC, the mechanisms of homologous recombination, and the role of PARP inhibition as an emerging therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Papadimitriou
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Giannis Mountzios
- Department of Medical Oncology, 251 Airforce General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos A Papadimitriou
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bredemeyer AL, Edwards BS, Haynes MK, Morales AJ, Wang Y, Ursu O, Waller A, Sklar LA, Sleckman BP. High-Throughput Screening Approach for Identifying Compounds That Inhibit Nonhomologous End Joining. SLAS Discov 2017; 23:624-633. [PMID: 29232168 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217746324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired primarily by homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Compounds that modulate HR have shown promise as cancer therapeutics. The V(D)J recombination reaction, which assembles antigen receptor genes in lymphocytes, is initiated by the introduction of DNA DSBs at two recombining gene segments by the RAG endonuclease, followed by the NHEJ-mediated repair of these DSBs. Here, using HyperCyt automated flow cytometry, we develop a robust high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for NHEJ that utilizes engineered pre-B-cell lines where the V(D)J recombination reaction can be induced and monitored at a single-cell level. This approach, novel in processing four 384-well plates at a time in parallel, was used to screen the National Cancer Institute NeXT library to identify compounds that inhibit V(D)J recombination and NHEJ. Assessment of cell light scattering characteristics at the primary HTS stage (83,536 compounds) enabled elimination of 60% of apparent hits as false positives. Although all the active compounds that we identified had an inhibitory effect on RAG cleavage, we have established this as an approach that could identify compounds that inhibit RAG cleavage or NHEJ using new chemical libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Bredemeyer
- 1 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce S Edwards
- 2 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pathology, Cytometry, New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark K Haynes
- 2 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pathology, Cytometry, New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Abigail J Morales
- 3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinan Wang
- 3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oleg Ursu
- 2 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pathology, Cytometry, New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anna Waller
- 2 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pathology, Cytometry, New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- 2 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pathology, Cytometry, New Mexico Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- 3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chan CWH, Law BMH, So WKW, Chow KM, Waye MMY. Novel Strategies on Personalized Medicine for Breast Cancer Treatment: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112423. [PMID: 29140300 PMCID: PMC5713391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type among women worldwide. With breast cancer patients and survivors being reported to experience a repertoire of symptoms that are detrimental to their quality of life, the development of breast cancer treatment strategies that are effective with minimal side effects is therefore required. Personalized medicine, the treatment process that is tailored to the individual needs of each patient, is recently gaining increasing attention for its prospect in the development of effective cancer treatment regimens. Indeed, recent studies have identified a number of genes and molecules that may be used as biomarkers for predicting drug response and severity of common cancer-associated symptoms. These would provide useful clues not only for the determination of the optimal drug choice/dosage to be used in personalized treatment, but also for the identification of gene or molecular targets for the development of novel symptom management strategies, which ultimately would lead to the development of more personalized therapies for effective cancer treatment. In this article, recent studies that would provide potential new options for personalized therapies for breast cancer patients and survivors are reviewed. We suggest novel strategies, including the optimization of drug choice/dosage and the identification of genetic changes that are associated with cancer symptom occurrence and severity, which may help in enhancing the effectiveness and acceptability of the currently available cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W H Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bernard M H Law
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Winnie K W So
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Ming Chow
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mary M Y Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Glorieux M, Dok R, Nuyts S. Novel DNA targeted therapies for head and neck cancers: clinical potential and biomarkers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81662-81678. [PMID: 29113422 PMCID: PMC5655317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and despite advances in treatment over the last years, there is still a relapse rate of 50%. New therapeutic agents are awaited to increase the survival of patients. DNA repair targeted agents in combination with standard DNA damaging therapies are a recent evolution in cancer treatment. These agents focus on the DNA damage repair pathways in cancer cells, which are often involved in therapeutic resistance. Interesting targets to overcome these cancer defense mechanisms are: PARP, DNA-PK, PI3K, ATM, ATR, CHK1/2, and WEE1 inhibitors. The application of DNA targeted agents in head and neck squamous cell cancer showed promising preclinical results which are translated to multiple ongoing clinical trials, although no FDA approval has emerged yet. Biomarkers are necessary to select the patients that can benefit the most from this treatment, although adequate biomarkers are limited and validation is needed to predict therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Glorieux
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vélez-Cruz R, Johnson DG. The Retinoblastoma (RB) Tumor Suppressor: Pushing Back against Genome Instability on Multiple Fronts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081776. [PMID: 28812991 PMCID: PMC5578165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is known as a master regulator of the cell cycle. RB is mutated or functionally inactivated in the majority of human cancers. This transcriptional regulator exerts its function in cell cycle control through its interaction with the E2F family of transcription factors and with chromatin remodelers and modifiers that contribute to the repression of genes important for cell cycle progression. Over the years, studies have shown that RB participates in multiple processes in addition to cell cycle control. Indeed, RB is known to interact with over 200 different proteins and likely exists in multiple complexes. RB, in some cases, acts through its interaction with E2F1, other members of the pocket protein family (p107 and p130), and/or chromatin remodelers and modifiers. RB is a tumor suppressor with important chromatin regulatory functions that affect genomic stability. These functions include the role of RB in DNA repair, telomere maintenance, chromosome condensation and cohesion, and silencing of repetitive regions. In this review we will discuss recent advances in RB biology related to RB, partner proteins, and their non-transcriptional functions fighting back against genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renier Vélez-Cruz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - David G Johnson
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| |
Collapse
|