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Rosa MJ, Armendáriz-Arnez C, Gudayol-Ferré E, Prehn M, Fuhrimann S, Eskenazi B, Lindh CH, Mora AM. Association of pesticide exposure with neurobehavioral outcomes among avocado farmworkers in Mexico. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 256:114322. [PMID: 38219443 PMCID: PMC10956701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To date, few studies have focused on the health effects of pesticide exposure among avocado farmworkers. We examined the association of exposure to insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides with cognitive and mental health outcomes among these avocado workers from Michoacan, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 105 avocado farmworkers between May and August 2021. We collected data on self-reported pesticide use during the 12 months prior to the baseline survey and estimated annual exposure-intensity scores (EIS) using a semi-quantitative exposure algorithm. We calculated specific gravity adjusted average concentrations of 12 insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide metabolites measured in urine samples collected during two study visits (8-10 weeks apart). We assessed participants' cognitive function and psychological distress using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18), respectively. We examined individual associations of EIS and urinary pesticide metabolites with neurobehavioral outcomes using generalized linear regression models. We also implemented Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression to evaluate the association between a pesticide metabolite mixture and neurobehavioral outcomes. RESULTS In individual models, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, higher concentrations of hydroxy-tebuconazole (OH-TEB, metabolite of fungicide tebuconazole) were associated with higher anxiety (IRR per two-fold increase in concentrations = 1.26, 95% CI:1.08, 1.48) and Global Severity Index (GSI) (IRR = 1.89, 95% CI:1.36, 2.75) scores, whereas higher concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of chlorpyrifos) were associated with lower GSI scores (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.85). In BWQS analyses, we found evidence of a mixture association of urinary pesticide metabolites with higher anxiety (IRR = 1.72, 95% CrI: 1.12, 2.55), depression (IRR = 4.60, 95% CrI: 2.19, 9.43), and GSI (IRR = 1.99, 95% CrI: 1.39, 2.79) scores. OH-TEB and hydroxy-thiabendazole (metabolite of fungicide thiabendazole) combined contributed 54%, 40%, and 54% to the mixture effect in the anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and overall psychological distress models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that exposure to tebuconazole and thiabendazole, fungicides whose effects have been rarely studied in humans, may be associated with increased psychological distress among avocado farmworkers. We also observed that exposure to chlorpyrifos may be associated with decreased psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Rosa
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Cynthia Armendáriz-Arnez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Esteve Gudayol-Ferré
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Manuela Prehn
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Willbrand EH, Jackson S, Chen S, Hathaway CB, Voorhies WI, Bunge SA, Weiner KS. Sulcal variability in anterior lateral prefrontal cortex contributes to variability in reasoning performance among young adults. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:387-402. [PMID: 38184493 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Identifying structure-function correspondences is a major goal among biologists, cognitive neuroscientists, and brain mappers. Recent studies have identified relationships between performance on cognitive tasks and the presence or absence of small, shallow indentations, or sulci, of the human brain. Building on the previous finding that the presence of the ventral para-intermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs-v) in the left anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (aLPFC) was related to reasoning task performance in children and adolescents, we tested whether this relationship extended to a different sample, age group, and reasoning task. As predicted, the presence of this aLPFC sulcus was also associated with higher reasoning scores in young adults (ages 22-36). These findings have not only direct developmental, but also evolutionary relevance-as recent work shows that the pimfs-v is exceedingly rare in chimpanzees. Thus, the pimfs-v is a key developmental, cognitive, and evolutionarily relevant feature that should be considered in future studies examining how the complex relationships among multiscale anatomical and functional features of the brain give rise to abstract thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan H Willbrand
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samantha Jackson
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Szeshuen Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Willa I Voorhies
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Vermeent S, Young ES, DeJoseph ML, Schubert AL, Frankenhuis WE. Cognitive deficits and enhancements in youth from adverse conditions: An integrative assessment using Drift Diffusion Modeling in the ABCD study. Dev Sci 2024:e13478. [PMID: 38321588 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Childhood adversity can lead to cognitive deficits or enhancements, depending on many factors. Though progress has been made, two challenges prevent us from integrating and better understanding these patterns. First, studies commonly use and interpret raw performance differences, such as response times, which conflate different stages of cognitive processing. Second, most studies either isolate or aggregate abilities, obscuring the degree to which individual differences reflect task-general (shared) or task-specific (unique) processes. We addressed these challenges using Drift Diffusion Modeling (DDM) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Leveraging a large, representative sample of 9-10 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we examined how two forms of adversity-material deprivation and household threat-were associated with performance on tasks measuring processing speed, inhibition, attention shifting, and mental rotation. Using DDM, we decomposed performance on each task into three distinct stages of processing: speed of information uptake, response caution, and stimulus encoding/response execution. Using SEM, we isolated task-general and task-specific variances in each processing stage and estimated their associations with the two forms of adversity. Youth with more exposure to household threat (but not material deprivation) showed slower task-general processing speed, but showed intact task-specific abilities. In addition, youth with more exposure to household threat tended to respond more cautiously in general. These findings suggest that traditional assessments might overestimate the extent to which childhood adversity reduces specific abilities. By combining DDM and SEM approaches, we can develop a more nuanced understanding of how adversity affects different aspects of youth's cognitive performance. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: To understand how childhood adversity shapes cognitive abilities, the field needs analytical approaches that can jointly document and explain patterns of lowered and enhanced performance. Using Drift Diffusion Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling, we analyzed associations between adversity and processing speed, inhibition, attention shifting, and mental rotation. Household threat, but not material deprivation, was mostly associated with slower task-general processing speed and more response caution. In contrast, task-specific abilities were largely intact. Researchers might overestimate the impact of childhood adversity on specific abilities and underestimate the impact on general processing speed and response caution using traditional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vermeent
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security, and Law, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ethan S Young
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meriah L DeJoseph
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Willem E Frankenhuis
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security, and Law, Freiburg, Germany
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Parikh NS, Wahbeh F, Tapia C, Ianelli M, Liao V, Jaywant A, Kamel H, Kumar S, Iadecola C. Cognitive impairment and liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMJ Neurol Open 2024; 6:e000543. [PMID: 38268753 PMCID: PMC10806883 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2023-000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Data regarding the prevalence and phenotype of cognitive impairment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited. Objective We assessed the prevalence and nature of cognitive deficits in people with NAFLD and assessed whether liver fibrosis, an important determinant of outcomes in NAFLD, is associated with worse cognitive performance. Methods We performed a prospective cross-sectional study. Patients with NAFLD underwent liver fibrosis assessment with transient elastography and the following assessments: Cognitive Change Index, Eight-Item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia Questionnaire (AD8), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), EncephalApp minimal hepatic encephalopathy test and a limited National Institutes of Health Toolbox battery (Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, Pattern Comparison Test and Auditory Verbal Learning Test). We used multiple linear regression models to examine the association between liver fibrosis and cognitive measures while adjusting for relevant covariates. Results We included 69 participants with mean age 50.4 years (SD 14.4); 62% were women. The median liver stiffness was 5.0 kilopascals (IQR 4.0-6.9), and 25% had liver fibrosis (≥7.0 kilopascals). Cognitive deficits were common in people with NAFLD; 41% had subjective cognitive impairment, 13% had an AD8 >2, 32% had MoCA <26 and 12% had encephalopathy detected on the EncephalApp test. In adjusted models, people with liver fibrosis had modestly worse performance only on the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Task (β=-0.3; 95% CI -0.6 to -0.1). Conclusion Cognitive deficits are common in people with NAFLD, among whom liver fibrosis was modestly associated with worse inhibitory control and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Parikh
- Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Farah Wahbeh
- Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa Liao
- Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hooman Kamel
- Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sonal Kumar
- Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Mather MA, Ho EH, Bedjeti K, Karpouzian-Rogers T, Rogalski EJ, Gershon R, Weintraub S. Measuring Multidimensional Aspects of Health in the Oldest Old Using the NIH Toolbox: Results From the ARMADA Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024:acad105. [PMID: 38216151 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The percentage of older adults living into their 80s and beyond is expanding rapidly. Characterization of typical cognitive performance in this population is complicated by a dearth of normative data for the oldest old. Additionally, little attention has been paid to other aspects of health, such as motor, sensory, and emotional functioning, that may interact with cognitive changes to predict quality of life and well-being. The current study used the NIH Toolbox (NIHTB) to determine age group differences between persons aged 65-84 and 85+ with normal cognition. METHOD Participants were recruited in two age bands (i.e., 65-84 and 85+). All participants completed the NIHTB Cognition, Motor, Sensation, and Emotion modules. Independent-samples t-tests determined age group differences with post-hoc adjustments using Bonferroni corrections. All subtest and composite scores were then regressed on age and other demographic covariates. RESULTS The 65-84 group obtained significantly higher scores than the 85+ group across all cognitive measures except oral reading, all motor measures except gait speed, and all sensation measures except pain interference. Age remained a significant predictor after controlling for covariates. Age was not significantly associated with differences in emotion scores. CONCLUSIONS Results support the use of the NIHTB in persons over 85 with normal cognition. As expected, fluid reasoning abilities and certain motor and sensory functions decreased with age in the oldest old. Inclusion of motor and sensation batteries is warranted when studying trajectories of aging in the oldest old to allow for multidimensional characterization of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Mather
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily H Ho
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katy Bedjeti
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpouzian-Rogers
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily J Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Singh A, Cole RC, Espinoza AI, Wessel JR, Cavanagh JF, Narayanan NS. Evoked mid-frontal activity predicts cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:945-953. [PMID: 37263767 PMCID: PMC10592174 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the pathophysiology remains unknown. One potential mechanism is abnormal low-frequency cortical rhythms which engage cognitive functions and are deficient in PD. We tested the hypothesis that mid-frontal delta/theta rhythms predict cognitive dysfunction in PD. METHOD We recruited 100 patients with PD and 49 demographically similar control participants who completed a series of cognitive control tasks, including the Simon, oddball and interval-timing tasks. We focused on cue-evoked delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) rhythms from a single mid-frontal EEG electrode (cranial vertex (Cz)) in patients with PD who were either cognitively normal, with mild-cognitive impairments (Parkinson's disease with mild-cognitive impairment) or had dementia (Parkinson's disease dementia). RESULTS We found that PD-related cognitive dysfunction was associated with increased response latencies and decreased mid-frontal delta power across all tasks. Within patients with PD, the first principal component of evoked electroencephalography features from a single electrode (Cz) strongly correlated with clinical metrics such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (r=0.34) and with National Institutes of Health Toolbox Executive Function score (r=0.46). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that cue-evoked mid-frontal delta/theta rhythms directly relate to cognition in PD. Our results provide insight into the nature of low-frequency frontal rhythms and suggest that PD-related cognitive dysfunction results from decreased delta/theta activity. These findings could facilitate the development of new biomarkers and targeted therapies for cognitive symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Singh
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota
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Garcia-Ramos C, Adluru N, Chu DY, Nair V, Adluru A, Nencka A, Maganti R, Mathis J, Conant LL, Alexander AL, Prabhakaran V, Binder JR, Meyerand ME, Hermann B, Struck AF. Multi-shell connectome DWI-based graph theory measures for the prediction of temporal lobe epilepsy and cognition. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8056-8065. [PMID: 37067514 PMCID: PMC10267614 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epilepsy syndrome that empirically represents a network disorder, which makes graph theory (GT) a practical approach to understand it. Multi-shell diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was obtained from 89 TLE and 50 controls. GT measures extracted from harmonized DWI matrices were used as factors in a support vector machine (SVM) analysis to discriminate between groups, and in a k-means algorithm to find intrinsic structural phenotypes within TLE. SVM was able to predict group membership (mean accuracy = 0.70, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.747, Brier score (BS) = 0.264) using 10-fold cross-validation. In addition, k-means clustering identified 2 TLE clusters: 1 similar to controls, and 1 dissimilar. Clusters were significantly different in their distribution of cognitive phenotypes, with the Dissimilar cluster containing the majority of TLE with cognitive impairment (χ2 = 6.641, P = 0.036). In addition, cluster membership showed significant correlations between GT measures and clinical variables. Given that SVM classification seemed driven by the Dissimilar cluster, SVM analysis was repeated to classify Dissimilar versus Similar + Controls with a mean accuracy of 0.91 (AUC = 0.957, BS = 0.189). Altogether, the pattern of results shows that GT measures based on connectome DWI could be significant factors in the search for clinical and neurobehavioral biomarkers in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2281, United States
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Daniel Y Chu
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2281, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Veena Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Anusha Adluru
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Andrew Nencka
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Rama Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2281, United States
| | - Jedidiah Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Rm 1005, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Rm 1005, Madison, WI 53705-2275, United States
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2281, United States
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2281, United States
- William S. Middleton VA Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, United States
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Rachel M, Jia H, Amina A, Perez-Garcia M, Kumar M, Wicherts JM. Psychometric evaluation of the computerized battery for neuropsychological evaluation of children (BENCI) among school aged children in the context of HIV in an urban Kenyan setting. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:373. [PMID: 37248481 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Culturally validated neurocognitive measures for children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries are important in the timely and correct identification of neurocognitive impairments. Such measures can inform development of interventions for children exposed to additional vulnerabilities like HIV infection. The Battery for Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children (BENCI) is an openly available, computerized neuropsychological battery specifically developed to evaluate neurocognitive impairment. This study adapted the BENCI and evaluated its reliability and validity in Kenya. METHODOLOGY The BENCI was adapted using translation and back-translation from Spanish to English. The psychometric properties were evaluated in a case-control study of 328 children (aged 6 - 14 years) living with HIV and 260 children not living with HIV in Kenya. We assessed reliability, factor structure, and measurement invariance with respect to HIV. Additionally, we examined convergent validity of the BENCI using tests from the Kilifi Toolkit. RESULTS Internal consistencies (0.49 < α < 0.97) and test-retest reliabilities (-.34 to .81) were sufficient-to-good for most of the subtests. Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations between the BENCI's Verbal memory and Kilifi's Verbal List Learning (r = .41), the BENCI's Visual memory and Kilifi's Verbal List Learning (r = .32) and the BENCI's Planning total time test and Kilifi's Tower Test (r = -.21) and the BENCI's Abstract Reasoning test and Kilifi's Raven's Progressive Matrix (r = .21). The BENCI subtests highlighted meaningful differences between children living with HIV and those not living with HIV. After some minor adaptions, a confirmatory four-factor model consisting of flexibility, fluency, reasoning and working memory fitted well (χ2 = 135.57, DF = 51, N = 604, p < .001, RMSEA = .052, CFI = .944, TLI = .914) and was partially scalar invariant between HIV positive and negative groups. CONCLUSION The English version of the BENCI formally translated for use in Kenya can be further adapted and integrated in clinical and research settings as a valid and reliable cognitive test battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maina Rachel
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, 10834-00400, Kenya.
| | - He Jia
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Abubakar Amina
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Miguel Perez-Garcia
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, 10834-00400, Kenya
| | - Jelte M Wicherts
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Schirner M, Deco G, Ritter P. Learning how network structure shapes decision-making for bio-inspired computing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2963. [PMID: 37221168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand how network structure shapes intelligent behavior, we developed a learning algorithm that we used to build personalized brain network models for 650 Human Connectome Project participants. We found that participants with higher intelligence scores took more time to solve difficult problems, and that slower solvers had higher average functional connectivity. With simulations we identified a mechanistic link between functional connectivity, intelligence, processing speed and brain synchrony for trading accuracy with speed in dependence of excitation-inhibition balance. Reduced synchrony led decision-making circuits to quickly jump to conclusions, while higher synchrony allowed for better integration of evidence and more robust working memory. Strict tests were applied to ensure reproducibility and generality of the obtained results. Here, we identify links between brain structure and function that enable to learn connectome topology from noninvasive recordings and map it to inter-individual differences in behavior, suggesting broad utility for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schirner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center Digital Future, Wilhelmstraße 67, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Petra Ritter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center Digital Future, Wilhelmstraße 67, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Conley MI, Hernandez J, Salvati JM, Gee DG, Baskin-Sommers A. The role of perceived threats on mental health, social, and neurocognitive youth outcomes: A multicontextual, person-centered approach. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:689-710. [PMID: 35232507 PMCID: PMC9437149 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942100184x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Perceived threat in youth's environments can elevate risk for mental health, social, and neurocognitive difficulties throughout the lifespan. However, few studies examine variability in youth's perceptions of threat across multiple contexts or evaluate outcomes across multiple domains, ultimately limiting our understanding of specific risks associated with perceived threats in different contexts. This study examined associations between perceived threat in youth's neighborhood, school, and family contexts at ages 9-10 and mental health, social, and neurocognitive outcomes at ages 11-12 within a large US cohort (N = 5525) enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct profiles: Low Threat in all contexts, Elevated Family Threat, Elevated Neighborhood Threat, and Elevated Threat in all contexts. Mixed-effect models and post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that youth in Elevated Threat profile had poorer mental health and social outcomes 2 years later. Youth in the Elevated Family Threat profile uniquely showed increased disruptive behavior symptoms, whereas youth in the Elevated Neighborhood Threat profile predominantly displayed increased sleep problems and worse neurocognitive outcomes 2 years later. Together, findings highlight the importance of considering perceptions of threat across multiple contexts to achieve a more nuanced developmental picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- May I. Conley
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,
USA
| | | | - Joeann M. Salvati
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg
School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dylan G. Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,
USA
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11
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Abstract
The NIH Toolbox includes a cognitive battery that provides an Early Childhood Composite score for children age 3-7. However, very few studies have evaluated feasibility when it is used in the youngest segment of this age range-3-year-olds. The current study evaluated performance on the four cognitive subtests composing the early childhood composite, two of which assess executive function, in a large sample of 3-year-olds enrolled in a Vanguard pilot of the National Children's Study. Results found that in a cohort of 609 3-year-olds (mean age = 39.6 months, SD = 1.6, 53% male, 64% White, 87% Non-Hispanic) who were administered four subtests included in the Early Childhood Composite, up to approximately 30% were unable to pass practice items on the Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, and Picture Sequence Memory, whereas only approximately 3% were unable to pass practice items on the Picture Vocabulary Test. Furthermore, of those that did pass practice and achieve scores on the subtests, approximately 70% and 80% performed at or below chance level on the executive function tasks (Flanker and Dimensional Change Card Sort) and Picture Sequence Memory, respectively. Ultimately, the average 3-year-old has difficulty with three of the four NIH Toolbox tasks composing the Early Childhood Composite and may not yet have developed the requisite skills. These findings indicate that changes compatible with the developmental level of preschoolers are recommended to increase the feasibility and effectiveness of the NIH Toolbox in measuring individual cognition differences in 3-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Becker
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Condy
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Kaat
- Medical Social Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zavaliangos-Petropulu A, McClintock SM, Khalil J, Joshi SH, Taraku B, Al-Sharif NB, Espinoza RT, Narr KL. Neurocognitive effects of subanesthetic serial ketamine infusions in treatment resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:161-171. [PMID: 37060953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketamine treatment prompts a rapid antidepressant response in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We performed an exploratory investigation of how ketamine treatment in TRD affects different cognitive domains and relates to antidepressant response. METHODS Patients with TRD (N = 66; 30 M/35F; age = 39.5 ± 11.1 years) received four ketamine infusions (0.5 mg/kg). Neurocognitive function and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline, 24 h after the first and fourth ketamine infusion, and 5 weeks following end of treatment. Mixed effect models tested for changes in seven neurocognitive domains and antidepressant response, with post-hoc pairwise comparisons between timepoints, including follow-up. Relationships between change in neurocognitive function and antidepressant response over the course of treatment were tested with Pearson's correlation and mediation analyses. Associations between baseline neurocognitive performance and antidepressant response were tested with Pearson's correlation. RESULTS Significant improvements in inhibition, working memory, processing speed, and overall fluid cognition were observed after the first and fourth ketamine infusion. Improvements in processing speed and overall fluid cognition persisted through follow-up. Significant improvements in depressive symptoms reverted towards baseline at follow-up. Baseline working memory and change in inhibition were moderately correlated with antidepressant response, however, improvements in neurocognitive performance were statistically independent from antidepressant response. CONCLUSION Antidepressant ketamine leads to improved neurocognitive function, which persist for at least 5 weeks. Neurocognitive improvements observed appear independent of antidepressant response, suggesting ketamine may target overlapping but distinct functional brain systems. Limitations Research investigating repeated serial ketamine treatments is important to determine cognitive safety. This study is a naturalistic design and does not include placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Zavaliangos-Petropulu
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shawn M McClintock
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline Khalil
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Taraku
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noor B Al-Sharif
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randall T Espinoza
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Nashiro K, Yoo HJ, Cho C, Min J, Feng T, Nasseri P, Bachman SL, Lehrer P, Thayer JF, Mather M. Effects of a Randomised Trial of 5-Week Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Intervention on Cognitive Function: Possible Benefits for Inhibitory Control. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2023; 48:35-48. [PMID: 36030457 PMCID: PMC9420180 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-022-09558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that higher heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with better cognitive function. However, since most previous findings on the relationship between HRV and cognitive function were correlational in nature, it is unclear whether individual differences in HRV play a causal role in cognitive performance. To investigate whether there are causal relationships, we used a simple breathing manipulation that increases HRV through a 5-week HRV biofeedback intervention and examined whether this manipulation improves cognitive performance in younger and older adults (N = 165). The 5-week HRV biofeedback intervention did not significantly improve inhibitory control, working memory and processing speed across age groups. However, improvement in the Flanker score (a measure of inhibition) was associated with the amplitude of heart rate oscillations during practice sessions in the younger and older intervention groups. Our results suggest that daily practice to increase heart rate oscillations may improve inhibitory control, but future studies using longer intervention periods are warranted to replicate the present finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nashiro
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Hyun Joo Yoo
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Christine Cho
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jungwon Min
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Tiantian Feng
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Padideh Nasseri
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shelby L Bachman
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | | | | | - Mara Mather
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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14
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Stanford W, Mucha PJ, Dayan E. Age-related changes in network controllability are mitigated by redundancy in large-scale brain networks. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.17.528999. [PMID: 36824776 PMCID: PMC9949152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes major changes in its topology. The mechanisms by which the brain mitigates age-associated changes in topology to maintain robust control of brain networks are unknown. Here we used diffusion MRI data from cognitively intact participants (n=480, ages 40-90) to study age-associated changes in the controllability of structural brain networks, features that could mitigate these changes, and the overall effect on cognitive function. We found age-associated declines in controllability in control hubs and large-scale networks, particularly within the and frontoparietal control and default mode networks. Redundancy, quantified via the assessment of multi-step paths within networks, mitigated the effects of changes in topology on network controllability. Lastly, network controllability, redundancy, and grey matter volume each played important complementary roles in cognitive function. In sum, our results highlight the importance of redundancy for robust control of brain networks and in cognitive function in healthy-aging.
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Marrero-Polegre D, Finke K, Roaschio N, Haupt M, Reyes-Moreno C, Ruiz-Rizzo AL. Lower visual processing speed relates to greater subjective cognitive complaints in community-dwelling healthy older adults. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1063151. [PMID: 37025353 PMCID: PMC10072281 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1063151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subjective cognitive complaints in older age may reflect subtle objective impairments in basic cognitive functions that might foreshadow broader cognitive problems. Such cognitive functions, however, are not captured by standard neuropsychological testing. Visual processing speed is a basic visual attention function that underlies the performance of cognitive tasks relying on visual stimuli. Here, we test the hypothesis that lower visual processing speed correlates with greater subjective cognitive complaints in healthy older adults from the community. Methods To do so, we assessed a sample of 30 healthy, cognitively normal older adults (73.07 ± 7.73 years old; range: 60-82; 15 females) with respect to individual subjective cognitive complaints and visual processing speed. We quantified the degree of subjective cognitive complaints with two widely-used questionnaires: the Memory Functioning Questionnaire and the Everyday Cognition. We used verbal report tasks and the theory of visual attention to estimate a visual processing speed parameter independently from motor speed and other visual attention parameters, i.e., visual threshold, visual short-term memory storage capacity, top-down control, and spatial weighting. Results We found that lower visual processing speed correlated with greater subjective complaints and that this relationship was not explained by age, education, or depressive symptoms. The association with subjective cognitive complaints was specific to visual processing speed, as it was not observed for other visual attention parameters. Discussion These results indicate that subjective cognitive complaints reflect a reduction in visual processing speed in healthy older adults. Together, our results suggest that the combined assessment of subjective cognitive complaints and visual processing speed has the potential to identify individuals at risk for cognitive impairment before the standard tests show any abnormal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marrero-Polegre
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Finke
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Naomi Roaschio
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marleen Haupt
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristian Reyes-Moreno
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Adriana L. Ruiz-Rizzo
- General and Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Adriana L. Ruiz-Rizzo,
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16
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Zhang X, Liu SH, Geron M, Mathilda Chiu YH, Gershon R, Ho E, Huddleston K, Just AC, Kloog I, Coull BA, Enlow MB, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and childhood cognition: Accounting for between-site heterogeneity in a pooled analysis of ECHO cohorts in the Northeastern United States. Environ Res 2022; 214:114163. [PMID: 36030921 PMCID: PMC9675417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging studies have investigated the adverse health effects of PM2.5 using data from multiple cohorts, and results often are not generalizable across cohorts. We aimed to assess associations between prenatal PM2.5 and childhood cognition in two U.S. cohorts while accounting for between-site heterogeneity. METHODS Analyses included 348 mother-child dyads enrolled in the dual site (New York City and Boston) PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) cohort and in the First Thousand Days of Life (FTDL) study (Northern Virginia) participating in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) national consortium. Residential prenatal PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a validated satellite-based model and childhood cognition was measured using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at three to eight years of age. We used a log-linear model applied to contingency tables formed by cross-classifying covariates by site to examine between-site heterogeneity using 3rd trimester PM2.5 exposure, age-corrected cognition scores, and covariates potentially causing heterogeneities. Multivariable linear regression models informed by the combinability analysis were used to estimate the coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between 3rd trimester PM2.5 exposure and age-corrected cognition scores (mean = 100, SD = 15). RESULTS The log-linear model indicated that inter-study associations were similar between PRISM-NYC and FTDL, which were different from those in PRISM-Boston. Accordingly, we combined the data of PRISM-NYC and FTDL cohorts. We observed associations between 3rd trimester PM2.5 and cognition scores, findings were varying by site, childsex, and test. For example, a 1 μg/m3 increase of 3rd trimester PM2.5 was associated with -4.35 (95% CI = -8.73, -0.25) mean early childhood cognition scores in females in PRISM-Boston. In the pooled NYC + FTDL site, the association between PM2.5 and childhood cognition may be modified by maternal education and urbanicity. CONCLUSIONS We found associations between prenatal PM2.5 and impaired childhood cognition. Since multi-site analyses are increasingly conducted, our findings suggest the needed awareness of between-site heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shelley H Liu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariel Geron
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda Chiu
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathi Huddleston
- College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Naudé GP, Strickland JC, Reed DD, Amlung M. Delay discounting and neurocognitive performance in young adults with differential patterns of substance use: Findings from the Human Connectome Project. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:682-691. [PMID: 34081511 PMCID: PMC9710271 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of individuals who use psychoactive substances regularly use more than one substance. This pattern of behavior, termed polysubstance use, is associated with greater risks than when consuming only a single substance. The present study examined delay discounting, neurocognitive functioning, and demographic indicators among a large, racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of young adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project who reported either non, mono, or dual use of alcohol, tobacco, and/or cannabis. Univariate and multivariate tests suggested individuals who reported using multiple substances were more likely to be male, experienced higher rates of alcohol use disorder, and, when reporting both alcohol use and cannabis involvement, scored lower on a measure of inhibitory control relative to those who reported mono or dual use of alcohol and/or cigarettes. Individuals who reported currently smoking cigarettes exhibited the steepest discounting irrespective of other substances used; however, we observed additive effects for alcohol use and, to a lesser extent, cannabis involvement. Specifically, steeper discounting occurred when individuals who reported either regular alcohol use or > 100 lifetime instances of cannabis use also reported smoking cigarettes. We discuss several hypotheses for this finding related to the diversity of the sample and substances assessed as well as directions for future programmatic lines of research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P. Naudé
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Tillem S, Conley MI, Baskin-Sommers A. Conduct disorder symptomatology is associated with an altered functional connectome in a large national youth sample. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1573-1584. [PMID: 33851904 PMCID: PMC8753609 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD), characterized by youth antisocial behavior, is associated with a variety of neurocognitive impairments. However, questions remain regarding the neural underpinnings of these impairments. To investigate novel neural mechanisms that may support these neurocognitive abnormalities, the present study applied a graph analysis to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected from a national sample of 4,781 youth, ages 9-10, who participated in the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). Analyses were then conducted to examine the relationships among levels of CD symptomatology, metrics of global topology, node-level metrics for subcortical structures, and performance on neurocognitive assessments. Youth higher on CD displayed higher global clustering (β = .039, 95% CIcorrected [.0027 .0771]), but lower Degreesubcortical (β = -.052, 95% CIcorrected [-.0916 -.0152]). Youth higher on CD had worse performance on a general neurocognitive assessment (β = -.104, 95% CI [-.1328 -.0763]) and an emotion recognition memory assessment (β = -.061, 95% CI [-.0919 -.0290]). Finally, global clustering mediated the relationship between CD and general neurocognitive functioning (indirect β = -.002, 95% CI [-.0044 -.0002]), and Degreesubcortical mediated the relationship between CD and emotion recognition memory performance (indirect β = -.002, 95% CI [-.0046 -.0005]). CD appears associated with neuro-topological abnormalities and these abnormalities may represent neural mechanisms supporting CD-related neurocognitive disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Tillem
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - May I Conley
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Tennant IA, Hull DM, Fagan MA, Casaletto KB, Heaton RK, James Bateman C, Erickson KI, Forrester T, Boyne M. Assessment of cross-cultural measurement invariance of the NIH toolbox fluid cognition measures between Jamaicans and African-Americans. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36167328 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2126939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB) was developed as a common-metric, computerized cognitive screener for research. Although extensively normed and validated in Americans of different ethnicities, there is little data on how generalizable such results would be when used outside of the United States. The objective of this study was to assess measurement invariance (MI) of the NIHTB-CB across Jamaican and African-American samples and determine appropriateness of comparisons across groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses using a single-factor model were conducted using five tests of fluid cognitive abilities from the NIHTB-CB, which assess working memory, episodic memory, processing speed, and executive function. MI was tested sequentially for configural, metric and scalar invariance. 125 Jamaican and 154 American adults of African descent were included. The Jamaican mean age was 31.6 ± 8.6 years (57% males) compared to 43.5 ± 15.5 years (25% males) for the African-American group. The Jamaicans had on average 11.3 ± 2.7 years of education compared to 13.9 ± 2.6 years for the African-Americans. We found metric and configural invariance across both samples but not scalar invariance. These findings suggest that the single factor emerging from the NIHTB-CB measures the same construct, i.e. fluid cognitive ability, in both groups and hence the battery is appropriate for assessments within cultures. However, lack of scalar invariance indicates that direct cross-cultural comparisons of performance levels should be interpreted with caution, also suggesting that U.S. normative standards are not generalizable to the Jamaican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A Tennant
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Darrell M Hull
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Marcus A Fagan
- Center for Research Design and Analysis, Texas Women's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caryl James Bateman
- Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Michael Boyne
- Department of Medicine, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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20
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O'Connor EE, Rednam N, O'Brien R, O'Brien S, Rock P, Levine A, Zeffiro TA. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Attention, Memory, and Sensorimotor Performance. medRxiv 2022:2022.09.22.22280222. [PMID: 36172134 PMCID: PMC9516858 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.22.22280222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery after SARS-CoV-2 infection is extremely variable, with some individuals recovering quickly, and others experiencing persistent long-term symptoms or developing new symptoms after the acute phase of infection, including fatigue, poor concentration, impaired attention, or memory deficits. Many existing studies reporting cognitive deficits associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are limited by the exclusive use of self-reported measures or a lack of adequate comparison groups. METHODS Forty-five participants, ages 18-70, (11 Long-COVID, 14 COVID, and 20 No-COVID) underwent behavioral testing with the NIH Toolbox Neuro-Quality of Life survey and selected psychometric tests, including a flanker interference task and the d2 Test of Attention. RESULTS We found greater self-reported anxiety, apathy, fatigue, emotional dyscontrol, sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction in COVID compared No-COVID groups. After categorizing COVID patients according to self-reported concentration problems, we observed declining performance patterns in multiple attention measures across No-COVID controls, COVID and Long-COVID groups. COVID participants, compared to No-COVID controls, exhibited worse performance on NIH Toolbox assessments, including the Eriksen Flanker, Nine-Hole Pegboard and Auditory Verbal Learning tests. CONCLUSION This study provides convergent evidence that previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with impairments in sustained attention, processing speed, self-reported fatigue and concentration. The finding that some patients have cognitive and visuomotor dysfunction in the absence of self-reported problems suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection can have unexpected and persistent subclinical consequences.
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Kringle EA, Novelli EM, Butters MA, Skidmore ER. Validation of the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery against legacy neurocognitive measures in adults with cognitive impairments: An exploratory analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022;:1-8. [PMID: 36062530 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617722000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe associations between NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery subtests and legacy measures of neurocognitive function in two samples with neurological conditions (stroke and sickle cell disease (SCD)). METHOD This exploratory secondary analysis uses data from two studies that assessed cognition at one time point using the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions System (DKEFS). People with stroke (n = 26) and SCD (n = 64) were included. Associations between the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery subtests and corresponding legacy measures were examined using linear correlations, Bland-Altman analysis, and Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS Linear correlations and Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient were poor to strong in both samples on NIH Toolbox-CB subtests: Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (r = .35 to .48, Lin CCC = .27 to .37), Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (r = .40 to .65, Lin CCC = .37 to .62), Picture Sequence Memory (r = .19 to .55, Lin CCC = .18 to .48), Dimensional Change Card Sort (r = .39 to .77, Lin CCC = .38 to .63), Fluid Cognition Composite (r = .88 to .90, Lin CCC = .60 to .79), and Total Cognition Composite (r = .64 to .83, Lin CCC = .60 to .78). Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated wide limits of agreement across all subtests (-3.17 to 3.78). CONCLUSIONS The NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery subtests may behave similarly to legacy measures as an overall assessment of cognition across samples at risk for neurological impairment. Findings should be replicated across additional clinical samples.
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22
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Garcia-Ramos C, Nair V, Maganti R, Mathis J, Conant LL, Prabhakaran V, Binder JR, Meyerand B, Hermann B, Struck AF. Network phenotypes and their clinical significance in temporal lobe epilepsy using machine learning applications to morphological and functional graph theory metrics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14407. [PMID: 36002603 PMCID: PMC9402557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning analyses were performed on graph theory (GT) metrics extracted from brain functional and morphological data from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients in order to identify intrinsic network phenotypes and characterize their clinical significance. Participants were 97 TLE and 36 healthy controls from the Epilepsy Connectome Project. Each imaging modality (i.e., Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (RS-fMRI), and structural MRI) rendered 2 clusters: one comparable to controls and one deviating from controls. Participants were minimally overlapping across the identified clusters, suggesting that an abnormal functional GT phenotype did not necessarily mean an abnormal morphological GT phenotype for the same subject. Morphological clusters were associated with a significant difference in the estimated lifetime number of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and functional cluster membership was associated with age. Furthermore, controls exhibited significant correlations between functional GT metrics and cognition, while for TLE participants morphological GT metrics were linked to cognition, suggesting a dissociation between higher cognitive abilities and GT-derived network measures. Overall, these findings demonstrate the existence of clinically meaningful minimally overlapping phenotypes of morphological and functional GT networks. Functional network properties may underlie variance in cognition in healthy brains, but in the pathological state of epilepsy the cognitive limits might be primarily related to structural cerebral network properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Garcia-Ramos
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA ,grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Veena Nair
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Rama Maganti
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Jedidiah Mathis
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Lisa L. Conant
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Binder
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Beth Meyerand
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Bruce Hermann
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Aaron F. Struck
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA ,grid.417123.20000 0004 0420 6882William S Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI USA
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23
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Lahey BB, Tong L, Pierce B, Hedeker D, Berman MG, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Moore TM, Applegate B, Tiemeier H, Kaczkurkin AN. Associations of polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with general and specific dimensions of childhood psychological problems and facets of impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:187-193. [PMID: 35752070 PMCID: PMC10001434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been found to be associated with ADHD in multiple studies, but also with many other dimensions of problems. Little is known, however, about the processes underlying these transdiagnostic associations. Using data from the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments of 9- to 10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development™ (ABCD©) Study, associations were assessed between an ADHD PRS and both general and specific factors of psychological problems defined in bifactor modeling. Additionally, prospective mediated paths were tested from the ADHD PRS to dimensions of problems in the follow-up assessment through baseline measures of executive functioning (EF) and two facets of impulsivity: lower perseverance and greater impulsiveness in the presence of surgent positive emotions. Previous findings of modest but significant direct associations of the ADHD PRS with the general factor of psychological problems were replicated in both assessments in 4,483 children of European ancestry. In addition, significant statistical mediation was found from the ADHD PRS to the general factor, specific ADHD, and conduct problems in the follow-up assessment through each of the two facets of impulsivity. In contrast, EF did not statistically mediate associations between the ADHD PRS and psychological problems. These results suggest that polygenic risk transdiagnostically influences both psychological problems and facets of impulsivity, perhaps partly through indirect pathways via facets of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Brandon Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S University Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Brooks Applegate
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research & Technology, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37240-7817, USA.
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24
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Christova P, James LM, Georgopoulos AP. The dynamic shaping of local cortical circuitry by sex and age, and its relation to Pattern Comparison Processing Speed. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:395-404. [PMID: 35792497 PMCID: PMC9359636 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00252.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that the strength of local neural interactions decreases with distance. Here we extend that line of research to evaluate effects of sex and age on local cortical circuitry in 6 cortical areas (superior frontal, precentral, postcentral, superior parietal, inferior parietal, lateral occipital) using data acquired from 1,054 healthy young adults who participated in the Human Connectome Project. We confirmed previous findings that the strength of zero-lag correlations between prewhitened, resting-state, blood level oxygenation-dependent (BOLD) fMRI time series decreased with distance locally, and documented that the rate of decrease with distance ("spatial steepness") (a) was progressively lower from anterior to posterior areas, (b) was greater in women, especially in anterior areas, (c) increased with age, particularly for women, (d) was significantly correlated with percent inhibition, and (e) was positively and highly significantly correlated with pattern comparison processing speed (PCPS). A hierarchical tree clustering analysis of this dependence of PCPS on spatial steepness revealed a differential organization in processing that information between the two hemispheres, namely a more independent vs. a more integrative processing in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. These findings document sex and age differences in dynamic local cortical interactions, and provide evidence that spatial sharpening of these interactions may underlie cognitive processing speed differently organized in the two hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peka Christova
- The Neuroimaging Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lisa M. James
- The Neuroimaging Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
- The Neuroimaging Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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25
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Di Plinio S. Testing the Magnitude of Correlations Across Experimental Conditions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:860213. [PMID: 35693490 PMCID: PMC9177411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.860213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation coefficients are often compared to investigate data across multiple research fields, as they allow investigators to determine different degrees of correlation to independent variables. Even with adequate sample size, such differences may be minor but still scientifically relevant. To date, although much effort has gone into developing methods for estimating differences across correlation coefficients, adequate tools for variable sample sizes and correlational strengths have yet to be tested. The present study evaluated four different methods for detecting the difference between two correlations and tested the adequacy of each method using simulations with multiple data structures. The methods tested were Cohen's q, Fisher's method, linear mixed-effects models (LMEM), and an ad hoc developed procedure that integrates bootstrap and effect size estimation. Correlation strengths and sample size was varied across a wide range of simulations to test the power of the methods to reject the null hypothesis (i.e., the two correlations are equal). Results showed that Fisher's method and the LMEM failed to reject the null hypothesis even in the presence of relevant differences between correlations and that Cohen's method was not sensitive to the data structure. Bootstrap followed by effect size estimation resulted in a fair, unbiased compromise for estimating quantitative differences between statistical associations and producing outputs that could be easily compared across studies. This unbiased method is easily implementable in MatLab through the bootes function, which was made available online by the author at MathWorks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Plinio
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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26
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27
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Meredith WJ, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Berman MG, Rosenberg MD. Effects of the physical and social environment on youth cognitive performance. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22258. [PMID: 35452534 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in children's cognitive abilities impact life and health outcomes. What factors influence these individual differences during development? Here, we test whether children's environments predict cognitive performance, independent of well-characterized socioeconomic effects. We analyzed data from 9002 9- to 10-year olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, an ongoing longitudinal study with community samples across the United States. Using youth- and caregiver-report questionnaires and national database registries (e.g., neighborhood crime, walkability), we defined principal components summarizing children's home, school, neighborhood, and cultural environments. In two independent samples (ns = 3475, 5527), environmental components explained unique variance in children's general cognitive ability, executive functioning, and learning/memory abilities. Furthermore, increased neighborhood enrichment was associated with an attenuated relationship between sociodemographics and general cognitive abilities. Thus, the environment accounts for unique variance in cognitive performance in children and should be considered alongside sociodemographic factors to better understand brain functioning and behavior across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Meredith
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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28
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Algarin AB, Plazarte GN, Sovich KR, Seeger SD, Li Y, Cohen RA, Striley CW, Goldberger BA, Wang Y, Somboonwit C, Ibañez GE, Spencer EC, Cook RL. The Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) Study: Protocol of a Longitudinal Cohort of Marijuana Use and Health Outcomes in Persons living with HIV (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37153. [PMID: 36040775 PMCID: PMC9472048 DOI: 10.2196/37153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marijuana use is common in persons with HIV, but there is limited evidence of its relationship with potential health benefits or harms. Objective The Marijuana Associated Planning and Long-term Effects (MAPLE) study was designed to evaluate the impact of marijuana use on HIV-related health outcomes, cognitive function, and systemic inflammation. Methods The MAPLE study is a longitudinal cohort study of participants living with HIV who were recruited from 3 locations in Florida and were either current marijuana users or never regular marijuana users. At enrollment, participants completed questionnaires that included detailed marijuana use assessments, underwent interviewer-administered neurocognitive assessments, and provided blood and urine samples. Ongoing follow-ups included brief telephone assessments (every 3 months), detailed questionnaires (annually), repeated blood and urine samples (2 years), and linkage to medical records and statewide HIV surveillance data. Supplemental measures related to intracellular RNA, COVID-19, Alzheimer disease, and the gut microbiome were added after study initiation. Results The MAPLE study completed enrollment of 333 persons between 2018 and 2021. The majority of participants in the sample were ≥50 years of age (200/333, 60.1%), male (181/333, 54.4%), cisgender men (173/329, 52.6%), non-Hispanic Black (221/333, 66.4%), and self-reported marijuana users (260/333, 78.1%). Participant follow-up was completed in 2022, with annual updates to HIV surveillance data through at least 2027. Conclusions The MAPLE study is the largest cohort specifically designed to understand the use of marijuana and its effects on HIV-related outcomes. The study population has significant diversity across age, sex, gender, and race. The data will help clinicians and public health officials to better understand patterns of marijuana use associated with both positive and negative health outcomes, and may inform recommendations for future clinical trials related to medical marijuana and HIV. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/37153
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel B Algarin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela N Plazarte
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin R Sovich
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stella D Seeger
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yancheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bruce A Goldberger
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Division of Infectious Disease & International Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gladys E Ibañez
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emma C Spencer
- Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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29
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Smolker HR, Wang K, Luciana M, Bjork JM, Gonzalez R, Barch DM, McGlade EC, Kaiser RH, Friedman NP, Hewitt JK, Banich MT. The Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop task in the ABCD study: Psychometric validation and associations with measures of cognition and psychopathology. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 53:101054. [PMID: 34954668 PMCID: PMC8717459 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the interactions among attention, cognitive control, and emotion during adolescence may provide important insights into why this critical developmental period coincides with a dramatic increase in risk for psychopathology. However, it has proven challenging to develop a single neurobehavioral task that simultaneously engages and differentially measures these diverse domains. In the current study, we describe properties of performance on the Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop (EWEFS) task in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a task that allows researchers to concurrently measure processing speed/attentional vigilance (i.e., performance on congruent trials), inhibitory control (i.e., Stroop interference effect), and emotional information processing (i.e., difference in performance on trials with happy as compared to angry distracting faces). We first demonstrate that the task manipulations worked as designed and that Stroop performance is associated with multiple cognitive constructs derived from different measures at a prior time point. We then show that Stroop metrics tapping these three domains are preferentially associated with aspects of externalizing psychopathology and inattention. These results highlight the potential of the EWEFS task to help elucidate the longitudinal dynamics of attention, inhibitory control, and emotion across adolescent development, dynamics which may be altered by level of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Smolker
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James M Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Erin C McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Roselinde H Kaiser
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Renee Crown Wellness Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marie T Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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30
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Romer AL, Pizzagalli DA. Is executive dysfunction a risk marker or consequence of psychopathology? A test of executive function as a prospective predictor and outcome of general psychopathology in the adolescent brain cognitive development study®. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:100994. [PMID: 34332330 PMCID: PMC8340137 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A general psychopathology ('p') factor captures shared variation across mental disorders. One hypothesis is that poor executive function (EF) contributes to p. Although EF is related to p concurrently, it is unclear whether EF predicts or is a consequence of p. For the first time, we examined prospective relations between EF and p in 9845 preadolescents (aged 9-12) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® longitudinally over two years. We identified higher-order factor models of psychopathology at baseline and one- and two-year follow-up waves. Consistent with previous research, a cross-sectional inverse relationship between EF and p emerged. Using residualized-change models, baseline EF prospectively predicted p factor scores two years later, controlling for prior p, sex, age, race/ethnicity, parental education, and family income. Baseline p factor scores also prospectively predicted change in EF two years later. Tests of specificity revealed that bi-directional prospective relations between EF and p were largely generalizable across externalizing, internalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatization, and detachment symptoms. EF consistently predicted change in externalizing and neurodevelopmental symptoms. These novel results suggest that executive dysfunction is both a risk marker and consequence of general psychopathology. EF may be a promising transdiagnostic intervention target to prevent the onset and maintenance of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L Romer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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31
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Parsey CM, Bagger JE, Trittschuh EH, Hanson AJ. Utility of the iPad NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a clinical trial of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:3519-3528. [PMID: 34342879 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To demonstrate feasibility and utility of the iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in a clinical trial of older adults. METHODS Fifty-one adults, aged 55 and older without dementia were tested twice on NIHTB-CB and more traditional paper-and-pencil neuropsychological measures after meal ingestion, with approximately a 4-week interval. We also compared performances at Time 1 and Time 2 for significant change. We also extracted the response times and errors for available NIHTB-CB subtests to determine subtle changes in performance. RESULTS Over the interval, improvement in fluid cognitive measures was noted at Time 2 (t = -3.07, p = 0.004), whereas crystallized measures were unchanged. Tests of fluid cognition negatively correlated with age, particularly for the second visit. Analysis of the average speed per item showed that, for two of the tests, speed increased at Time 2. Traditional neuropsychological tests correlated with many of the NIHTB-CB measures. Response times for all five timed tests decreased at Time 2, although only statistically significant for Picture Sequence and Picture Vocabulary. CONCLUSIONS The iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery appears to be an adequate measure to assess cognitive functioning in a clinical trial of older adults. Psychometric analyses suggest stability in measures of crystallized functioning, whereas measures of fluid abilities revealed improvements over the short time frame of the study. Response times and errors for individual tests revealed intriguing relationships that should be further evaluated to determine the utility in clinical sample analysis, as this could aid identification of subtle cognitive change over short periods. Additional studies with larger sample sizes will be helpful to understanding the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the NIHTB-CB sub-scores in older adults. In addition, further evaluations with clinical populations, including individuals with cognitive impairment, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Parsey
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,School of Medicine (Neurology), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justina E Bagger
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily H Trittschuh
- School of Medicine (Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, GRECC, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela J Hanson
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,School of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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32
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Kaat AJ, McKenzie FJ, Shields RH, LaForte E, Coleman J, Michalak C, Hessl DR. Assessing processing speed among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A match-to-sample paradigm. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 28:1-13. [PMID: 34126855 PMCID: PMC8648883 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1938987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Speeded Matching (SpM) is a new processing speed match-to-sample test within the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery. It was designed to developmentally extend feasibility to younger children or individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD). SpM reduces cognitive demands to tapping an identical match as opposed to judging and indicating whether two stimuli are identical. In this study, we piloted SpM among 148 participants with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, or other intellectual disabilities (chronological age mean = 17.8 years, sd = 5.4; nonverbal mental age mean = 65 months, sd = 19.4). SpM had a high feasibility (96%) and internal consistency (rxx = 0.98). It converged well with other measures of processing speed, fluid cognition, and nonverbal mental age and diverged appropriately from crystallized cognitive skills. The correlation between nonverbal mental age and SpM in the IDD sample was not significantly different than the correlation between chronological age and SpM in a separate sample of 118 neurotypical children (age mean = 3.9 years sd = 0.8). This study provides initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the new SpM task, which may be appropriate as an outcome measure of processing speed for future clinical trials. It is more feasible than tasks designed for adults; it is brief, easy to administer, and engaging for young children and older individuals with lower mental ages associated with IDD.
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Taxali A, Angstadt M, Rutherford S, Sripada C. Boost in Test-Retest Reliability in Resting State fMRI with Predictive Modeling. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2822-2833. [PMID: 33447841 PMCID: PMC8599720 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies found low test-retest reliability in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), raising serious concerns among researchers, but these studies mostly focused on the reliability of individual fMRI features (e.g., individual connections in resting state connectivity maps). Meanwhile, neuroimaging researchers increasingly employ multivariate predictive models that aggregate information across a large number of features to predict outcomes of interest, but the test-retest reliability of predicted outcomes of these models has not previously been systematically studied. Here we apply 10 predictive modeling methods to resting state connectivity maps from the Human Connectome Project dataset to predict 61 outcome variables. Compared with mean reliability of individual resting state connections, we find mean reliability of the predicted outcomes of predictive models is substantially higher for all 10 modeling methods assessed. Moreover, improvement was consistently observed across all scanning and processing choices (i.e., scan lengths, censoring thresholds, volume- vs. surface-based processing). For the most reliable methods, the reliability of predicted outcomes was mostly, though not exclusively, in the "good" range (above 0.60). Finally, we identified three mechanisms that help to explain why predicted outcomes of predictive models have higher reliability than individual imaging features. We conclude that researchers can potentially achieve higher test-retest reliability by making greater use of predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Taxali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saige Rutherford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Garcia-Ramos C, Struck AF, Cook C, Prabhakaran V, Nair V, Maganti R, Binder JR, Meyerand M, Conant LL, Hermann B. Network topology of the cognitive phenotypes of temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex 2021; 141:55-65. [PMID: 34029858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neuropsychological complications of temporal lobe epilepsy are characterized by a spectrum of reproducible cognitive phenotypes that vary in the presence, type and degree of impairment. The nature of the disruptions to the neuropsychological networks that underlie these phenotypes remain to be characterized and represent the subject of this investigation. METHODS Participants included 30 healthy controls and 104 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who fell into three cognitive phenotypes (intact, focal impairment, generalized impairment). Eighteen neuropsychological measures representing multiple cognitive domains (language, memory, executive function, visuoperception, motor speed) were examined by graph theory techniques within the control and each epilepsy cognitive phenotype group to characterize their global and local network properties. RESULTS Across the control and epilepsy cognitive phenotype groups (intact to focal to generalized impairment), there was: 1) an orderly breakdown in the positive manifold reflected by a stepwise reduction of positive associations among the neuropsychological tests, 2) stepwise abnormal increases in global measures including the normalized clustering coefficient and modularity index, 3) stepwise abnormal decreases in normalized global efficiency, 4) a community structure demonstrating well organized modules within the control group while each epilepsy group showed deviations from controls, and 5) lower strength, compared to controls, across 8 nodes in the focal and generalized impairment groups compared to only 3 nodes in the no-impairment epilepsy group, pointing to the superior integration of local connections in controls. DISCUSSION The cognitive phenotypes of temporal lobe epilepsy are characterized by orderly abnormalities in their underlying neuropsychological networks. These findings inform the network perturbations that underlie the taxonomy of cognitive abnormality in temporal lobe epilepsy and provide a model for examination of similar issues in other focal and generalized epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cole Cook
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Veena Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rama Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marybeth Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bruce Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Maerlender A, Smith E, Brolinson PG, Crisco J, Urban J, Ajamil A, Rowson S, Campolettano ET, Gellner RA, Bellamkonda S, Kieffer E, Kelley ME, Jones D, Powers A, Beckwith J, Stitzel J, Greenwald RM, Duma S. Neuropsychological Change After a Single Season of Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:113-23. [PMID: 32762785 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617720000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine if one season of HIE in youth football was related to cognitive changes. METHOD Over 200 participants (ages 9-13) wore instrumented helmets for practices and games to measure the amount of HIE sustained over one season. Pre- and post-season neuropsychological tests were completed. Test score changes were calculated adjusting for practice effects and regression to the mean and used as the dependent variables. Regression models were calculated with HIE variables predicting neuropsychological test score changes. RESULTS For the full sample, a small effect was found with season average rotational values predicting changes in list-learning such that HIE was related to negative score change: standardized beta (β) = -.147, t(205) = -2.12, and p = .035. When analyzed by age clusters (9-10, 11-13) and adding participant weight to models, the R2 values increased. Splitting groups by weight (median split), found heavier members of the 9-10 cohort with significantly greater change than lighter members. Additionaly, significantly more participants had clinically meaningful negative changes: X2 = 10.343, p = .001. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in the 9-10 age cluster, the average seasonal level of HIE had inverse, negative relationships with cognitive change over one season that was not found in the older group. The mediation effects of age and weight have not been explored previously and appear to contribute to the effects of HIE on cognition in youth football players.
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Christensen ZP, Freedman EG, Foxe JJ. Caffeine exposure in utero is associated with structural brain alterations and deleterious neurocognitive outcomes in 9-10 year old children. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108479. [PMID: 33529676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, a very widely used and potent neuromodulator, easily crosses the placental barrier, but relatively little is known about the long-term impact of gestational caffeine exposure (GCE) on neurodevelopment. Here, we leverage magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, collected from a very large sample of 9157 children, aged 9-10 years, as part of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Developmentsm (ABCD ®) study, to investigate brain structural outcomes at 27 major fiber tracts as a function of GCE. Significant relationships between GCE and fractional anisotropy (FA) measures in the inferior fronto-occipito fasciculus and corticospinal tract of the left hemisphere (IFOF-LH; CST-LH) were detected via mixed effects binomial regression. We further investigated the interaction between these fiber tracts, GCE, cognitive measures (working memory, task efficiency), and psychopathology measures (externalization, internalization, somatization, and neurodevelopment). GCE was associated with poorer outcomes on all measures of psychopathology but had negligible effect on cognitive measures. Higher FA values in both fiber tracts were associated with decreased neurodevelopmental problems and improved performance on both cognitive tasks. We also identified a decreased association between FA in the CST-LH and task efficiency in the GCE group. These findings suggest that GCE can lead to future neurodevelopmental complications and that this occurs, in part, through alteration of the microstructure of critical fiber tracts such as the IFOF-LH and CST-LH. These data suggest that current guidelines regarding limiting caffeine intake during pregnancy may require some recalibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Christensen
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Edward G Freedman
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Ferguson HJ, Brunsdon VEA, Bradford EEF. The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1382. [PMID: 33446798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions demonstrate variable developmental and aging profiles, with protracted development into early adulthood and declines in older age. However, relatively few studies have specifically included middle-aged adults in investigations of age-related differences in executive functions. This study explored the age-related differences in executive function from late childhood through to old age, allowing a more informed understanding of executive functions across the lifespan. Three hundred and fifty participants aged 10 to 86 years-old completed a battery of tasks assessing the specific roles of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. Results highlighted continued improvement in working memory capacity across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by declines in both working memory and inhibitory control, beginning from as early as 30-40 years old and continuing into older age. Analyses of planning abilities showed continued improvement across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by a decline in abilities across adulthood, with a small (positive) change in older age. Interestingly, a dissociation was found for cognitive flexibility; switch costs decreased, yet mixing costs increased across the lifespan. The results provide a description of the developmental differences in inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, above any effects of IQ or SES, and highlight the importance of including middle-aged adults in studies seeking to establish a more comprehensive picture of age-related differences in executive function.
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Cardenas-Iniguez C, Moore TM, Kaczkurkin AN, Meyer FAC, Satterthwaite TD, Fair DA, White T, Blok E, Applegate B, Thompson LM, Rosenberg MD, Hedeker D, Berman MG, Lahey BB. Direct and Indirect Associations of Widespread Individual Differences in Brain White Matter Microstructure With Executive Functioning and General and Specific Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2020; 7:362-375. [PMID: 33518499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions (EFs) are important partly because they are associated with risk for psychopathology and substance use problems. Because EFs have been linked to white matter microstructure, we tested the prediction that fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in white matter tracts are associated with EFs and dimensions of psychopathology in children younger than the age of widespread psychoactive substance use. METHODS Parent symptom ratings, EF test scores, and diffusion tensor parameters from 8588 9- to 10-year-olds in the ABCD Study (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study) were used. RESULTS A latent factor derived from EF test scores was significantly associated with specific conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, with dimensions defined in a bifactor model. Furthermore, EFs were associated with FA and MD in 16 of 17 bilateral white matter tracts (range: β = .05; SE = .17; through β = -.31; SE = .06). Neither FA nor MD was directly associated with psychopathology, but there were significant indirect associations via EFs of both FA (range: β = .01; SE = .01; through β = -.09; SE = .02) and MD (range: β = .01; SE = .01; through β = .09; SE = .02) with both specific conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in all tracts except the forceps minor. CONCLUSIONS EFs in children are inversely associated with diffusion tensor imaging measures in nearly all tracts throughout the brain. Furthermore, variance in diffusion tensor measures that is shared with EFs is indirectly shared with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez
- Department of Psychology, Division of the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Francisco A C Meyer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tonya White
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Blok
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brooks Applegate
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research and Technology, College of Education and Human Development, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Lauren M Thompson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Division of the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, Division of the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of the Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Moore TM, Kaczkurkin AN, Durham EL, Jeong HJ, McDowell MG, Dupont RM, Applegate B, Tackett JL, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Kardan O, Akcelik GN, Stier AJ, Rosenberg MD, Hedeker D, Berman MG, Lahey BB. Criterion validity and relationships between alternative hierarchical dimensional models of general and specific psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol 2020; 129:677-688. [PMID: 32672986 PMCID: PMC7541771 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 129(7) of Journal of Abnormal Psychology (see record 2020-72912-001). In the article (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000601), an acknowledgment is missing from the author note. The missing acknowledgement is included in the erratum.] Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and 1 specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooks Applegate
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research and Technology, Western Michigan University
| | | | | | - Omid Kardan
- Departments of Psychology and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
| | - Gaby N Akcelik
- Departments of Psychology and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
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Adeli E, Zhao Q, Zahr NM, Goldstone A, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM. Deep learning identifies morphological determinants of sex differences in the pre-adolescent brain. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117293. [PMID: 32841716 PMCID: PMC7780846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of data-driven deep learning to identify sex differences in developing brain structures of pre-adolescents has heretofore not been accomplished. Here, the approach identifies sex differences by analyzing the minimally processed MRIs of the first 8144 participants (age 9 and 10 years) recruited by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The identified pattern accounted for confounding factors (i.e., head size, age, puberty development, socioeconomic status) and comprised cerebellar (corpus medullare, lobules III, IV/V, and VI) and subcortical (pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, putamen) structures. While these have been individually linked to expressing sex differences, a novel discovery was that their grouping accurately predicted the sex in individual pre-adolescents. Another novelty was relating differences specific to the cerebellum to pubertal development. Finally, we found that reducing the pattern to a single score not only accurately predicted sex but also correlated with cognitive behavior linked to working memory. The predictive power of this score and the constellation of identified brain structures provide evidence for sex differences in pre-adolescent neurodevelopment and may augment understanding of sex-specific vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disorders and presage sex-linked learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Adeli
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Decker AL, Duncan K, Finn AS, Mabbott DJ. Children's family income is associated with cognitive function and volume of anterior not posterior hippocampus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4040. [PMID: 32788583 PMCID: PMC7423938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from lower income backgrounds tend to have poorer memory and language abilities than their wealthier peers. It has been proposed that these cognitive gaps reflect the effects of income-related stress on hippocampal structure, but the empirical evidence for this relationship has not been clear. Here, we examine how family income gaps in cognition relate to the anterior hippocampus, given its high sensitivity to stress, versus the posterior hippocampus. We find that anterior (but not posterior) hippocampal volumes positively correlate with family income up to an annual income of ~$75,000. Income-related differences in the anterior (but not posterior) hippocampus also predicted the strength of the gaps in memory and language. These findings add anatomical specificity to current theories by suggesting a stronger relationship between family income and anterior than posterior hippocampal volumes and offer a potential mechanism through which children from different income homes differ cognitively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy S Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hermann B, Conant LL, Cook CJ, Hwang G, Garcia-Ramos C, Dabbs K, Nair VA, Mathis J, Bonet CNR, Allen L, Almane DN, Arkush K, Birn R, DeYoe EA, Felton E, Maganti R, Nencka A, Raghavan M, Shah U, Sosa VN, Struck AF, Ustine C, Reyes A, Kaestner E, McDonald C, Prabhakaran V, Binder JR, Meyerand ME. Network, clinical and sociodemographic features of cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102341. [PMID: 32707534 PMCID: PMC7381697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the taxonomy of cognitive impairment within temporal lobe epilepsy and characterized the sociodemographic, clinical and neurobiological correlates of identified cognitive phenotypes. 111 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and 83 controls (mean ages 33 and 39, 57% and 61% female, respectively) from the Epilepsy Connectome Project underwent neuropsychological assessment, clinical interview, and high resolution 3T structural and resting-state functional MRI. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was reduced to core cognitive domains (language, memory, executive, visuospatial, motor speed) which were then subjected to cluster analysis. The resulting cognitive subgroups were compared in regard to sociodemographic and clinical epilepsy characteristics as well as variations in brain structure and functional connectivity. Three cognitive subgroups were identified (intact, language/memory/executive function impairment, generalized impairment) which differed significantly, in a systematic fashion, across multiple features. The generalized impairment group was characterized by an earlier age at medication initiation (P < 0.05), fewer patient (P < 0.001) and parental years of education (P < 0.05), greater racial diversity (P < 0.05), and greater number of lifetime generalized seizures (P < 0.001). The three groups also differed in an orderly manner across total intracranial (P < 0.001) and bilateral cerebellar cortex volumes (P < 0.01), and rate of bilateral hippocampal atrophy (P < 0.014), but minimally in regional measures of cortical volume or thickness. In contrast, large-scale patterns of cortical-subcortical covariance networks revealed significant differences across groups in global and local measures of community structure and distribution of hubs. Resting-state fMRI revealed stepwise anomalies as a function of cluster membership, with the most abnormal patterns of connectivity evident in the generalized impairment group and no significant differences from controls in the cognitively intact group. Overall, the distinct underlying cognitive phenotypes of temporal lobe epilepsy harbor systematic relationships with clinical, sociodemographic and neuroimaging correlates. Cognitive phenotype variations in patient and familial education and ethnicity, with linked variations in total intracranial volume, raise the question of an early and persisting socioeconomic-status related neurodevelopmental impact, with additional contributions of clinical epilepsy factors (e.g., lifetime generalized seizures). The neuroimaging features of cognitive phenotype membership are most notable for disrupted large scale cortical-subcortical networks and patterns of functional connectivity with bilateral hippocampal and cerebellar atrophy. The cognitive taxonomy of temporal lobe epilepsy appears influenced by features that reflect the combined influence of socioeconomic, neurodevelopmental and neurobiological risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cole J Cook
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gyujoon Hwang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Camille Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin Dabbs
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Veena A Nair
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jedidiah Mathis
- Department of Radiology Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Charlene N Rivera Bonet
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda Allen
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Dace N Almane
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karina Arkush
- Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rasmus Birn
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edgar A DeYoe
- Department of Radiology Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Felton
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rama Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Nencka
- Department of Radiology Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Manoj Raghavan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Umang Shah
- Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Veronica N Sosa
- Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Candida Ustine
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anny Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Kaestner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carrie McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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43
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Rosenberg MD, Martinez SA, Rapuano KM, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Cornejo MD, Hagler DJ, Meredith WJ, Anderson KM, Wager TD, Feczko E, Earl E, Fair DA, Barch DM, Watts R, Casey BJ. Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Working Memory in Childhood. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5090-5104. [PMID: 32451322 PMCID: PMC7314411 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2841-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory function changes across development and varies across individuals. The patterns of behavior and brain function that track individual differences in working memory during human development, however, are not well understood. Here, we establish associations between working memory, other cognitive abilities, and functional MRI (fMRI) activation in data from over 11,500 9- to 10-year-old children (both sexes) enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing longitudinal study in the United States. Behavioral analyses reveal robust relationships between working memory, short-term memory, language skills, and fluid intelligence. Analyses relating out-of-scanner working memory performance to memory-related fMRI activation in an emotional n-back task demonstrate that frontoparietal activity during a working memory challenge indexes working memory performance. This relationship is domain specific, such that fMRI activation related to emotion processing during the emotional n-back task, inhibitory control during a stop-signal task (SST), and reward processing during a monetary incentive delay (MID) task does not track memory abilities. Together, these results inform our understanding of individual differences in working memory in childhood and lay the groundwork for characterizing the ways in which they change across adolescence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Working memory is a foundational cognitive ability that changes over time and varies across individuals. Here, we analyze data from over 11,500 9- to 10-year-olds to establish relationships between working memory, other cognitive abilities, and frontoparietal brain activity during a working memory challenge, but not during other cognitive challenges. Our results lay the groundwork for assessing longitudinal changes in working memory and predicting later academic and other real-world outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | | | - May I Conley
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Alexandra O Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - M Daniela Cornejo
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92122
- Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92122
| | | | | | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Eric Earl
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard Watts
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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44
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Lin YC, Baete SH, Wang X, Boada FE. Mapping brain-behavior networks using functional and structural connectome fingerprinting in the HCP dataset. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01647. [PMID: 32351025 PMCID: PMC7303390 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connectome analysis of the human brain's structural and functional architecture provides a unique opportunity to understand the organization of the brain's functional architecture. In previous studies, connectome fingerprinting using brain functional connectivity profiles as an individualized trait was able to predict an individual's neurocognitive performance from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) neurocognitive datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we extend connectome fingerprinting from functional connectivity (FC) to structural connectivity (SC), identifying multiple relationships between behavioral traits and brain connectivity. Higher-order neurocognitive tasks were found to have a weaker association with structural connectivity than its functional connectivity counterparts. RESULTS Neurocognitive tasks with a higher sensory footprint were, however, found to have a stronger association with structural connectivity than their functional connectivity counterparts. Language behavioral measurements had a particularly stronger correlation, especially between performance on the picture language test (Pic Vocab) and both FC (r = .28, p < .003) and SC (r = 0.27, p < .00077). CONCLUSIONS At the neural level, we found that the pattern of structural brain connectivity related to high-level language performance is consistent with the language white matter regions identified in presurgical mapping. We illustrate how this approach can be used to generalize the connectome fingerprinting framework to structural connectivity and how this can help understand the connections between cognitive behavior and the white matter connectome of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chia Lin
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven H Baete
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando E Boada
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Sibley MH, Ortiz M, Graziano P, Dick A, Estrada E. Metacognitive and motivation deficits, exposure to trauma, and high parental demands characterize adolescents with late-onset ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:537-548. [PMID: 31388765 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate support for three hypotheses about the etiology of adolescent-onset ADHD symptoms: (1) a "cool" cognitive load hypothesis, (2) a "hot" rewards processing hypothesis, and (3) a trauma exposure hypothesis. Participants (N = 50) were drawn from two public high schools in a culturally diverse metropolitan area. A detailed procedure for identifying and confirming late-onset ADHD cases is described. Adolescents with late-onset ADHD (n = 15) were identified and compared to childhood-onset (n = 17) and non-ADHD classmates (n = 18). Adolescents and parents completed measures of neurocognition, rewards' processing, clinical profile, and environmental demands. Late-onset cases were clinically and neurocognitively indistinguishable from childhood-onset cases; however, they experienced higher demands from parents (d = 1.09). Compared to the non-ADHD group, late-onset cases showed significant deficits in metacognition (d = 1.25) and academic motivation (d = 0.80), as well as a pronounced history of multiple trauma exposure (OR 11.82). At 1-year follow-up, ADHD persisted in 67.7% of late-onset cases. Late-onset cases (26.7%) were more likely than childhood-onset cases (0.0%) to transfer to alternative schools by 1-year follow-up. Multiple factors may contribute to adolescent-onset ADHD. Adolescents with metacognition and motivation deficits may be at greatest risk for the late-onset ADHD phenotype, particularly in highly demanding environments. Exposure to traumatic stress may play a key role in the exacerbation of existing deficits or onset of new symptoms. Late-onset ADHD was persistent in most cases and associated with higher risk for school disengagement than childhood-onset ADHD. Further work is needed to better understand the etiologies of late-onset ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Sibley
- Florida International University, Miami, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital, 2001 8th Ave., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.
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46
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Kamerer AM, AuBuchon A, Fultz SE, Kopun JG, Neely ST, Rasetshwane DM. The Role of Cognition in Common Measures of Peripheral Synaptopathy and Hidden Hearing Loss. Am J Audiol 2019; 28:843-856. [PMID: 31647880 DOI: 10.1044/2019_aja-19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to quantify the portion of variance in several measures suggested to be indicative of peripheral noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy and hidden hearing disorder that can be attributed to individual cognitive capacity. Method Regression and relative importance analysis was used to model several behavioral and physiological measures of hearing in 32 adults ranging in age from 20 to 74 years. Predictors for the model were hearing sensitivity and performance on a number of cognitive tasks. Results There was a significant influence of cognitive capacity on several measures of cochlear synaptopathy and hidden hearing disorder. These measures include frequency modulation detection threshold, time-compressed word recognition in quiet and reverberation, and the strength of the frequency-following response of the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response. Conclusions Measures of hearing that involve temporal processing are significantly influenced by cognitive abilities, specifically, short-term and working memory capacity, executive function, and attention. Research using measures of temporal processing to diagnose peripheral disorders, such as noise-induced synaptopathy, need to consider cognitive influence even in a young, healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn M. Kamerer
- Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Angela AuBuchon
- Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Sara E. Fultz
- Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Judy G. Kopun
- Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Stephen T. Neely
- Center for Hearing Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
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47
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Hyatt CS, Owens MM, Crowe ML, Carter NT, Lynam DR, Miller JD. The quandary of covarying: A brief review and empirical examination of covariate use in structural neuroimaging studies on psychological variables. Neuroimage 2019; 205:116225. [PMID: 31568872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although covarying for potential confounds or nuisance variables is common in psychological research, relatively little is known about how the inclusion of covariates may influence the relations between psychological variables and indices of brain structure. In Part 1 of the current study, we conducted a descriptive review of relevant articles from the past two years of NeuroImage in order to identify the most commonly used covariates in work of this nature. Age, sex, and intracranial volume were found to be the most commonly used covariates, although the number of covariates used ranged from 0 to 14, with 37 different covariate sets across the 68 models tested. In Part 2, we used data from the Human Connectome Project to investigate the degree to which the addition of common covariates altered the relations between individual difference variables (i.e., personality traits, psychopathology, cognitive tasks) and regional gray matter volume (GMV), as well as the statistical significance of values associated with these effect sizes. Using traditional and random sampling approaches, our results varied widely, such that some covariate sets influenced the relations between the individual difference variables and GMV very little, while the addition of other covariate sets resulted in a substantially different pattern of results compared to models with no covariates. In sum, these results suggest that the use of covariates should be critically examined and discussed as part of the conversation on replicability in structural neuroimaging. We conclude by recommending that researchers pre-register their analytic strategy and present information on how relations differ based on the inclusion of covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max M Owens
- University of Georgia, USA; University of Vermont, USA
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48
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Roque L, Karawani H, Gordon-Salant S, Anderson S. Effects of Age, Cognition, and Neural Encoding on the Perception of Temporal Speech Cues. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:749. [PMID: 31379494 PMCID: PMC6659127 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults commonly report difficulty understanding speech, particularly in adverse listening environments. These communication difficulties may exist in the absence of peripheral hearing loss. Older adults, both with normal hearing and with hearing loss, demonstrate temporal processing deficits that affect speech perception. The purpose of the present study is to investigate aging, cognition, and neural processing factors that may lead to deficits on perceptual tasks that rely on phoneme identification based on a temporal cue - vowel duration. A better understanding of the neural and cognitive impairments underlying temporal processing deficits could lead to more focused aural rehabilitation for improved speech understanding for older adults. This investigation was conducted in younger (YNH) and older normal-hearing (ONH) participants who completed three measures of cognitive functioning known to decline with age: working memory, processing speed, and inhibitory control. To evaluate perceptual and neural processing of auditory temporal contrasts, identification functions for the contrasting word-pair WHEAT and WEED were obtained on a nine-step continuum of vowel duration, and frequency-following responses (FFRs) and cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded to the two endpoints of the continuum. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the cognitive, peripheral, and/or central mechanisms that may contribute to perceptual performance. YNH participants demonstrated higher cognitive functioning on all three measures compared to ONH participants. The slope of the identification function was steeper in YNH than in ONH participants, suggesting a clearer distinction between the contrasting words in the YNH participants. FFRs revealed better response waveform morphology and more robust phase-locking in YNH compared to ONH participants. ONH participants also exhibited earlier latencies for CAEP components compared to the YNH participants. Linear regression analyses revealed that cortical processing significantly contributed to the variance in perceptual performance in the WHEAT/WEED identification functions. These results suggest that reduced neural precision contributes to age-related speech perception difficulties that arise from temporal processing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Roque
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Hanin Karawani
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sandra Gordon-Salant
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Samira Anderson
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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49
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Vieites V, Pruden SM, Shusterman A, Reeb-Sutherland BC. Using hippocampal-dependent eyeblink conditioning to predict individual differences in spatial reorientation strategies in 3- to 6-year-olds. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12867. [PMID: 31125469 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a subcortical structure in the medial temporal lobe involved in cognitive functions such as spatial navigation and reorientation, episodic memory, and associative learning. While much is understood about the role of hippocampal function in learning and memory in adults, less is known about the relations between the hippocampus and the development of these cognitive skills in young children due to the limitations of using standard methods (e.g., MRI) to examine brain structure and function in developing populations. This study used hippocampal-dependent trace eyeblink conditioning (EBC) as a feasible approach to examine individual differences in hippocampal functioning as they relate to spatial reorientation and episodic memory performance in young children. Three- to six-year-old children (N = 50) completed tasks that measured EBC, spatial reorientation, and episodic memory, as well as non-hippocampal-dependent processing speed abilities. Results revealed that when age was held constant, individual differences in EBC performance were significantly related to individual differences in performance on the spatial reorientation test, but not on the episodic memory or processing speed tests. When the relations between hippocampal-dependent EBC and different reorientation strategies were explored, it was found that individual differences in hippocampal function predicted the use of geometric information for reorienting in space as opposed to a combined strategy that uses both geometric information and salient visual cues. The utilization of eyeblink conditioning to examine hippocampal function in young populations and its implications for understanding the dissociation between spatial reorientation and episodic memory development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieites
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Shannon M Pruden
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Anna Shusterman
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
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50
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Thompson WK, Barch DM, Bjork JM, Gonzalez R, Nagel BJ, Nixon SJ, Luciana M. The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study's baseline neurocognitive battery. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100606. [PMID: 30595399 PMCID: PMC6676481 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is poised to be the largest single-cohort long-term longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and child health in the United States. Baseline data on N= 4521 children aged 9-10 were released for public access on November 2, 2018. In this paper we performed principal component analyses of the neurocognitive assessments administered to the baseline sample. The neurocognitive battery included seven measures from the NIH Toolbox as well as five other tasks. We implemented a Bayesian Probabilistic Principal Components Analysis (BPPCA) model that incorporated nesting of subjects within families and within data collection sites. We extracted varimax-rotated component scores from a three-component model and associated these scores with parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) internalizing, externalizing, and stress reactivity. We found evidence for three broad components that encompass general cognitive ability, executive function, and learning/memory. These were significantly associated with CBCL scores in a differential manner but with small effect sizes. These findings set the stage for longitudinal analysis of neurocognitive and psychopathological data from the ABCD cohort as they age into the period of maximal adolescent risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley K Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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