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Kung CP, Zhang Y, Sil BC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Patel B, McCulloch R. Investigation of binary and ternary solvent systems for dermal delivery of methadone. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119538. [PMID: 32540347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methadone appears to be a promising candidate for pain management. Previously, we conducted a comprehensive characterization study of methadone base and evaluated the dermal delivery of methadone from various neat solvents. Four solvents, namely d-limonene (LIM), ethyl oleate (EO), Transcutol® P (TC) and octyl salicylate (OSAL), were identified as the optimal neat solvents for skin delivery of the compound. To explore further approaches to improve methadone permeation, the present work investigated a range of binary and ternary vehicles. In vitro permeation studies in porcine skin confirmed that binary systems delivered significantly higher (p < 0.05) amounts of methadone through the skin compared with neat solvents. The highest skin permeation was observed for formulations composed of propylene glycol (PG) and TC. Nine formulations were subsequently examined in human skin. A good correlation (r2 = 0.80) for methadone permeation was obtained between porcine ear skin and human skin data. Solvent uptake studies indicated that the presence of PG not only increased methadone permeation but also TC permeation. The drug appears to "track" the permeation of TC. Future studies will expand further the range of potential vehicles for optimal delivery of the drug, that will ultimately to be investigated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ping Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
| | - Bruno C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, N7 8DB London, UK
| | | | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
| | - Bhumik Patel
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Renée McCulloch
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, WC1N 3JH London, UK
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Dhal S, Gavara RR, Pal K, Banerjee I, Mishra M, Giri S. Facile transdermal delivery of upconversion nanoparticle by iontophoresis-responsive magneto-upconversion oleogel. Nano Ex 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ab81e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The effective application of upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) as a photo-medicine in skin cancers critically depends on a facile transdermal delivery process through topical route. Herein, combining two non-invasive techniques, i.e. skin permeation enhancement and alternating current (AC) induced iontophoresis, we report a controlled transdermal delivery of UCNP with a time advantage. We have synthesized a series of soybean oil-based oleogels termed as magneto-upconversion (MU) gels by incorporating a fixed amount of UCNP and different proportions of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) using stearic acid-based gelator as a skin permeation enhancing agent. The microstructures of the synthesized MU gels were characterized by microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the electrical properties revealed a gradual increase in the electrical conductance in the MU gel series with increasing proportion of MNP. Such trend of conductance imparted proportional iontophoretic response within the respective MU gels, validated through the release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as a model drug preloaded within the oleogels. Through a series of skin permeation experiment using pig ear skin as animal model, we established that the UCNP was able to permeate the whole thickness of the skin within as little as 3 h, only when the two conditions, i.e. the presence of skin permeation enhancer and iontophoresis were met. Within the same time, UCNP permeation was enhanced by the presence of MNP in the MU gels upto 2 folds. Our study developed a rational method for the transdermal delivery of any electrically non-conducting nanoparticle in a faster and tunable way.
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Zhang Y, Sil BC, Kung CP, Hadgraft J, Heinrich M, Sinko B, Lane ME. Characterization and topical delivery of phenylethyl resorcinol. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 41:479-488. [PMID: 31378949 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) has been used widely in the personal care industry as a novel skin lightening ingredient. Surprisingly, there is only limited information describing the physicochemical properties of this active. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of PR. A secondary objective was to investigate the delivery of this molecule to mammalian skin. METHODS Phenylethyl resorcinol was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for analysis of PR was developed and validated. The log P (octanol water partition coefficient), value, solubility and short-term stability of PR in a series of vehicles were also determined using HPLC. The evaporation of the selected vehicles was examined using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The permeation profiles of PR were investigated under finite dose conditions in porcine and human skin. RESULTS The melting point of PR was determined to be 79.13 °C and the measured log P (octanol water partition coefficient) at 21 °C was 3.35 ± 0.03. The linearity of the HPLC analytical method was confirmed with an r2 value of 0.99. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by average recovery rates at three tested concentrations, and the values ranged from 99 to 106%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.19 and 0.57 μg mL-1 , respectively. The solubility of PR in PG, DMI, glycerol was within the range of 367 to 877 mg mL-1 . The stability of PR in tested solvents was also confirmed by the 72 h stability studies. From the DVS studies, 70-125% of applied formulations were recovered at 24 h. The permeation through porcine skin at 24 h ranged from 4 to 13 μg cm-2 , while the corresponding amounts of PR delivered through human skin were 2 to 10 μg cm-2 . CONCLUSION The physicochemical properties of PR confirm it is suitable for dermal delivery. In this study, propylene glycol was the most promising vehicle for PR delivery to human skin. Future work will expand the range of vehicles studied and explore the percutaneous absorption from more complex formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - C-P Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - J Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B Sinko
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Pirow R, Blume A, Hellwig N, Herzler M, Huhse B, Hutzler C, Pfaff K, Thierse HJ, Tralau T, Vieth B, Luch A. Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:742-789. [PMID: 31939687 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other consumer products, and industrial chemicals. Analytically, two fractions can be distinguished: mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). This paper aims at assessing the bioaccumulative potential and associated histopathological effects of MOSH as well as the carcinogenic potential of MOAH for consumer-relevant mineral oils. It also covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MOSH and MOAH upon oral and dermal exposures. The use and occurrence of consumer-relevant, highly refined mineral oils in food, cosmetics and medicinal products are summarized, and estimates for the exposure of consumers are provided. Also addressed are the challenges in characterizing the substance identity of mineral oil products under REACH. Evidence from more recent autopsy and biopsy studies, along with information on decreasing food contamination levels, indicates a low risk for adverse hepatic lesions that may arise from the retention of MOSH in the liver. With respect to MOAH, at present there is no indication of any carcinogenic effects in animals dermally or orally exposed to highly refined mineral oils and waxes. Such products are used not only in cosmetics but also in medicinal products and as additives in food contact materials. The safety of these mineral oil-containing products is thus indirectly documented by their prevalent and long-term use, with a simultaneous lack of clinical and epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hellwig
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Vieth
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Zhang Y, Kung CP, Sil BC, Lane ME, Hadgraft J, Heinrich M, Sinko B. Topical Delivery of Niacinamide: Influence of Binary and Ternary Solvent Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E668. [PMID: 31835478 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacinamide (NIA) is the amide form of vitamin B3 and has been widely used in pharmaceutical and personal care formulations. Previously, we reported a comparative study of NIA permeation from neat solvents using the Skin Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) and mammalian skin. A good correlation between NIA permeation in the different models was found. In the present work, ten binary and ternary systems were evaluated for their ability to promote NIA delivery in the Skin PAMPA model, porcine skin and human epidermis. Penetration enhancement was evident for binary systems composed of propylene glycol and fatty acids in human skin studies. However, propylene glycol and oleic acid did not promote enhancement of NIA compared with other systems in the Skin PAMPA model. A good correlation was obtained for permeation data from Skin PAMPA and porcine skin. However, data from the Skin PAMPA model and from human skin could only be correlated when the PG-fatty acid systems were excluded. These findings add to our knowledge of the potential applications of Skin PAMPA for screening dermal/transdermal preparations.
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Zhang Y, Lane ME, Hadgraft J, Heinrich M, Chen T, Lian G, Sinko B. A comparison of the in vitro permeation of niacinamide in mammalian skin and in the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay (PAMPA) model. Int J Pharm 2019; 556:142-9. [PMID: 30529662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro skin penetration of pharmaceutical or cosmetic ingredients is usually assessed in human or animal tissue. However, there are ethical and practical difficulties associated with sourcing these materials; variability between donors may also be problematic when interpreting experimental data. Hence, there has been much interest in identifying a robust and high throughput model to study skin permeation that would generate more reproducible results. Here we investigate the permeability of a model active, niacinamide (NIA), in (i) conventional vertical Franz diffusion cells with excised human skin or porcine skin and (ii) a recently developed Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay (PAMPA) model. Both finite and infinite dose conditions were evaluated in both models using a series of simple NIA solutions and one commercial preparation. The Franz diffusion cell studies were run over 24 h while PAMPA experiments were conducted for 2.5 h. A linear correlation between both models was observed for the cumulative amount of NIA permeated in tested models under finite dose conditions. The corresponding correlation coefficients (r2) were 0.88 for porcine skin and 0.71 for human skin. These results confirm the potential of the PAMPA model as a useful screening tool for topical formulations. Future studies will build on these findings and expand further the range of actives investigated.
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Paz-Alvarez M, Pudney PDA, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical delivery of climbazole to mammalian skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:317-324. [PMID: 30055301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common condition, affecting up to half the global population of immunocompetent adults at some time during their lives and it has been highly correlated with the over-expression of the fungus Malassezia spp. Climbazole (CBZ) is used as an antifungal and preservative agent in many marketed formulations for the treatment of dandruff. While the efficacy of CBZ in vitro and in vivo has previously been reported, limited information has been published about the uptake and deposition of CBZ in the skin. Hence, our aim was to investigate the skin permeation of CBZ as well as the influence of various solvents on CBZ skin delivery. Four solvents were selected for the permeability studies of CBZ, namely propylene glycol (PG), octyl salicylate (OSal), Transcutol® P (TC) and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). The criteria for selection were based on their wide use as excipients in commercial formulations, their potential to act as skin penetration enhancers and their favourable safety profiles. 1% (w/v) solutions of CBZ were applied under infinite and finite dose conditions using Franz type diffusion cells to human and porcine skin. In line with the topical use of CBZ as an antidandruff agent, comparatively low amounts of CBZ penetrated across the skin barrier (<1% of the applied dose of CBZ). Finite dose studies resulted in a higher extraction of CBZ from human skin compared with infinite dose studies (p < 0.05). CBZ was also taken up to a higher extent in porcine skin (>7-fold) compared with human skin (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, no statistical differences were observed in the amounts that permeated across the different membranes. These preliminary results confirm the potential of simple formulations of CBZ to target the outer layers of the epidermis. The PG and OSal formulations appear to be promising vehicles for CBZ in terms of overall skin extraction and penetration. Future work will expand the range of vehicles studied and explore the reasons underlying the retention of CBZ in the outer layers of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D A Pudney
- Strategic Science Group, Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, MK44 1LQ, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | | | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
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Abstract
Excised human skin is utilized for in vitro permeation experiments to evaluate the safety and effect of topically-applied drugs by measuring its skin permeation and concentration. However, ethical considerations are the major problem for using human skin to evaluate percutaneous absorption. Moreover, large variations have been found among human skin specimens as a result of differences in age, race, and anatomical donor site. Animal skins are used to predict the in vivo human penetration/permeation of topically-applied chemicals. In the present review, skin characteristics, such as thickness of skin, lipid content, hair follicle density, and enzyme activity in each model are compared to human skin. In addition, intra- and inter-individual variation in animal models, permeation parameter correlation between animal models and human skin, and utilization of cultured human skin models are also descried. Pig, guinea pig, and hairless rat are generally selected for this purpose. Each animal model has advantages and weaknesses for utilization in in vitro skin permeation experiments. Understanding of skin permeation characteristics such as permeability coefficient (P), diffusivity (D), and partition coefficient (K) for each skin model would be necessary to obtain better correlations for animal models to human skin permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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Yamamoto S, Karashima M, Arai Y, Tohyama K, Amano N. Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Profile After Transdermal Drug Application Using Excised Human Skin. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2787-94. [PMID: 28315690 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yamamoto S, Karashima M, Sano N, Fukushi C, Tohyama K, Arai Y, Hirabayashi H, Amano N. Utility of Göttingen minipigs for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Profiles After Dermal Drug Application. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2415-2424. [PMID: 28828717 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although Göttingen minipigs have been widely used for the evaluation of skin absorption, the correlation of minipig skin permeability with human skin absorption remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the prediction of human plasma concentrations after dermal application of drug products using skin permeability data obtained from minipigs. METHODS First, in vitro skin permeabilities of seven marketed transdermal drug products were evaluated in minipigs, and compared with in vitro human skin permeability data. Next, plasma concentration-time profiles in humans after dermal applications were simulated using the in vitro minipig skin permeability data. Finally, the in vitro-in vivo correlation of minipig skin permeability was assessed. RESULTS The in vitro skin permeabilities in minipigs were correlated strongly with in vitro human skin permeability data for the same drug products, indicating the utility of minipig skin as an alternative to human skin for in vitro studies. The steady-state plasma concentration or the maximum concentration of drugs was within 2-fold of the clinical data. Bioavailability was approximately 3-fold lower than in vitro permeated fraction. CONCLUSIONS Predictions using in vitro skin permeability data in Göttingen minipig skin can reproduce the human pharmacokinetic profile, although the prediction of in vivo skin absorption underestimates human absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Karashima
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Sano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fukushi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Arai
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Petry T, Bury D, Fautz R, Hauser M, Huber B, Markowetz A, Mishra S, Rettinger K, Schuh W, Teichert T. Review of data on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic applications. Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:70-78. [PMID: 28789996 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater than C16. They are used in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding potential adverse health effects of mineral oils and waxes from dermal application of cosmetics. In order to be able to assess the risk for the consumer the dermal penetration potential of these ingredients has to be evaluated. The scope and objective of this review are to identify and summarize publicly available literature on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. A total of 13 in vivo (human, animal) and in vitro studies investigating the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes has been identified and analysed. The majority of the substances were dermally adsorbed to the stratum corneum and only a minor fraction reached deeper skin layers. Overall, there is no evidence from the various studies that mineral oils and waxes are percutaneously absorbed and become systemically available. Thus, given the absence of dermal uptake, mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products do not present a risk to the health of the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Petry
- ToxMinds B.V.B.A., Avenue de Broqueville 116, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Bury
- L'Oréal Safety R&I, Worldwide Safety Evaluation, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, F-92110 Clichy, France
| | - R Fautz
- Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Strasse 98-100, D-64297 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Hauser
- Johnson & Johnson GmbH, Johnson & Johnson Platz 2, D-41470 Neuss, Germany
| | - B Huber
- IKW - The German Cosmetic, Toiletry, Perfumery and Detergent Association, Mainzer Landstrasse 55, D-60 329 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Markowetz
- Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Sulzbacher Str. 40, D-65824 Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - S Mishra
- ToxMinds B.V.B.A., Avenue de Broqueville 116, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Rettinger
- IKW - The German Cosmetic, Toiletry, Perfumery and Detergent Association, Mainzer Landstrasse 55, D-60 329 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Schuh
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, D-40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Teichert
- Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, D-20245 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics
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13
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Hatahet T, Morille M, Hommoss A, Devoisselle J, Müller R, Bégu S. Quercetin topical application, from conventional dosage forms to nanodosage forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The assessment of percutaneous permeation of molecules is a key step in the evaluation of dermal or transdermal delivery systems. If the drugs are intended for delivery to humans, the most appropriate setting in which to do the assessment is the in vivo human. However, this may not be possible for ethical, practical, or economic reasons, particularly in the early phases of development. It is thus necessary to find alternative methods using accessible and reproducible surrogates for in vivo human skin. A range of models has been developed, including ex vivo human skin, usually obtained from cadavers or plastic surgery patients, ex vivo animal skin, and artificial or reconstructed skin models. Increasingly, largely driven by regulatory authorities and industry, there is a focus on developing standardized techniques and protocols. With this comes the need to demonstrate that the surrogate models produce results that correlate with those from in vivo human studies and that they can be used to show bioequivalence of different topical products. This review discusses the alternative skin models that have been developed as surrogates for normal and diseased skin and examines the concepts of using model systems for in vitro–in vivo correlation and the demonstration of bioequivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abd
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Shereen A Yousef
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Michael N Pastore
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Krishna Telaprolu
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Sarika Namjoshi
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Translational Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Chilcott RP, Dalton CH, Hill I, Davison CM, Blohm KL, Clarkson ED, Hamilton MG. In vivo skin absorption and distribution of the nerve agent VX (O–ethyl–S–[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in the domestic white pig. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:347-52. [PMID: 16119248 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht537oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the skin absorption and distribution of VX (Oethyl–S–[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in the domestic pig in order to evaluate the animal as a potential model for assessing pretreatments against toxic anti–cholinesterase compounds. A liquid droplet (equivalent to a 2 LD50 dose) of radiolabelled VX was applied to the inner ear–skin of each anaesthetized animal. Blood and tissue samples (liver, lung, kidney, heart and skin exposure sites) were obtained post–mortem. The amount of radioactivity in each sample was measured by liquid scintillation counting, from which the skin absorption rate and dose distribution of VX were calculated. A substantial proportion (229±3%) of the applied dose remained within the skin at the site of application. It is conceivable that strategies to minimize or remove this reservoir may be of benefit in the early treatment of VX–exposed casualties. Image analysis of autoradiographs of exposed skin sites indicated that each milligram of radioactive VX covered an area of 1.29±0.5 cm2. The average skin absorption rate of 14C-VX was 6619±126 mg/cm2 per hour. Comparison of these data with previous studies suggests that human skin is less permeable to VX than pig skin, but VX spreads over a greater surface area when applied to human skin. Thus, paradoxically, while pig-ear skin is more permeable than human skin, the difference in skin surface spreading may lead to the absorption of an equivalent systemic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Chilcott
- Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division, Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Abstract
Topical formulations aim to target the skin for a variety of cosmetic, protective or therapeutic needs. Despite the use of creams and ointments over the millennia, the bioavailability of actives from topical preparations remains quite low, often not exceeding 1-2% of the applied dose. In this review we examine the reasons underlying the poor performance of topical preparations. We also outline a rational approach, based on Fick's laws of diffusion, to develop advanced topical formulations. Methodologies which are currently used in research and development are critically examined and the importance of understanding the fate of the vehicle as well as the active is emphasised. Advanced topical formulation development will also be facilitated by emerging and sophisticated analytical techniques that are able to probe real time delivery of actives to the skin. A good understanding of the underlying physical chemistry of both the formulation and the skin is crucial in the development of optimised topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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17
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Luo L, Patel A, Sinko B, Bell M, Wibawa J, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. A comparative study of the in vitro permeation of ibuprofen in mammalian skin, the PAMPA model and silicone membrane. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:14-9. [PMID: 27025294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human skin remains the membrane of choice when conducting in vitro studies to determine dermal penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients or xenobiotics. However there are ethical and safety issues associated with obtaining human tissue. For these reasons synthetic membranes, cell culture models or in silico predictive algorithms have been researched intensively as alternative approaches to predict dermal exposure in man. Porcine skin has also been recommended as an acceptable surrogate for topical or transdermal delivery research. Here we examine the in vitro permeation of a model active, ibuprofen, using human or porcine skin, as well as the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay (PAMPA) model and silicone membrane. Finite dose studies were conducted in all models using commercial ibuprofen formulations and simple volatile ibuprofen solutions. The dose applied in the PAMPA model was also varied in order to determine the amount of applied formulation which best simulates typical amounts of topical products applied by patients or consumers. Permeation studies were conducted up to 6h for PAMPA and silicone and up to 48h for human and porcine skin. Cumulative amounts permeated at 6h were comparable for PAMPA and silicone, ranging from 91 to 136μg/cm(2) across the range of formulations studied. At 48h, maximum ibuprofen permeation in human skin ranged from 11 to 38μg/cm(2) and corresponding values in porcine skin were 59-81μg/cm(2). A dose of 1μL was confirmed as appropriate for finite dose studies in the PAMPA model. The formulation which delivered the greatest amount of ibuprofen in human skin was also significantly more efficient than other formulations when evaluated in the PAMPA model. The PAMPA model also discriminated between different formulation types (i.e. gel versus solution) compared with other models. Overall, the results confirm the more permeable nature of the PAMPA, silicone membrane and porcine tissue models to ibuprofen compared with human skin. Further finite dose studies to elucidate the effects of individual excipients on the barrier properties of the PAMPA model are needed to expand the applications of this model. The range of actives that are suitable for study using the model also needs to be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Avnish Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Balint Sinko
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Michael Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Thane Road, Nottingham, NG90 1BS, UK
| | - Judata Wibawa
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Thane Road, Nottingham, NG90 1BS, UK
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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18
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Jakasa I, Kezic S, Boogaard PJ. Dermal uptake of petroleum substances. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:123-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lulla A, Reznik S, Trombetta L, Billack B. Use of the mouse ear vesicant model to evaluate the effectiveness of ebselen as a countermeasure to the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1373-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Lulla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica NY 11439 USA
| | - Sandra Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica NY 11439 USA
| | - Louis Trombetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica NY 11439 USA
| | - Blase Billack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica NY 11439 USA
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Pažoureková S, Hojerová J, Klimová Z, Lucová M. Dermal absorption and hydrolysis of methylparaben in different vehicles through intact and damaged skin: Using a pig-ear model in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:754-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION As humans can come into contact with xenobiotics intentionally or accidentally, knowledge about the skin absorption of these substances is crucial and requires reliable models and test procedures. Animal experiments should be avoided whenever possible, instead of making the use of in vitro systems. Furthermore, due to limited availability of normal and especially diseased human skin, alternative test systems such as reconstructed skin models are urgently required. AREAS COVERED This article discusses the advantages and limitations of excised human skin, animal skin and reconstructed skin models for absorption testing in vitro. Furthermore, the authors also describe the standard procedure for skin absorption testing and give an excursion to the applicability of artificial membranes. Finally, the article highlights the progress in the development of reconstructed disease models and provides an extensive overview about past and ongoing research in this field. EXPERT OPINION The development and validation of in vitro systems for skin absorption testing is inevitable. More research efforts are required for the development of reconstructed disease models. Reconstructed skin models need to be improved, especially in terms of complexity to mimic the in vivo situation better. It should not, however, be the main goal to imitate the in vivo situation exactly, but to establish reliable systems that ensure predictive and reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Küchler
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität , Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195, Berlin , Germany +49 30 838 55065 ; +49 30 838 53944 ;
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Takeuchi H, Ishida M, Furuya A, Todo H, Urano H, Sugibayashi K. Influence of Skin Thickness on the in Vitro Permeabilities of Drugs through Sprague-Dawley Rat or Yucatan Micropig Skin. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:192-202. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takeuchi
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masahiro Ishida
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Atsushi Furuya
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hidetoshi Urano
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Takeuchi H, Terasaka S, Sakurai T, Furuya A, Urano H, Sugibayashi K. Variation assessment for in vitro permeabilities through Yucatan micropig skin. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:555-61. [PMID: 21467645 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variations in the in vitro Yucatan micropig (YMP) skin permeabilities of drugs and to clarify whether YMP skin can be used to predict human skin permeability. In vitro permeation studies of the three model drugs, nicorandil, isosorbide dinitrate and flurbiprofen, through YMP skin were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells. The permeation rates of the three model drugs were determined, and their variations were evaluated. The inter-individual variations in YMP skin permeability for the three model drugs were smaller than that in human skin permeability, and the permeation rates of the three model drugs through the YMP skin were approximately half that through human skin. In addition, the intra-individual variations in YMP skin permeability for nicorandil and flurbiprofen were much smaller than the inter-individual variations in YMP skin. The inter- and intra-regional variations in YMP skin permeability were very small. The markedly smaller variation in the permeability through YMP skin as compared with that through human skin indicated that in vitro permeation studies using YMP skin would be particularly useful for evaluating differences in the skin permeability of the three model drugs as well as for predicting human skin permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takeuchi
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Japan.
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25
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Mikler J, Tenn C, Worek F, Reiter G, Thiermann H, Garrett M, Bohnert S, Sawyer T. Immobilization of Russian VX skin depots by localized cooling: Implications for decontamination and medical countermeasures. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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TAKEUCHI H, MANO Y, TERASAKA S, SAKURAI T, FURUYA A, URANO H, SUGIBAYASHI K. Usefulness of Rat Skin as a Substitute for Human Skin in the in Vitro Skin Permeation Study. Exp Anim 2011; 60:373-84. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki TAKEUCHI
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoko MANO
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shuichi TERASAKA
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takanobu SAKURAI
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Atsushi FURUYA
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hidetoshi URANO
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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27
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Klang V, Schwarz J, Hartl A, Valenta C. Facilitating in vitro Tape Stripping: Application of Infrared Densitometry for Quantification of Porcine Stratum Corneum Proteins. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:256-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000326072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Dermal exposure to a diverse range of chemicals may result from various uses. In order to assess exposure and estimate potential risks, accurate quantitative data on absorption are required. Various factors will influence the final results and interpretations of studies designed to assess the ability of compounds to penetrate the skin. This overview will discuss skin penetration by pesticides, emphasizing key parameters to be considered from the perspective of exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Ngo
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, California 95812, USA.
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29
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Russell LM, Guy RH. Measurement and prediction of the rate and extent of drug delivery into and through the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:355-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240902865561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: A quantitative review. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Olivella MS, Lhez L, Pappano NB, Debattista NB. Effects of Dimethylformamide and L-Menthol Permeation Enhancers on Transdermal Delivery of Quercetin. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:481-4. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450701481207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bjarnason S, Mikler J, Hill I, Tenn C, Garrett M, Caddy N, Sawyer TW. Comparison of selected skin decontaminant products and regimens against VX in domestic swine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:253-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108090269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An anesthetized domestic swine model was used to compare the efficacy and cross-contamination potential of selected skin decontaminant products and regimens against the chemical warfare agent, VX. Animals topically exposed to 2×, 3× or 5× LD50 VX showed typical signs of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning, including miosis, salivation, mastication, dysrhythmias, and respiratory distress prior to death. Animals were exposed to 5× LD50 VX and then decontaminated 45 min later with the reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL®), Fuller’s earth (FE), 0.5% hypochlorite, or soapy water. Survival was 100% when the reactive skin decontamination lotion or FE was utilized, although 50% of Fuller’s earth-decontaminated animals exhibited serious signs of VX poisoning. Decontamination of VX-treated animals with 0.5% hypochlorite was less effective but also increased survival. Soapy water was ineffective in preventing lethality. Blood cholinesterase levels were not predictive of clinical outcome in decontaminated animals. The potential of “decontaminated” VX in open wounds to cause poisoning was assessed by vigorously mixing 5× LD50 VX with the test decontaminants for 5 min and then placing the mixture onto a full-thickness skin wound. Soapy water was ineffective in preventing lethality. Although treatment with dry Fuller’s earth prevented death and all signs of organophosphate poisoning, a significant proportion of treated animals decontaminated with Fuller’s earth in aqueous suspension exhibited serious signs of organophosphate poisoning, suggesting that live agent may be desorbed from Fuller’s earth when it is exposed to a liquid environment. Animals treated with reactive skin decontamination lotion or 0.5% hypochlorite-VX mixtures showed no signs of organophosphate poisoning during the 6- h test period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bjarnason
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - J Mikler
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - I Hill
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - C Tenn
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - M Garrett
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - N Caddy
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - TW Sawyer
- Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6
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Vallet V, Cruz C, Licausi J, Bazire A, Lallement G, Boudry I. Percutaneous penetration and distribution of VX using in vitro pig or human excised skin validation of demeton-S-methyl as adequate simulant for VX skin permeation investigations. Toxicology 2008; 246:73-82. [PMID: 18294748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare V agent O-ethyl-S-[2(di-isopropylamino)ethyl] methyl phosphonothioate (VX), is a highly toxic compound which mainly penetrates the body via percutaneous pathways. Hence, the following prerequisite: to ascertain compound absorption and percutaneous profile distribution with a view to further assessing the efficacy of topical skin protectants. We first selected the most appropriate receptor fluid to carry out in vitro VX absorption experiments, namely: Hanks's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). After a 24-h topical exposure time lapse, we measured altogether the percentage of applied dose unabsorbed and absorbed, penetration rate, lag time, permeability coefficient (K(p)), and dose of VXeq present in skin. To such an end, we used full-thickness and split-thickness pig-ear or human abdominal skin membranes. Further, we scrutinised the potential use of two specific molecules as suitable surrogates for VX percutaneous penetration analyses: thus, we compared the present VX toxicokinetic parameters to earlier findings from our research unit, with respect to OP insecticides demethon-S-methyl (DSM) and paraoxon (POX). Within the framework of our study, we wish to highlight the following evidence: (a) pig-ear skin proves a relevant model to predict in vitro human abdominal skin, taking into account a 2-fold higher skin permeability to VXeq; (b) both full or split-thickness skin membranes may be used indiscriminately to gauge penetration rate and absorbed dose; (c) DSM applied on full-thickness pig-ear skin is the most relevant model to mimic the in vitro VX absorption through full-thickness skin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vallet
- Department of Toxicology, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France.
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Philpotts C, Harding C, Carlile M, Sadler C, Wright J. Ex vivo delivery and penetration of α-tocopherol acetate and linoleic acid to gingival tissue from a toothpaste formulation. Int Dent J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2007.tb00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rouse JG, Yang J, Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Barron AR, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Effects of mechanical flexion on the penetration of fullerene amino acid-derivatized peptide nanoparticles through skin. Nano Lett 2007; 7:155-60. [PMID: 17212456 DOI: 10.1021/nl062464m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dermatomed porcine skin was fixed to a flexing device and topically dosed with 33.5 mg.mL-1 of an aqueous solution of a fullerene-substituted phenylalanine (Baa) derivative of a nuclear localization peptide sequence (Baa-Lys(FITC)-NLS). Skin was flexed for 60 or 90 min or left unflexed (control). Confocal microscopy depicted dermal penetration of the nanoparticles at 8 h in skin flexed for 60 and 90 min, whereas Baa-Lys(FITC)-NLS did not penetrate into the dermis of unflexed skin until 24 h. TEM analysis revealed fullerene-peptide localization within the intercellular spaces of the stratum granulosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Rouse
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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van der Merwe D, Brooks JD, Gehring R, Baynes RE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Organophosphate Dermal Absorption. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:188-204. [PMID: 16221965 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate and extent of dermal absorption are important in the analysis of risk from dermal exposure to toxic chemicals and for the development of topically applied drugs, barriers, insect repellents, and cosmetics. In vitro flow-through cells offer a convenient method for the study of dermal absorption that is relevant to the initial processes of dermal absorption. This study describes a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed to simulate the absorption of organophosphate pesticides, such as parathion, fenthion, and methyl parathion through porcine skin with flow-through cells. Parameters related to the structure of the stratum corneum and solvent evaporation rates were independently estimated. Three parameters were optimized based on experimental dermal absorption data, including solvent evaporation rate, diffusivity, and a mass transfer factor. Diffusion cell studies were conducted to validate the model under a variety of conditions, including different dose ranges (6.3-106.9 microg/cm2 for parathion; 0.8-23.6 microg/cm2 for fenthion; 1.6-39.3 microg/cm2 for methyl parathion), different solvents (ethanol, 2-propanol and acetone), different solvent volumes (5-120 microl for ethanol; 20-80 microl for 2-propanol and acetone), occlusion versus open to atmosphere dosing, and corneocyte removal by tape-stripping. The study demonstrated the utility of PBPK models for studying dermal absorption, which can be useful as explanatory and predictive tools that may be used for in silico hypotheses generation and limited hypotheses testing. The similarity between the overall shapes of the experimental and model-predicted flux/time curves and the successful simulation of altered system conditions for this series of small, lipophilic compounds indicated that the absorption processes that were described in the model successfully simulated important aspects of dermal absorption in flow-through cells. These data have direct relevance to topical organophosphate pesticide risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van der Merwe
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Singh S, Singh J. Dermal toxicity and microscopic alterations by JP-8 jet fuel components in vivo in rabbit. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 16:153-161. [PMID: 21782702 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the skin irritation, macroscopic and microscopic barrier alteration in vivo in rabbits from aliphatic and aromatic components of jet propellant-8 (JP-8) jet fuel. Macroscopic barrier properties were evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, and skin temperature; microscopic changes were observed by light microscopy. Draize visual scoring system was used to measure skin irritation. We found significant (P<0.05) increase in temperature at the site of all chemically saturated patches immediately after patch removal in comparison to the control site. Tridecane (TRI) produced a greater increase in temperature and capacitance at all time points than all the other components of JP-8. Both the aliphatic and aromatic components increased the TEWL at all time points. Tridecane produced greater increase in TEWL followed by naphthalene (NAP), 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), 2-metylnaphthalene (2-MN), tetradecane (TET), and dodecane (DOD). All of the above components of JP-8 caused moderate to severe erythema and edema, which were not resolved to the baseline even after 24h of patch removal. Light microscopy revealed an increase in epidermal thickness (ET), and decrease in length and thickness of collagen fibers' bundle by the above components of JP-8. These results suggest potential dermatotoxicity from the JP-8 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Singh S, Singh J. Percutaneous absorption, biophysical, and macroscopic barrier properties of porcine skin exposed to major components of JP-8 jet fuel. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 14:77-85. [PMID: 21782665 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(03)00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Revised: 04/11/2003] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
JP-8 has been associated with toxicity in animal models and humans. There is a great potential for human exposure to JP-8. Quantitation of percutaneous absorption of JP-8 is necessary for assessment of health hazards involved in its occupational exposure. In this study, we selected three aliphatic (dodecane, tridecane, and tetradecane) and two aromatic (naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene) chemicals, which are major components of JP-8. We investigated the changes in skin lipid and protein biophysics, and macroscopic barrier perturbation from dermal exposure of the above five chemicals. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in stratum corneum (SC) lipid and protein. FTIR results showed that all of the above five components of JP-8 significantly (P<0.05) extracted SC lipid and protein. Macroscopic barrier perturbation was determined by measuring the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). All of the five JP-8 components studied, caused significant (P<0.05) increase in TEWL in comparison to control. We quantified the amount of chemicals absorbed assuming 0.25 m(2) body surface area exposed for 8 h. Our findings suggest that tridecane exhibits greater permeability through skin among aliphatic and naphthalene among aromatic JP-8 components. Amount of chemicals absorbed suggests that tridecane, naphthalene and its methyl derivatives should be monitored for their possible systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Abstract
JP-8 jet fuel has been reported to cause systemic and dermal toxicities in animal models and humans. There is a great potential for human exposure to JP-8. In this study, we determined percutaneous absorption and dermal toxicity of three components of JP-8 (i.e., xylene, heptane, and hexadecane) in vivo in weanling pigs. In vivo percutaneous absorption results suggest a greater absorption of hexadecane (0.43%) than xylene (0.17%) or heptane (0.14%) of the applied dose after 30 min exposure. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) provides a robust method for assessing damage to the stratum corneum. Heptane showed greater increase in TEWL than the other two chemicals. No significant (p < 0.05) increase in temperature was observed at the chemically treated site than the control site. Heptane showed greater TEWL values and erythema score than other two chemicals (xylene and hexadecane). We did not observe any skin reactions or edema from these chemicals. Erythema was completely resolved after 24 h of the patch removal in case of xylene and hexadecane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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