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Firmanti MI, Ha JW. Elucidating Surface Plasmon Damping and Fano Resonance Induced by Epitaxial Growth of Palladium on Single Gold Nanorods. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8016-8023. [PMID: 37651173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon damping and Fano resonance induced in the growth of palladium (Pd) on gold nanorods (AuNRs) have been poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the optical properties and morphologies of single AuNRs@Pd (core@shell) synthesized using epitaxial Pd growth at different Pd concentrations. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra of single AuNRs@Pd showed characteristic subradiant and superradiant peaks as well as Fano resonance as a spectral dip, which was highly influenced by the Pd shell thickness. The occurrence of the Fano resonance during the Pd growth was further verified by in situ real-time observation experiments. We then elucidated time-dependent, real-time variations in LSPR peak wavelength, metal-induced surface damping, and Fano resonance mode of single AuNRs@Pd during Pd shell formation in three successive phases: Pd reduction, nucleation, and growth. Therefore, this study provides new insights into metal interface damping, the Fano resonance, and optical tunability by engineering the Fano resonance energy and Pd shell thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metya Indah Firmanti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
- Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center (EHSRC), University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, South Korea
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2
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Arellano-Galindo L, Villar-Alvarez E, Varela A, Figueroa V, Fernandez-Vega J, Cambón A, Prieto G, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Hybrid Gold Nanorod-Based Nanoplatform with Chemo and Photothermal Activities for Bimodal Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13109. [PMID: 36361892 PMCID: PMC9659131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs), particularly gold nanorods (AuNRs), appear as excellent platforms not only to transport and deliver bioactive cargoes but also to provide additional therapeutic responses for diseased cells and tissues and/or to complement the action of the carried molecules. In this manner, here, we optimized a previous developed metal-based nanoplatform composed of an AuNR core surrounded by a polymeric shell constructed by means of the layer-by-layer approach, and in which very large amounts of the antineoplasic drug doxorubicin (DOXO) in a single loading step and targeting capability thanks to an outer hyaluronic acid layer were incorporated by means of an optimized fabrication process (PSS/DOXO/PLL/HA-coated AuNRs). The platform retained its nanometer size with a negative surface charge and was colloidally stable in a range of physiological conditions, in which only in some of them some particle clustering was noted with no precipitation. In addition, the dual stimuli-responsiveness of the designed nanoplatform to both endogenous proteases and external applied light stimuli allows to perfectly manipulate the chemodrug release rates and profiles to achieve suitable pharmacodynamics. It was observed that the inherent active targeting abilities of the nanoplatfom allow the achievement of specific cell toxicity in tumoral cervical HeLa cells, whilst healthy ones such as 3T3-Balb fibroblast remain safe and alive in agreement with the detected levels of internalization in each cell line. In addition, the bimodal action of simultaneous chemo- and photothermal bioactivity provided by the platform largely enhances the therapeutic outcomes. Finally, it was observed that our PSS/DOXO/PLL/HA-coated AuNRs induced cell mortality mainly through apoptosis in HeLa cells even in the presence of NIR light irradiation, which agrees with the idea of the chemo-activity of DOXO predominating over the photothermal effect to induce cell death, favoring an apoptotic pathway over necrosis for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Arellano-Galindo
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Villar-Alvarez
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Nanostructured Funtional Group, Catalonian Institute of Nanotechnology (ICN2), Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Campus, Av. Serragalliners s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Varela
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Valeria Figueroa
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
| | - Javier Fernandez-Vega
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adriana Cambón
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gerardo Prieto
- Grupo de Biofísica e Interfases, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de Partículas, Facultad de Física, Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Awan UA, Ali S, Rehman M, Zia N, Sohaila Naz S, Ovais M, Raza A. Stable and reproducible synthesis of gold nanorods for biomedical applications: a comprehensive study. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:182-190. [PMCID: PMC8676486 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are ideal choice in biomedical research due to their amenability of synthesis, tunable plasmonic properties, less toxicity and ease of detection but their diverse biological applications necessitate stable structure. Despite two decades' efforts made towards reproducible anisotropic structures synthesis, still the kinetic control during GNRs growth has not been achieved. This study is an attempt to apprehend thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for synthesising mono‐disperse, reproducible and highly stable GNRs with desired aspect ratios. Effects of various growth parameters and assay steps on the facile and reproducible synthesis of GNRs are analysed. GNRs' environmental and biological colloidal stability is studied through UV–Vis spectroscopy based particle instability parameter (PIP < 0.1). The authors hereby report GNRs with tunable longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (682–906 nm) having different aspect ratios (2.5–4.6) that are stable at 28–60°C; however, prolonged high temperature ( > 60°C) and alkaline pH can trigger colloidal instability. GNRs remain stable at higher salt concentration, physiological and slightly acidic pH. GNRs can be stored in 0.001 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for 3 months without compromising their stability. PEGylated GNRs are quite stable in cellular media solution (PIP < 0.1). With current optimised growth conditions, no aggregation at physiological pH and stability at high temperatures make GNRs an ideal candidate in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Azeem Awan
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Azad Jammu and Kashmir MuzaffarabadMuzaffarabadPakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Medical Toxicology LaboratoryDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Azad Jammu and Kashmir MuzaffarabadMuzaffarabadPakistan
| | - Mehreen Rehman
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
| | - Nashmia Zia
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
| | - Syeda Sohaila Naz
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Ovais
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- Nanotheragnostic Research LabsNational Institute of Laser and OptronicsIslamabadPakistan
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Tung HT, Chen IG, Song JM, Tsai MG, Kempson IM, Margaritondo G, Hwu Y. Cu(In(1-x)Ga(x))S2 nanocrystals and films: low-temperature synthesis with size and composition control. Nanoscale 2013; 5:4706-4710. [PMID: 23652384 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00264k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a single-step X-ray irradiation process that yields high-quality Cu(In1-xGax)S2 nanocrystals in colloidal solutions, with complete control of size and composition. Thin films produced by drop-casting exhibit high-quality photoresponse, confirming that our process is suitable for microelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tse Tung
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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Lai S, Chien C, Chen W, Chen H, Chen Y, Wang C, Hwu Y, Yang C, Chen C, Liang K, Petibois C, Tan H, Tok E, Margaritondo G. Very small photoluminescent gold nanoparticles for multimodality biomedical imaging. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tarapacki C, Kumaradas C, Karshafian R. Enhancing laser thermal-therapy using ultrasound-microbubbles and gold nanorods of in vitro cells. Ultrasonics 2013; 53:793-8. [PMID: 23290827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are being exploited for their absorption properties to improve thermal therapy. However, a key challenge is delivering sufficient concentration of GNRs to induce a therapeutic effect. In this study, ultrasound and microbubbles (USMBs) were used to enhance intracellular uptake of GNRs. AML-5 cells in suspension (0.6 mL) were exposed to ultrasound (1.3 and 1.7 MPa peak negative pressure) and definity microbubbles (1.7% v/v) for 1 min at varying GNR concentrations (0-2.5×10(11) per mL). Following ultrasound-microbubble treatment, cells were centrifuged twice and treated with an 810 nm laser at an average fluence rate of 3.6 W/cm(2) for 5 min. In addition, cells were incubated with GNRs for 12 h prior to laser treatment. Following the treatment, cell viability (V(PI)) was assessed using propidium iodide (PI) and flow cytometry. Cell viability decreased by ∼4-folds with the combined treatment of USMB+GNR+Laser (V(PI)=17%) compared to cells incubated with GNR+Laser (V(PI)=68%). This effect depended on ultrasound pressure and GNR concentration. Higher cell death was achieved at higher GNR concentration and 1.3 MPa peak negative pressure. Cell viability decreased from 92% to 29% with increasing GNR concentration from 1×10(11) to 1.5×10(11) GNR/mL. In addition, higher temperatures were observed using a thermal camera with the combined treatment (USMB+GNR+Laser) of 59±1°C compared to 54±0.9°C for cells incubated with GNRs. The combined treatment of ultrasound-microbubble and gold nanorod laser induced thermal-therapy improved treatment response of in vitro cells.
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Tung HT, Chen IG, Kempson IM, Song JM, Liu YF, Chen PW, Hwang WS, Hwu Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanocrystals by X-ray irradiation for inkjet printing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4:5930-5935. [PMID: 23072314 DOI: 10.1021/am3015718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A suite of silver (Ag) nanocrystals have been synthesized using a rapid water radiolysis approach via X-ray irradiation. Various shapes including spheroidal, prism, rod, and multifaceted nanoparticles can be produced by varying the initial concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) relative to silver nitrate (AgNO₃). UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) have been used to characterize these Ag products. At an optimized reagent ratio, a mixture of high-aspect-ratio rods (tunable to ∼50) and spheroidal particles result. Such a mixture is proven to have highly beneficial melting point and dispersive properties suited to inkjet printing of conductive Ag lines. The resistivity of the printed lines decreases to 77.7 μΩ and 33.1 μΩ after heating to 200 and 350 °C.
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Kempson IM, Chien CC, Chung CY, Hwu Y, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Howard DL. Fate of intravenously administered gold nanoparticles in hair follicles: follicular delivery, pharmacokinetic interpretation, and excretion. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184825 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are intravenously administered to mice. Deposition at the pilosebacious unit and whiskers is visualized with X-ray fluorescence after 30 minutes and 14 days. After 30 minutes the dermal papilla, bulge region, and root sheath all contain NPs. GNPs are driven externally out from follicles, counteractive to transfollicular delivery. After 14 days, gold bands in hairs reflect pharmacokinetic profiles indicating blood concentration kinetics. Elimination rate constants infer half-lives from 3 hairs from an individual mouse within reasonable agreement (6.08, 7.15, and 8.66 hours). 3D reconstruction of NP distributions with confocal microscopy identifies aggregates within the medullary canal. Intermittent NP deposition continues randomly over the two week period demonstrating prolonged NP mobility in vivo. NPs are still retained at the hair bulb after 14 days. The observations further account for the excretory mechanisms of NPs and their behavior in the pilosebacous unit, and demonstrate monitoring pharmacokinetic behavior in individual animals.
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Chien CC, Cheng CC, Chen HH, Hwu Y, Chu YS, Petibois C, Chen A, Ching YT, Margaritondo G. X-ray microscopy and tomography detect the accumulation of bare and PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in normal and tumor mouse tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1287-96. [PMID: 22918568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that, with appropriate staining, high-resolution X-ray microscopy can image complicated tissue structures--cerebellum and liver--and resolve large or small amounts of Au nanoparticles in these tissues. Specifically, images of tumor tissue reveal high concentrations of accumulated Au nanoparticles. PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) coating is quite effective in enhancing this accumulation and significantly modifies the mechanism of uptake by reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs.
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Huang F, Wang X, Xu J, Chen D, Wang Y. A plasmonic nano-antenna with controllable resonance frequency: Cu1.94S–ZnS dimeric nanoheterostructure synthesized in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lai SF, Chien CC, Chen WC, Chen YY, Wang CH, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Size control of gold nanoparticles by intense X-ray irradiation: the relevant parameters and imaging applications. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lai SF, Chen WC, Wang CL, Chen HH, Chen ST, Chien CC, Chen YY, Hung WT, Cai X, Li E, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Tok ES, Tan HR, Lin M, Margaritondo G. One-pot tuning of Au nucleation and growth: from nanoclusters to nanoparticles. Langmuir 2011; 27:8424-8429. [PMID: 21630657 DOI: 10.1021/la200861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple and effective method to obtain colloidal surface-functionalized Au nanoparticles. The method is primarily based on irradiation of a gold solution with high-flux X-rays from a synchrotron source in the presence of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA). Extensive tests of the products demonstrated high colloidal density as well as excellent stability, shelf life, and biocompatibility. Specific tests with X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrometry, visible microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dark-field visible-light scattering microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that MUA, being an effective surfactant, not only allows tunable size control of the nanoparticles, but also facilitates functionalization. The nanoparticle sizes were 6.45 ± 1.58, 1.83 ± 1.21, 1.52 ± 0.37 and 1.18 ± 0.26 nm with no MUA and with MUA-to-Au ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 3:1. The MUA additionally enabled functionalization with l-glycine. We thus demonstrated flexibility in controlling the nanoparticle size over a large range with narrow size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lai
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Cai X, Chen HH, Wang CL, Chen ST, Lai SF, Chien CC, Chen YY, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Imaging the cellular uptake of tiopronin-modified gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:809-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen HH, Chien CC, Petibois C, Wang CL, Chu YS, Lai SF, Hua TE, Chen YY, Cai X, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Margaritondo G. Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle internalization in mammalian cells by high resolution X-ray microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2011; 9:14. [PMID: 21477355 PMCID: PMC3098147 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative analysis of nanoparticle uptake at the cellular level is critical to nanomedicine procedures. In particular, it is required for a realistic evaluation of their effects. Unfortunately, quantitative measurements of nanoparticle uptake still pose a formidable technical challenge. We present here a method to tackle this problem and analyze the number of metal nanoparticles present in different types of cells. The method relies on high-lateral-resolution (better than 30 nm) transmission x-ray microimages with both absorption contrast and phase contrast -- including two-dimensional (2D) projection images and three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstructions that directly show the nanoparticles. RESULTS Practical tests were successfully conducted on bare and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated gold nanoparticles obtained by x-ray irradiation. Using two different cell lines, EMT and HeLa, we obtained the number of nanoparticle clusters uptaken by each cell and the cluster size. Furthermore, the analysis revealed interesting differences between 2D and 3D cultured cells as well as between 2D and 3D data for the same 3D specimen. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our method, proving that it is accurate enough to measure the nanoparticle uptake differences between cells as well as the sizes of the formed nanoparticle clusters. The differences between 2D and 3D cultures and 2D and 3D images stress the importance of the 3D analysis which is made possible by our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Tung HT, Hwu Y, Chen IG, Tsai MG, Song JM, Kempson IM, Margaritondo G. Fabrication of single crystal CuGaS2 nanorods by X-ray irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9152-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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