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Bansal S, Willis R, Barks MC, Pollak KI, Brandon D, Kaye EC, Lemmon ME. Supporting Disclosure of Unmet Mental Health Needs among Parents of Critically Ill Infants. J Pediatr 2023; 262:113596. [PMID: 37399922 PMCID: PMC10757990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize (1) the prevalence of mental health discussion and (2) facilitators of and barriers to parent disclosure of mental health needs to clinicians. STUDY DESIGN Parents of infants with neurologic conditions in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units participated in a longitudinal decision-making study from 2018 through 2020. Parents completed semi-structured interviews upon enrollment, within 1 week after a conference with providers, at discharge, and 6 months post-discharge. We used a conventional content analysis approach and NVIVO 12 to analyze data related to mental health. RESULTS We enrolled 61 parents (n = 40 mothers, n = 21 fathers) of 40 infants with neurologic conditions in the intensive care unit. In total, 123 interviews were conducted with 52 of these parents (n = 37 mothers, n = 15 fathers). Over two-thirds of parents (n = 35/52, 67%) discussed their mental health in a total of 61 interviews. We identified two key domains when approaching the data through the lens of mental health: (1) self-reported barriers to communicating mental health needs: parents shared uncertainty about the presence or benefit of support, a perceived lack of mental health resources and emotional support, and concerns about trust; (2) self-reported facilitators and benefits of communicating mental health needs: parents described the value of supportive team members, connecting to peer support, and speaking to a mental health professional or neutral third party. CONCLUSIONS Parents of critically ill infants are at high risk of unmet mental health needs. Our results highlight modifiable barriers and actionable facilitators to inform interventions to improve mental health support for parents of critically ill infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Rheaya Willis
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary C Barks
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kathryn I Pollak
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Debra Brandon
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC
| | - Erica C Kaye
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Monica E Lemmon
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
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Balderas-Medina Anaya Y, Hsu P, Martínez LE, Hernandez S, Hayes-Bautista DE. Latina Women in the U.S. Physician Workforce: Opportunities in the Pursuit of Health Equity. Acad Med 2022; 97:398-405. [PMID: 34524137 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some progress has been made in gender diversity in undergraduate medical education and the physician workforce, but much remains to be done to improve workforce disparities for women, particularly women from underrepresented populations, such as Latinas. This study examines the current level of representation and demographic characteristics of Latina physicians, including age, language use, nativity, and citizenship status. METHOD The authors used data from the 2014-2018 U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates for their analyses. During the time period covered by this analysis, ACS response rates ranged from 92.0% to 96.7%. The authors included in this study individuals who self-reported their occupation as physician and who self-identified their race/ethnicity as either non-Hispanic White (NHW) or Hispanic/Latino, regardless of race. The authors used person-level sampling weights provided by the ACS to convert the original 1% sample to a 100% enumeration of the population. RESULTS According to the ACS 2014-2018 5-year estimates, NHW physicians make up 65.8% (660,031/1,002,527) of physicians in the United States. Women comprise 36.1% (361,442) of the total U.S. physician population; however, Hispanic/Latina women comprise only 2.4% (24,411). The female physician population is younger than the male physician population, and Hispanic female physicians are the youngest. Latina physicians are far more likely to speak Spanish at home than NHW physicians. Immigrants make up 40.1% (9,782/24,411) of the Hispanic female physician population, and 12.3% (3,012/24,411) of Hispanic female physicians are not U.S. citizens. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Latina physicians in the United States are younger, more likely to be bilingual and speak Spanish at home, and very underrepresented, compared with NHW female and male physicians. Increasing their share of the U.S. physician workforce would benefit the pursuit of health equity for an ever more diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohualli Balderas-Medina Anaya
- Y.B. Anaya is assistant clinical professor, Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-7667
| | - Paul Hsu
- P. Hsu is research associate, Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture, David Geffen School of Medicine, and adjunct assistant professor of epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-364X
| | - Laura E Martínez
- L.E. Martínez is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and researcher, Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie Hernandez
- S. Hernandez is a medical student, Charles R. Drew/UCLA Medical Education Program, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David E Hayes-Bautista
- D.E. Hayes-Bautista is distinguished professor of medicine and director, Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8363-9034
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Schein YL, Winje BA, Myhre SL, Nordstoga I, Straiton ML. A qualitative study of health experiences of Ethiopian asylum seekers in Norway. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:958. [PMID: 31829251 PMCID: PMC6907115 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norway, like other European countries, has a growing refugee population. Upon arrival to Norway, refugees and asylum seekers need to learn about Norwegian society and social services such as healthcare. Despite various programs and assistance, they face numerous challenges using the healthcare system. Understanding the healthcare experiences of Ethiopian refugees and asylum seekers may improve how services such as informational sessions and delivery of medical care are provided. This qualitative study seeks to describe the health-related experiences of Ethiopians who have sought asylum in Norway and shed light on potential barriers to care. METHODS Individual interviews were conducted with ten Ethiopian refugees and asylum seekers in Norway. Thematic analysis was used to understand the broader context of refugee resettlement and how this experience influences participants' health experiences and health seeking behaviors. RESULTS We identified three main themes that played a role in participants' health and healthcare experiences. Participants described how 'living in limbo' during their application for residency took a mental toll, the difficulties they had 'using the healthcare system', and the role 'interpersonal factors' had on their experiences. While applying for asylum, participants felt consumed by the process and were affected by the lack of structure in their lives, the conditions in the reception center, and perceived inadequate healthcare. Participants perceived a change in access to services before and after they had been granted residency. Participants learned about the healthcare system both through official information sessions and social networks. Doctor-patient communication and interpersonal factors such as a sense of feeling valued, language, and discrimination had a large impact on perceived quality of care. CONCLUSIONS Ethiopian refugees and asylum seekers face numerous challenges accessing, using, and interacting with Norway's healthcare system. Contextualizing these challenges within the asylum seeking process may help policy makers better understand, and therefore address, these challenges. Interventions offered at reception centers and in health worker trainings may improve healthcare experiences for this and similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Louise Schein
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brita Askeland Winje
- Department of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Lynn Myhre
- Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Chapman MV, Hall WJ, Lee K, Colby R, Coyne-Beasley T, Day S, Eng E, Lightfoot AF, Merino Y, Simán FM, Thomas T, Thatcher K, Payne K. Making a difference in medical trainees' attitudes toward Latino patients: A pilot study of an intervention to modify implicit and explicit attitudes. Soc Sci Med 2018; 199:202-208. [PMID: 28532893 PMCID: PMC5714690 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative attitudes and discrimination against Latinos exist in the dominant U.S. culture and in healthcare systems, contributing to ongoing health disparities. This article provides findings of a pilot test of Yo Veo Salud (I See Health), an intervention designed to positively modify attitudes toward Latinos among medical trainees. The research question was: Compared to the comparison group, did the intervention group show lower levels of implicit bias against Latinos versus Whites, and higher levels of ethnocultural empathy, healthcare empathy, and patient-centeredness? We used a sequential cohort, post-test design to evaluate Yo Veo Salud with a sample of 69 medical trainees. The intervention setting was an academic medical institution in a Southeastern U.S. state with a fast-growing Latino population. The intervention was delivered, and data were collected online, between July and December of 2014. Participants in the intervention group showed greater ethnocultural empathy, healthcare empathy, and patient-centeredness, compared to the comparison group. The implicit measure assessed four attitudinal dimensions (pleasantness, responsibility, compliance, and safety). Comparisons between our intervention and comparison groups did not find any average differences in implicit anti-Latino bias between the groups. However, in a subset analysis of White participants, White participants in the intervention group demonstrated a significantly decreased level of implicit bias in terms of pleasantness. A dose response was also founded indicating that participants involved in more parts of the intervention showed more change on all measures. Our findings, while modest in size, provide proof of concept for Yo Veo Salud as a means for increasing ethno-cultural and physician empathy, and patient-centeredness among medical residents and decreasing implicit provider bias toward Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi V Chapman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - William J Hall
- Cecil B. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kent Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert Colby
- Ohio Humanities Council, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tamera Coyne-Beasley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Steve Day
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eugenia Eng
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alexandra F Lightfoot
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yesenia Merino
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Tainayah Thomas
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kari Thatcher
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Keith Payne
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Muñoz-Blanco S, Raisanen JC, Donohue PK, Boss RD. Enhancing Pediatric Palliative Care for Latino Children and Their Families: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Research and Practice in the United States. Children (Basel) 2017; 5:children5010002. [PMID: 29271924 PMCID: PMC5789284 DOI: 10.3390/children5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the demand for pediatric palliative care (PC) increases, data suggest that Latino children are less likely to receive services than non-Latino children. Evidence on how to best provide PC to Latino children is sparse. We conducted a narrative review of literature related to PC for Latino children and their families in the United States. In the United States, Latinos face multiple barriers that affect their receipt of PC, including poverty, lack of access to health insurance, language barriers, discrimination, and cultural differences. Pediatric PC research and clinical initiatives that target the needs of Latino families are sparse, underfunded, but essential. Education of providers on Latino cultural values is necessary. Additionally, advocacy efforts with a focus on equitable care and policy reform are essential to improving the health of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Muñoz-Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jessica C Raisanen
- Clinical Ethics, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Pamela K Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Renee D Boss
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Clinical Ethics, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Erikson A, Davies B. Maintaining Integrity: How Nurses Navigate Boundaries in Pediatric Palliative Care. J Pediatr Nurs 2017; 35:42-49. [PMID: 28728768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore how nurses manage personal and professional boundaries in caring for seriously ill children and their families. DESIGN AND METHODS Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, a convenience sample of 18 registered nurses from four practice sites was interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. RESULTS Nurses across the sites engaged in a process of maintaining integrity whereby they integrated two competing, yet essential, aspects of their nursing role - behaving professionally and connecting personally. When skillful in both aspects, nurses were satisfied that they provided high-quality, family-centered care to children and families within a clearly defined therapeutic relationship. At times, tension existed between these two aspects and nurses attempted to mitigate the tension. Unsuccessful mitigation attempts led to compromised integrity characterized by specific behavioral and emotional indicators. Successfully mitigating the tension with strategies that prioritized their own needs and healing, nurses eventually restored integrity. Maintaining integrity involved a continuous effort to preserve completeness of both oneself and one's nursing practice. CONCLUSIONS Study findings provide a theoretical conceptualization to describe the process nurses use in navigating boundaries and contribute to an understanding for how this specialized area of care impacts health care providers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Work environments can better address the challenges of navigating boundaries through offering resources and support for nurses' emotional responses to caring for seriously ill children. Future research can further refine and expand the theoretical conceptualization of maintaining integrity presented in this paper and its potential applicability to other nursing specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Erikson
- School of Nursing, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Betty Davies
- School of Nursing, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Providing safe and high-quality health care for children whose parents have limited English proficiency (LEP) remains challenging. Reports of parent perspectives on navigating language discordance in health care are limited. We analyzed portions of 48 interviews focused on language barriers from 2 qualitative interview studies of the pediatric health care experiences of LEP Latina mothers in 2 urban US cities. We found mothers experienced frustration with health care and reported suboptimal accommodation for language barriers. Six themes emerged relevant to health care across settings: the "battle" of managing language barriers, preference for bilingual providers, negative bias toward interpreted encounters, "getting by" with limited language skills, fear of being a burden, and stigma and discrimination experienced by LEP families. Parents' insights highlight reasons why effective language accommodation in health care remains challenging. Partnering with families to address the management of language barriers is needed to improve health care quality and safety for LEP patients and families.
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DeCamp LR, Gregory E, Polk S, Chrismer MC, Giusti F, Thompson DA, Sibinga E. A Voice and a Vote: The Advisory Board Experiences of Spanish-Speaking Latina Mothers. Hisp Health Care Int 2015; 13:217-26. [PMID: 26671562 DOI: 10.1891/1540-4153.13.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Latino children experience disparities in health care access and quality. Family advisory groups for clinics and hospitals may be one way to address disparities. We implemented and sustained an advisory board whose parent participants were exclusively limited-English proficient Latina mothers. As part of the board evaluation, we conducted semistructured individual interviews with parent participants during initial participation and after the final board meeting of the year. Members were satisfied with their board participation in both initial and follow-up interviews. They reported that board membership was an important way to improve clinic services and a unique opportunity for Latinos in the community. Experiences of discrimination and marginalization in health care settings were a theme across interviews. Members reported board membership countered these negative experiences. An advisory board including Spanish-speaking parents is an opportunity to engage vulnerable populations, which may result in broader impact on health care disparities.
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Stevenson M, Achille M, Lugasi T. Pediatric Palliative Care in Canada and the United States: A Qualitative Metasummary of the Needs of Patients and Families. J Palliat Med 2013; 16:566-77. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moire Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Achille
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tziona Lugasi
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kumar SP. Reporting of pediatric palliative care: a systematic review and quantitative analysis of research publications in palliative care journals. Indian J Palliat Care 2012; 17:202-9. [PMID: 22347775 PMCID: PMC3276817 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.92337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Pediatric palliative care clinical practice depends upon an evidence-based decision-making process which in turn is based upon current research evidence. AIMS This study aimed to perform a quantitative analysis of research publications in palliative care journals for reporting characteristics of articles on pediatric palliative care. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a systematic review of palliative care journals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve palliative care journals were searched for articles with "paediatric" or "children" in titles of the articles published from 2006 to 2010. The reporting rates of all journals were compared. The selected articles were categorized into practice, education, research, and administration, and subsequently grouped into original and review articles. The original articles were subgrouped into qualitative and quantitative studies, and the review articles were grouped into narrative and systematic reviews. Each subgroup of original articles' category was further classified according to study designs. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Descriptive analysis using frequencies and percentiles was done using SPSS for Windows, version 11.5. RESULTS The overall reporting rate among all journals was 2.66% (97/3634), and Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing (JHPN) had the highest reporting rate of 12.5% (1/8), followed by Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life and Palliative Care (JSWELPC) with a rate of 7.5% (5/66), and Journal of Palliative Care (JPC) with a rate of 5.33% (11/206). CONCLUSIONS The overall reporting rate for pediatric palliative care articles in palliative care journals was very low and there were no randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews found. The study findings indicate a lack of adequate evidence base for pediatric palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil P Kumar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Shavers VL, Fagan P, Jones D, Klein WMP, Boyington J, Moten C, Rorie E. The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:953-66. [PMID: 22494002 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a review to examine current literature on the effects of interpersonal and institutional racism and discrimination occurring within health care settings on the health care received by racial/ethnic minority patients. METHODS We searched the PsychNet, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on US populations published between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2011. We used various combinations of the following search terms: discrimination, perceived discrimination, race, ethnicity, racism, institutional racism, stereotype, prejudice or bias, and health or health care. Fifty-eight articles were reviewed. RESULTS Patient perception of discriminatory treatment and implicit provider biases were the most frequently examined topics in health care settings. Few studies examined the overall prevalence of racial/ethnic discrimination and none examined temporal trends. In general, measures used were insufficient for examining the impact of interpersonal discrimination or institutional racism within health care settings on racial/ethnic disparities in health care. CONCLUSIONS Better instrumentation, innovative methodology, and strategies are needed for identifying and tracking racial/ethnic discrimination in health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie L Shavers
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA.
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