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Andres M, Robertson E, Hall A, McBride-Gagyi S, Sell S. Controlled pore anisotropy in chitosan-gelatin cryogels for use in bone tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:797-807. [PMID: 38278524 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231222324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the development of an appropriate scaffold is crucial to provide a framework for new tissue growth. The use of cryogels as scaffolds shows promise due to their macroporous structure, but the pore size, distribution, and interconnectivity is highly variable depending on the fabrication process. The objective of the current research is to provide a technique for controlled anisotropy in chitosan-gelatin cryogels to develop scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application. A mold was developed using additive manufacturing to be used during the freezing process in order to fabricate cryogels with a more interconnected pore structure. The scaffolds were tested to evaluate their porosity, mechanical strength, and to observe cell infiltration through the cryogel. It was found that the use of the mold allowed for the creation of designated pores within the cryogel structure which facilitated cell infiltration to the center of the scaffold without sacrificing mechanical integrity of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Andres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eileen Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah McBride-Gagyi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Carriero VC, Di Muzio L, Petralito S, Casadei MA, Paolicelli P. Cryogel Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering: Advances and Challenges for Effective Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. Gels 2023; 9:979. [PMID: 38131965 PMCID: PMC10742915 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects and articular cartilage injuries resulting from trauma, osteonecrosis, or age-related degeneration can be often non-healed by physiological repairing mechanisms, thus representing a relevant clinical issue due to a high epidemiological incidence rate. Novel tissue-engineering approaches have been proposed as an alternative to common clinical practices. This cutting-edge technology is based on the combination of three fundamental components, generally referred to as the tissue-engineering triad: autologous or allogenic cells, growth-stimulating factors, and a scaffold. Three-dimensional polymer networks are frequently used as scaffolds to allow cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. In particular, cryogels give promising results for this purpose, thanks to their peculiar properties. Cryogels are indeed characterized by an interconnected porous structure and a typical sponge-like behavior, which facilitate cellular infiltration and ingrowth. Their composition and the fabrication procedure can be appropriately tuned to obtain scaffolds that match the requirements of a specific tissue or organ to be regenerated. These features make cryogels interesting and promising scaffolds for the regeneration of different tissues, including those characterized by very complex mechanical and physical properties, such as bones and joints. In this review, state-of-the-art fabrication and employment of cryogels for supporting effective osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation to allow for the regeneration of functional tissues is reported. Current progress and challenges for the implementation of this technology in clinical practice are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrizia Paolicelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.C.C.); (L.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.A.C.)
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Robertson EM, Hixon KR, McBride-Gagyi SH, Sell SA. Bioactive impact of manuka honey and bone char incorporated into gelatin and chitosan cryogels in a rat calvarial fracture model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023. [PMID: 37243397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineered scaffolds are designed to mimic the natural environment for regeneration when typical healing is inhibited. Autografts are the current gold standard for treatment but are limited by available bone and supplementary surgical sites that broaden complications and comorbidities. Cryogels are an ideal scaffold in bone regeneration due to their mechanical integrity and marcoporous structure that elicits angiogenesis and subsequently new bone tissue formation. To aid in bioactivity and osteoinductivity, manuka honey (MH) and bone char (BC) were added to gelatin and chitosan cryogels (CG). Manuka honey has powerful antimicrobial properties to aid against graft infection, and bone char is composed of 90% hydroxyapatite, a well-studied bioactive material. These additives are natural, abundant, easy to use, and cost effective. CG cryogels incorporated with either BC or MH, and plain CG cryogels were implanted into rat calvarial fracture models for cortical bone regeneration analysis. We found indication of bioactivity with both bone char and manuka honey through the presence of woven bone structure in histology stains and micro computed tomography (microCT) data. Overall, plain CG cryogels supported greater bone regeneration capabilities than the BC or MH incorporated cryogels due to a lack of advanced organized tissue formation and collagen deposition after 8 weeks of implantation; however, future work should explore varying additive concentrations and delivery methods to further assess additive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - K R Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - S H McBride-Gagyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - S A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Xu M, Mehwish N, Lee BH. Facile Fabrication of Transparent and Opaque Albumin Methacryloyl Gels with Highly Improved Mechanical Properties and Controlled Pore Structures. Gels 2022; 8:367. [PMID: 35735711 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For porous protein scaffolds to be employed in tissue-engineered structures, the development of cost-effective, macroporous, and mechanically improved protein-based hydrogels, without compromising the original properties of native protein, is crucial. Here, we introduced a facile method of albumin methacryloyl transparent hydrogels and opaque cryogels with adjustable porosity and improved mechanical characteristics via controlling polymerization temperatures (room temperature and −80 °C). The structural, morphological, mechanical, and physical characteristics of both porous albumin methacryloyl biomaterials were investigated using FTIR, CD, SEM, XRD, compression tests, TGA, and swelling behavior. The biodegradation and biocompatibility of the various gels were also carefully examined. Albumin methacryloyl opaque cryogels outperformed their counterpart transparent hydrogels in terms of mechanical characteristics and interconnecting macropores. Both materials demonstrated high mineralization potential as well as good cell compatibility. The solvation and phase separation owing to ice crystal formation during polymerization are attributed to the transparency of hydrogels and opacity of cryogels, respectively, suggesting that two fully protein-based hydrogels could be used as visible detectors/sensors in medical devices or bone regeneration scaffolds in the future.
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Vilela MJC, Colaço BJA, Ventura J, Monteiro FJM, Salgado CL. Translational Research for Orthopedic Bone Graft Development. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4130. [PMID: 34361324 PMCID: PMC8348134 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Designing biomaterials for bone-substitute applications is still a challenge regarding the natural complex structure of hard tissues. Aiming at bone regeneration applications, scaffolds based on natural collagen and synthetic nanohydroxyapatite were developed, and they showed adequate mechanical and biological properties. The objective of this work was to perform and evaluate a scaled-up production process of this porous biocomposite scaffold, which promotes bone regeneration and works as a barrier for both fibrosis and the proliferation of scar tissue. The material was produced using a prototype bioreactor at an industrial scale, instead of laboratory production at the bench, in order to produce an appropriate medical device for the orthopedic market. Prototypes were produced in porous membranes that were e-beam irradiated (the sterilization process) and then analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), cytotoxicity tests with mice fibroblasts (L929), human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and human MSC osteogenic differentiation (HBMSC) with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and qPCR for osteogenic gene expression. The prototypes were also implanted into critical-size bone defects (rabbits' tibia) for 5 and 15 weeks, and after that were analysed by microCT and histology. The tests performed for the physical characterization of the materials showed the ability of the scaffolds to absorb and retain water-based solvents, as well as adequate mechanical resistance and viscoelastic properties. The cryogels had a heteroporous morphology with microporosity and macroporosity, which are essential conditions for the interaction between the cells and materials, and which consequently promote bone regeneration. Regarding the biological studies, all of the studied cryogels were non-cytotoxic by direct or indirect contact with cells. In fact, the scaffolds promoted the proliferation of the human MSCs, as well as the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype (osteogenic differentiation). The in vivo results showed bone tissue ingrowth and the materials' degradation, filling the critical bone defect after 15 weeks. Before and after irradiation, the studied scaffolds showed similar properties when compared to the results published in the literature. In conclusion, the material production process upscaling was optimized and the obtained prototypes showed reproducible properties relative to the bench development, and should be able to be commercialized. Therefore, it was a successful effort to harness knowledge from the basic sciences to produce a new biomedical device and enhance human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. C. Vilela
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.V.); (F.J.M.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno J. A. Colaço
- Department of Animal Science, CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre UTAD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | | | - Fernando J. M. Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.V.); (F.J.M.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Christiane L. Salgado
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.V.); (F.J.M.M.)
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Ghazizadeh H, Kathryn Bohn M, Yaghooti-Khorasani M, Kamel Khodabandeh A, Zare-Feyzabadi R, Timar A, Mohammadi-Bajgiran M, Oladi MR, Rohban M, Esmaily H, Ferns GA, Adeli K, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Age- and sex-specific reference intervals for superoxide dismutase enzyme and several minerals in a healthy adult cohort. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23897. [PMID: 34273186 PMCID: PMC8418512 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to establish RIs for clinically important markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in a cohort of healthy Iranian adults. Materials A subsample from MASHAD cohort study was used to assess serum SOD, copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and phosphate. Serum SOD was measured according to its inhibitory potential of pyrogallol oxidation. Micro‐ and macro‐minerals were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry and a BT3000 autoanalyzer, respectively. Sex‐ and age‐specific RIs were then calculated based on CLSI Ep28‐A3 guidelines. Results Reference value distributions for studied parameters did not demonstrate any age‐specific differences that were statistically significant. In addition, sex partitioning was not required for all parameters, apart from serum magnesium, which showed a wider range in females (0.81–1.26 mg/dl) compared with males (0.82–1.23 mg/dl). Conclusion The RIs established in this study can be expected to improve mineral assessment and clinical decision‐making in the Iranian adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ghazizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mary Kathryn Bohn
- CALIPER Program, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Atieh Kamel Khodabandeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Zare-Feyzabadi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ameneh Timar
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi-Bajgiran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Oladi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Rohban
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Brighton, UK
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- CALIPER Program, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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He Y, Wang C, Wang C, Xiao Y, Lin W. An Overview on Collagen and Gelatin-Based Cryogels: Fabrication, Classification, Properties and Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2299. [PMID: 34301056 PMCID: PMC8309424 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research into cryogels have resulted in the development of many types of cryogels for various applications. Collagen and gelatin possess nontoxicity, intrinsic gel-forming ability and physicochemical properties, and excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them very desirable candidates for the fabrication of cryogels. Collagen-based cryogels (CBCs) and gelatin-based cryogels (GBCs) have been successfully applied as three-dimensional substrates for cell culture and have shown promise for biomedical use. A key point in the development of CBCs and GBCs is the quantitative and precise characterization of their properties and their correlation with preparation process and parameters, enabling these cryogels to be tuned to match engineering requirements. Great efforts have been devoted to fabricating these types of cryogels and exploring their potential biomedical application. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive overviews focused on CBCs and GBCs have been reported currently. In this review, we attempt to provide insight into the recent advances on such kinds of cryogels, including their fabrication methods and structural properties, as well as potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing He
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (Y.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chenzhi Wang
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuanhang Xiao
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering, Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.); (Y.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Yao T, Zhang Y, Lv M, Zang G, Ng SS, Chen X. Advances in 3D cell culture for liver preclinical studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:643-651. [PMID: 33973620 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D cell culture model is an indispensable tool in the study of liver biology in the field of health and disease and the development of clinically relevant products for liver therapies. The 3D culture model captures critical factors of the microenvironmental niche required by hepatocytes for exhibiting optimal phenotypes, thus enabling the pursuit of a range of preclinical studies that are not entirely feasible in conventional 2D cell models. In this review, we highlight the major attributes associated with and the components needed for the development of a functional 3D liver culture model for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Mengjiao Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Öfkeli F, Demir D, Bölgen N. Biomimetic mineralization of chitosan/gelatin cryogels and in vivo biocompatibility assessments for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Öfkeli
- Chemical Engineering Department Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Didem Demir
- Chemical Engineering Department Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Nimet Bölgen
- Chemical Engineering Department Mersin University Mersin Turkey
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Zhang Y, Leng H, Du Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Cai Q, Yang X. Efficient regeneration of rat calvarial defect with gelatin-hydroxyapatite composite cryogel. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:065005. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab9422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gu L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zuo D, Cai Q, Yang X. Comparative study of gelatin cryogels reinforced with hydroxyapatites with different morphologies and interfacial bonding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:035012. [PMID: 32031987 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin cryogels are good candidate scaffolds for tissue engineering because of their interconnected macroporous structure. For bone regeneration, inorganic components are chosen to reinforce gelatin cryogels: (i) to mimic the compositions of natural bone tissue and (ii) to meet the mechanical requirements of bone repairing. Cryogels were prepared from methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) in this study, and hydroxyapatite nanorods (HANRs) with surface-grafted acrylate groups (D-HANRs) were synthesized to reinforce the cryogels, in which, the crosslinking between GelMA and D-HANRs was expected. In parallel, HANRs and hydroxyapatite nanowires (HANWs) were also composited with the GelMA cryogels to investigate the effects of filler morphology and interfacial bonding on the overall properties of the resulting composite cryogels comparatively. All these composite cryogels demonstrated potential as bone repairing materials by displaying excellent performances such as high porosity, appropriate water retention, shape recovery, and fast resilience features, as well as good biocompatibility and cell affinity. In comparison with the HANR composited GelMA cryogel, the HANWs were able to ameliorate the compression and the rheology performances of the resulting composite cryogels more efficiently due to the fact that the one-dimensional HANWs played a bridging role in the gelatin matrix. Among all the preparations, however, it was the D-HANRs that achieved the strongest reinforcement efficiency in mechanical properties because the double bonds on their surface could be photo-crosslinked with GelMA to form interfacial bonding. With these findings, we concluded that it was preferable for inorganic fillers designed for cryogel-type bone repairing materials to be in a one-dimensional morphology with surface functional groups to strengthen their interfacial bonding with the polymeric matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Huang RY, Tai WC, Ho MH, Chang PC. Combination of a biomolecule-aided biphasic cryogel scaffold with a barrier membrane adhering PDGF-encapsulated nanofibers to promote periodontal regeneration. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:529-538. [PMID: 32096217 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND To achieve periodontal regeneration, numerous investigations have concentrated on biomolecule supplement and optimization of bone substitute or barrier membrane. This study evaluated the benefit of combining these strategies for periodontal regeneration. METHODS Biphasic cryogel scaffold (BCS) composed of gelatin (ligament phase) and gelatin with beta-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (BH) (bone phase) was designed as tested bone substitute, and both enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were applied to formulate a biomolecule-aided BCS (BBS). Functionally graded membrane (FGM) was designed as tested barrier membrane by adhering PDGF-encapsulated poly(L-lactide-co-D/L-lactide) nanofibers on the conventional membrane (CM). BBS and FGM were characterized and tested for biocompatibility in vitro. Thirty 4 × 4 × 5 mm3 periodontal intrabony defects were created on 6 Beagle dogs. Each defect was evenly assigned to one of the following treatments including BH-CM, BCS-CM, BBS-CM, BH-FGM, BCS-FGM, and BBS-FGM, for 12 weeks. The therapeutic efficiency was assessed by micro-CT and histology. RESULTS BCS and FGM sustained the release of biomolecules. The viability of MSCs was maintained in both phases of BCS and was promoted while seeding on the PDGF-encapsulated nanofibers. In CM-covered sites, BBS showed significantly greater osteogenesis (P < .01) and early defect fill (P < .05) relative to BH. FGM significantly promoted osteogenesis (P < .05) in BH-treated sites but showed limited benefit in BBS-treated sites. On denuded roots, cementum deposition was evident in BBS-treated sites. CONCLUSIONS PDGF-loaded FGM promoted periodontal osteogenesis, and BBS with EMD-BMP-2 had potential for reconstructing alveolar ridge, periodontal ligament, and cementum. FGM and BBS combination provided limited additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yeong Huang
- School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiu Tai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sultankulov B, Berillo D, Kauanova S, Mikhalovsky S, Mikhalovska L, Saparov A. Composite Cryogel with Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Growth Factor Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120650. [PMID: 31817064 PMCID: PMC6955881 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroporous scaffolds composed of chitosan (CHI), hydroxyapatite (HA), heparin (Hep), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared with a glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linker by cryogelation. Addition of PVA to the reaction mixture slowed down the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between CHI and Hep, which allowed more thorough mixing, and resulted in the development of the homogeneous matrix structure. Freezing of the CHI-HA-GA and PVA-Hep-GA mixture led to the formation of a non-stoichiometric PEC between oppositely charged groups of CHI and Hep, which caused further efficient immobilization of bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) possible due to electrostatic interactions. It was shown that the obtained cryogel matrix released BMP-2 and supported the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rat BMSCs) into the osteogenic lineage. Rat BMSCs attached to cryogel loaded with BMP-2 and expressed osteocalcin in vitro. Obtained composite cryogel with PEC may have high potential for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolat Sultankulov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Sholpan Kauanova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergey Mikhalovsky
- ANAMAD Ltd., Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SB, UK;
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, Kyiv 01364, Ukraine
| | - Lyuba Mikhalovska
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Arman Saparov
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-7172-706140
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14
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Hixon KR, Bogner SJ, Ronning-Arnesen G, Janowiak BE, Sell SA. Investigating Manuka Honey Antibacterial Properties When Incorporated into Cryogel, Hydrogel, and Electrospun Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Gels 2019; 5:E21. [PMID: 31003516 PMCID: PMC6631429 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is well-known for its wound healing capability and Manuka honey (MH) contains a unique Manuka factor, providing an additional antibacterial agent. Previously, there has not been a practical way to apply MH to a wound site, which renders treatment for an extended period extremely difficult. Tissue-engineered scaffolds offer an alternative treatment method to standard dressings by providing varying geometries to best treat the specific tissue. MH was incorporated into cryogels, hydrogels, and electrospun scaffolds to assess the effect of scaffold geometry on bacterial clearance and adhesion, as well as cellular adhesion. Electrospun scaffolds exhibited a faster release due to the nanoporous fibrous geometry which led to a larger partial bacterial clearance as compared to the more three-dimensional cryogels (CG) and hydrogels (HG). Similarly, the fast release of MH from the electrospun scaffolds resulted in reduced bacterial adhesion. Overall, the fast MH release of the electrospun scaffolds versus the extended release of the HG and CG scaffolds provides differences in cellular/bacterial adhesion and advantages for both short and long-term applications, respectively. This manuscript provides a comparison of the scaffold pore structures as well as bacterial and cellular properties, providing information regarding the relationship between varying scaffold geometry and MH efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Savannah J Bogner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Gabriela Ronning-Arnesen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Blythe E Janowiak
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
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15
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Memic A, Colombani T, Eggermont LJ, Rezaeeyazdi M, Steingold J, Rogers ZJ, Navare KJ, Mohammed HS, Bencherif SA. Latest Advances in Cryogel Technology for Biomedical Applications. Adv Therap 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Memic
- Center of NanotechnologyKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Center for Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Thibault Colombani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Tumor ImmunologyOncode Institute, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen 6500 The Netherlands
| | | | - Joseph Steingold
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Zach J. Rogers
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | | | | | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of BioengineeringNortheastern University Boston MA 02115 USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Sorbonne UniversityUTC CNRS UMR 7338Biomechanics and Bioengineering (BMBI)University of Technology of Compiègne Compiègne 60159 France
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16
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Abstract
The application of interconnected supermacroporous cryogels as support matrices for the purification, separation and immobilization of whole cells and different biological macromolecules has been well reported in literature. Cryogels have advantages over traditional gel carriers in the field of biochromatography and related biomedical applications. These matrices nearly mimic the three-dimensional structure of native tissue extracellular matrix. In addition, mechanical, osmotic and chemical stability of cryogels make them attractive polymeric materials for the construction of scaffolds in tissue engineering applications and in vitro cell culture, separation materials for many different processes such as immobilization of biomolecules, capturing of target molecules, and controlled drug delivery. The low mass transfer resistance of cryogel matrices makes them useful in chromatographic applications with the immobilization of different affinity ligands to these materials. Cryogels have been introduced as gel matrices prepared using partially frozen monomer or polymer solutions at temperature below zero. These materials can be produced with different shapes and are of interest in the therapeutic area. This review highlights the recent advances in cryogelation technologies by emphasizing their biomedical applications to supply an overview of their rising stars day to day.
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17
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Patel PP, Buckley C, Taylor BL, Sahyoun CC, Patel SD, Mont AJ, Mai L, Patel S, Freeman JW. Mechanical and biological evaluation of a hydroxyapatite-reinforced scaffold for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:732-741. [PMID: 30485635 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With over 500,000 bone grafting procedures performed annually in the United States, the advancement of bone regeneration technology is at the forefront of medical research. Many tissue-engineered approaches have been explored to develop a viable synthetic bone graft substitute, but a major challenge is achieving a load-bearing graft that appropriately mimics the mechanical properties of native bone. In this study, sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) was used to structurally reinforce a scaffold and yield mechanical properties comparable to native bone. HAp was packed into a cylindrical framework and processed under varying conditions to maximize its mechanical properties. The resulting HAp columns were further tested in a 6-week degradation study to determine their physical and mechanical response. The cellular response of sintered HAp was determined using a murine preosteoblast cell line, MC3T3-E1. Cell viability and morphology were studied over a one-week period and MC3T3-E1 differentiation was determined by measuring the alkaline phosphatase levels. Finite element analysis was used to determine the columns' geometric configuration and arrangement within our previously developed composite bone scaffold. It was determined that incorporating four cylindrical HAp columns, fabricated under 44 MPa of pressure and sintered at 1200°C for 5 hr, led to load-bearing properties that match the yield strength of native whole bone. These preliminary results indicate that the incorporation of a mechanically enhanced HAp structural support system is a promising step toward developing one of the first load-bearing bone scaffolds that can also support cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 732-741, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra P Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Christian Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Brittany L Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Christine C Sahyoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Samarth D Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ashley J Mont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Linh Mai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Joseph W Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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18
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Hixon KR, Carletta MN, Neal SM, Talovic M, Dunn AJ, Garg K, Sell SA. Mineralization and antibacterial potential of bioactive cryogel scaffolds in vitro. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1522504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marissa N. Carletta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sydney M. Neal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhamed Talovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J. Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A. Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Neuropsychiatric Institute; Medical School of Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- Department of Neurology; Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
| | - Jinjian Huang
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infections, Department of Surgery; Jinling Hospital; Nanjing Jiangsu 210002 China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuropsychiatric Institute; Medical School of Southeast University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
- Department of Neurology; Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
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20
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Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:1-30. [PMID: 30248515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A range of traditional and free-form fabrication technologies have been investigated and, in numerous occasions, commercialized for use in the field of regenerative tissue engineering (TE). The demand for technologies capable of treating bone defects inherently difficult to repair has been on the rise. This quest, accompanied by the advent of functionally tailored, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials, has garnered an enormous research interest in bone TE. As a result, different materials and fabrication methods have been investigated towards this end, leading to a deeper understanding of the geometrical, mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone scaffolds. As our understanding of the scaffold requirements expands, so do the capability requirements of the fabrication processes. The goal of this review is to provide a broad examination of existing scaffold fabrication processes and highlight future trends in their development. To appreciate the clinical requirements of bone scaffolds, a brief review of the biological process by which bone regenerates itself is presented first. This is followed by a summary and comparisons of commonly used implant techniques to highlight the advantages of TE-based approaches over traditional grafting methods. A detailed discussion on the clinical and mechanical requirements of bone scaffolds then follows. The remainder of the manuscript is dedicated to current scaffold fabrication methods, their unique capabilities and perceived shortcomings. The range of biomaterials employed in each fabrication method is summarized. Selected traditional and non-traditional fabrication methods are discussed with a highlight on their future potential from the authors' perspective. This study is motivated by the rapidly growing demand for effective scaffold fabrication processes capable of economically producing constructs with intricate and precisely controlled internal and external architectures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The manuscript summarizes the current state of fabrication technologies and materials used for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. A comprehensive analysis of different fabrication methods (traditional and free-form) were summarized in this review paper, with emphasis on recent developments in the field. The fabrication techniques suitable for creating scaffolds for tissue engineering was particularly targeted and their use in bone tissue engineering were articulated. Along with the fabrication techniques, we emphasized the choice of materials in these processes. Considering the limitations of each process, we highlighted the materials and the material properties critical in that particular process and provided a brief rational for the choice of the materials. The functional performance for bone tissue engineering are summarized for different fabrication processes and the choice of biomaterials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of the field, highlighting the knowledge gaps and promising avenues in pursuit of effective scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This extensive review of the field will provide research community with a reference source for current approaches to scaffold preparation. We hope to encourage the researchers to generate next generation biomaterials to be used in these fabrication processes. By providing both advantages and disadvantage of each fabrication method in detail, new fabrication techniques might be devised that will overcome the limitations of the current approaches. These studies should facilitate the efforts of researchers interested in generating ideal scaffolds, and should have applications beyond the repair of bone tissue.
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21
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Kwon S, Lee SS, Sivashanmugam A, Kwon J, Kim SHL, Noh MY, Kwon SK, Jayakumar R, Hwang NS. Bioglass-Incorporated Methacrylated Gelatin Cryogel for Regeneration of Bone Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080914. [PMID: 30960839 PMCID: PMC6403913 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryogels have recently gained interest in the field of tissue engineering as they inherently possess an interconnected macroporous structure. Considered to be suitable for scaffold cryogel fabrication, methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) is a modified form of gelatin valued for its ability to retain cell adhesion site. Bioglass nanoparticles have also attracted attention in the field due to their osteoinductive and osteoconductive behavior. Here, we prepare methacrylated gelatin cryogel with varying concentration of bioglass nanoparticles to study its potential for bone regeneration. We demonstrate that an increase in bioglass concentration in cryogel leads to improved mechanical property and augmented osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells during in vitro testing. Furthermore, in vivo testing in mice cranial defect model shows that highest concentration of bioglass nanoparticles (2.5 w/w %) incorporated in GelMA cryogel induces the most bone formation compared to the other tested groups, as studied by micro-CT and histology. The in vitro and in vivo results highlight the potential of bioglass nanoparticles incorporated in GelMA cryogel for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seunghun S Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - A Sivashanmugam
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
| | - Janet Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun L Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Mi Yeon Noh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seong Keun Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - R Jayakumar
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, the Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- BioMAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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22
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de la Lastra AA, Hixon KR, Aryan L, Banks AN, Lin AY, Hall AF, Sell SA. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabricated in Dissolvable 3D-Printed Molds for Patient-Specific Craniofacial Bone Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:E46. [PMID: 30042357 PMCID: PMC6165179 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard treatment for oral clefts is autologous bone grafting. This treatment, however, presents another wound site for the patient, greater discomfort, and pediatric patients have less bone mass for bone grafting. A potential alternative treatment is the use of tissue engineered scaffolds. Hydrogels are well characterized nanoporous scaffolds and cryogels are mechanically durable, macroporous, sponge-like scaffolds. However, there has been limited research on these scaffolds for cleft craniofacial defects. 3D-printed molds can be combined with cryogel/hydrogel fabrication to create patient-specific tissue engineered scaffolds. By combining 3D-printing technology and scaffold fabrication, we were able to create scaffolds with the geometry of three cleft craniofacial defects. The scaffolds were then characterized to assess the effect of the mold on their physical properties. While the scaffolds were able to completely fill the mold, creating the desired geometry, the overall volumes were smaller than expected. The cryogels possessed porosities ranging from 79.7% to 87.2% and high interconnectivity. Additionally, the cryogels swelled from 400% to almost 1500% of their original dry weight while the hydrogel swelling did not reach 500%, demonstrating the ability to fill a defect site. Overall, despite the complex geometry, the cryogel scaffolds displayed ideal properties for bone reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine R Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Lavanya Aryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Amanda N Banks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Lin
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Andrew F Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
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23
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Lu T, Hixon KR, Ona WJ, Carletta MN, Garg K, Sell SA. An
in vitro
analysis of injectable methacrylated alginate cryogels incorporated with PRP targeting minimally invasive treatment of bone nonunion. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aad298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Hixon KR, Lu T, Sell SA. A comprehensive review of cryogels and their roles in tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:29-41. [PMID: 28851666 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is fundamental in providing an appropriate environment for cell interaction and signaling to occur. Replicating such a matrix is advantageous in the support of tissue ingrowth and regeneration through the field of tissue engineering. While scaffolds can be fabricated in many ways, cryogels have recently become a popular approach due to their macroporous structure and durability. Produced through the crosslinking of gel precursors followed by a subsequent controlled freeze/thaw cycle, the resulting cryogel provides a unique, sponge-like structure. Therefore, cryogels have proven advantageous for many tissue engineering applications including roles in bioreactor systems, cell separation, and scaffolding. Specifically, the matrix has been demonstrated to encourage the production of various molecules, such as antibodies, and has also been used for cryopreservation. Cryogels can pose as a bioreactor for the expansion of cell lines, as well as a vehicle for cell separation. Lastly, this matrix has shown excellent potential as a tissue engineered scaffold, encouraging regrowth at numerous damaged tissue sites in vivo. This review will briefly discuss the fabrication of cryogels, with an emphasis placed on their application in various facets of tissue engineering to provide an overview of this unique scaffold's past and future roles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cryogels are unique scaffolds produced through the controlled freezing and thawing of a polymer solution. There is an ever-growing body of literature that demonstrates their applicability in the realm of tissue engineering as extracellular matrix analogue scaffolds; with extensive information having been provided regarding the fabrication, porosity, and mechanical integrity of the scaffolds. Additionally, cryogels have been reviewed with respect to their role in bioseparation and as cellular incubators. This all-inclusive view of the roles that cryogels can play is critical to advancing the technology and expanding its niche within biomaterials and tissue engineering research. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of cryogel applications in tissue engineering that includes specific looks at their growing roles as extracellular matrix analogues, incubators, and in bioseparation processes.
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25
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Hixon KR, Melvin AM, Lin AY, Hall AF, Sell SA. Cryogel scaffolds from patient-specific 3D-printed molds for personalized tissue-engineered bone regeneration in pediatric cleft-craniofacial defects. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:598-611. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217734824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects are extremely common in children with cleft-craniofacial conditions, especially those with alveolar cleft defects and cranial defects. This study used patient-specific 3D-printed molds derived from computed tomography and cryogel scaffold fabrication as a proof of concept for the creation of site-specific implants for bone reconstruction. Cryogel scaffolds are unique tissue-engineered constructs formed at sub-zero temperatures. When thawed, the resulting structure is macroporous, sponge-like, and mechanically durable. Due to these unique properties, cryogels have excellent potential for the treatment of patient-specific bone defects; however, there is little literature on their use in cleft-craniofacial defects. While 3D-printing technology currently lacks the spatial resolution to print the microstructure necessary for bone regeneration, it can be used to create site-specific molds. Thus, it is ideal to integrate these techniques for the fabrication of scaffolds with patient-specific geometry. Overall, all cryogels possessed appropriate geometry to allow for cell infiltration after 28 days. Additionally, suitable mechanical durability was demonstrated where, despite mold geometry, all cryogels could be compressed without exhibiting crack propagation. Such a patient-specific scaffold would be ideal in pediatric cleft-craniofacial defects, as these are complex 3D defects and children have less donor bone availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexa M Melvin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander Y Lin
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew F Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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26
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Hixon KR, Lu T, Carletta MN, McBride-Gagyi SH, Janowiak BE, Sell SA. A preliminary in vitro evaluation of the bioactive potential of cryogel scaffolds incorporated with Manuka honey for the treatment of chronic bone infections. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1918-1933. [PMID: 28960886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified honey as an agent in bacterial inhibition and a mediator in lowering the pH at the wound site. Manuka honey (MH), indigenous to New Zealand, contains a Unique Manuka Factor that provides an additional antibacterial agent. While there are many potential benefits to incorporating MH into wounds, there is currently no ideal way to deliver the material to the site of injury. Cryogels are a type of scaffold that possess high porosity, mechanical stability, and a sponge-like consistency. This study uniquely incorporates varying amounts of MH into cryogel scaffolds, utilizing its properties in a sustained release fashion to assist in the overall healing process, while using the cryogel structure as a tissue template. All cryogels were evaluated to determine the effects of MH on porosity, swelling potential, mechanical durability, and cell compatibility. The release of MH was also quantified to evaluate bacterial clearance potential, and the scaffolds were mineralized to replicate native bone. It was determined that a 5% MH silk fibroin cryogel has the potential to inhibit bacterial growth while still maintaining adequate porosity, mechanical properties, and cell infiltration. Such a scaffold would have use in a number of applications, including bone regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1918-1933, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Hixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tracy Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marissa N Carletta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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