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Coombes RC, Angelou C, Al-Khalili Z, Hart W, Francescatti D, Wright N, Ellis I, Green A, Rakha E, Shousha S, Amrania H, Phillips CC, Palmieri C. Performance of a novel spectroscopy-based tool for adjuvant therapy decision-making in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: a validation study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 205:349-358. [PMID: 38244167 PMCID: PMC11101376 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Digistain Index (DI), measured using an inexpensive mid-infrared spectrometer, reflects the level of aneuploidy in unstained tissue sections and correlates with tumor grade. We investigated whether incorporating DI with other clinicopathological variables could predict outcomes in patients with early breast cancer. METHODS DI was calculated in 801 patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative primary breast cancer and ≤ 3 positive lymph nodes. All patients were treated with systemic endocrine therapy and no chemotherapy. Multivariable proportional hazards modeling was used to incorporate DI with clinicopathological variables to generate the Digistain Prognostic Score (DPS). DPS was assessed for prediction of 5- and 10-year outcomes (recurrence, recurrence-free survival [RFS] and overall survival [OS]) using receiver operating characteristics and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Kaplan-Meier analysis evaluated the ability of DPS to stratify risk. RESULTS DPS was consistently highly accurate and had negative predictive values for all three outcomes, ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 at 5 years and 0.84 to 0.95 at 10 years. DPS demonstrated statistically significant prognostic ability with significant hazard ratios (95% CI) for low- versus high-risk classification for RFS, recurrence and OS (1.80 [CI 1.31-2.48], 1.83 [1.32-2.52] and 1.77 [1.28-2.43], respectively; all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION DPS showed high accuracy and predictive performance, was able to stratify patients into low or high-risk, and considering its cost and rapidity, has the potential to offer clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Charles Coombes
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christina Angelou
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zamzam Al-Khalili
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - William Hart
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Ellis
- Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Emad Rakha
- Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sami Shousha
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hemmel Amrania
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Chris C Phillips
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Marschick G, Pelini J, Gabbrielli T, Cappelli F, Weih R, Knötig H, Koeth J, Höfling S, De Natale P, Strasser G, Borri S, Hinkov B. Mid-infrared Ring Interband Cascade Laser: Operation at the Standard Quantum Limit. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:395-403. [PMID: 38405392 PMCID: PMC10885206 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Many precision applications in the mid-infrared spectral range have strong constraints based on quantum effects that are expressed in particular noise characteristics. They limit, e.g., sensitivity and resolution of mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopic systems as well as the bit-error rate in optical free-space communication. Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are a class of mid-infrared lasers exploiting interband transitions in type-II band alignment geometry. They are currently gaining significant importance for mid-infrared applications from < 3 to > 6 μm wavelength, enabled by novel types of high-performance ICLs such as ring-cavity devices. Their noise behavior is an important feature that still needs to be thoroughly analyzed, including its potential reduction with respect to the shot-noise limit. In this work, we provide a comprehensive characterization of λ = 3.8 μm-emitting, continuous-wave ring ICLs operating at room temperature. It is based on an in-depth study of their main physical intensity noise features such as their bias-dependent intensity noise power spectral density and relative intensity noise. We obtained shot-noise-limited statistics for Fourier frequencies above 100 kHz. This is an important result for precision applications, e.g., interferometry or advanced spectroscopy, which benefit from exploiting the advantage of using such a shot-noise-limited source, enhancing the setup sensitivity. Moreover, it is an important feature for novel quantum optics schemes, including testing specific light states below the shot-noise level, such as squeezed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Marschick
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Jacopo Pelini
- University
of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I 40, Napoli 80138, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
| | - Tecla Gabbrielli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Robert Weih
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Hedwig Knötig
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Johannes Koeth
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg—Physikalisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
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Greaves GE, Kiryushko D, Auner HW, Porter AE, Phillips CC. Label-free nanoscale mapping of intracellular organelle chemistry. Commun Biol 2023; 6:583. [PMID: 37258606 PMCID: PMC10232547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to image cell chemistry at the nanoscale is key for understanding cell biology, but many optical microscopies are restricted by the ~(200-250)nm diffraction limit. Electron microscopy and super-resolution fluorescence techniques beat this limit, but rely on staining and specialised labelling to generate image contrast. It is challenging, therefore, to obtain information about the functional chemistry of intracellular components. Here we demonstrate a technique for intracellular label-free chemical mapping with nanoscale (~30 nm) resolution. We use a probe-based optical microscope illuminated with a mid-infrared laser whose wavelengths excite vibrational modes of functional groups occurring within biological molecules. As a demonstration, we chemically map intracellular structures in human multiple myeloma cells and compare the morphologies with electron micrographs of the same cell line. We also demonstrate label-free mapping at wavelengths chosen to target the chemical signatures of proteins and nucleic acids, in a way that can be used to identify biochemical markers in the study of disease and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Greaves
- Experimental Solid State Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Darya Kiryushko
- Experimental Solid State Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, The Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chris C Phillips
- Experimental Solid State Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Pilat F, Schwarz B, Baumgartner B, Ristanić D, Detz H, Andrews AM, Lendl B, Strasser G, Hinkov B. Beyond Karl Fischer titration: a monolithic quantum cascade sensor for monitoring residual water concentration in solvents. Lab Chip 2023; 23:1816-1824. [PMID: 36800171 PMCID: PMC10045895 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quality control of liquids is an important part of analytical chemistry. The gold standard for measuring residual water in organic solvents and pharmaceutical applications is Karl Fischer titration. It has a high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. The downsides are a time-consuming offline analysis, together with the need for toxic reagents producing waste, and it suffers from poor inter-laboratory reproducibility. In this work, we present a high-performance lab-on-a-chip sensor exploiting mid-IR spectroscopy for liquid sensing. It is operating at 6.1 μm wavelength and is suitable for robust and flexible real-time in situ analysis of the residual water concentration in isopropyl alcohol. This is demonstrated in two experiments. A custom-made 60 μL flow cell is employed to measure only minute amounts of analyte in an inline configuration. In a second approach, the whole sensor is immersed into the analyte to demonstrate sensitive and rapid in situ operation on the millisecond time scale. This is confirmed by the ability for time resolved single water-droplet monitoring, while they are mixed into the liquid sample. We obtain a limit of detection between 120 ppm and 150 ppm with a concentration coverage spanning three orders of magnitude from 1.2 × 10-2%vol to 25%vol for the flow cell and 1.5 × 10-2%vol to 19%vol in the in situ configuration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pilat
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Ristanić
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hermann Detz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron M Andrews
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- Institute of Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
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Pedersen RL, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C. Synchronous upconversion of quantum cascade lasers in AgGaS 2. Opt Lett 2022; 47:5622-5625. [PMID: 37219286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigate synchronous upconversion of a pulsed, tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL) in the important 5.4-10.2 µm range, with a 30 kHz, Q-switched, 1064 nm laser. The possibility to accurately control the repetition rate and pulse duration of the QCL results in a good temporal overlap with the Q-switched laser, leading to an upconversion quantum efficiency of 16% in a 10 mm-long AgGaS2 crystal. We investigate the noise properties of the upconversion process in terms of pulse-to-pulse energy stability and timing jitter. For QCL pulses in the 30-70 ns range the upconverted pulse-to-pulse stability is approximately 1.75%. The demonstrated combination of broad tunability and high signal to noise in the system is well-suited for mid-IR spectral analysis of highly absorbing samples.
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Won M, Li M, Kim HS, Liu P, Koo S, Son S, Seo JH, Kim JS. Visible to mid IR: A library of multispectral diagnostic imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2021; 426:213608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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