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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder causing demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. MS is characterized by disturbed motor performance and cognitive impairment. Current MS treatments delay disease progression and reduce relapse rates with general immunomodulation, yet curative therapies are still lacking. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are able to suppress autoreactive immune cells, which drive MS pathology. However, Tregs are functionally impaired in people with MS. Interestingly, Tregs were recently reported to also have regenerative capacity. Therefore, experts agree that Treg cell therapy has the potential to ameliorate the disease. However, to perform their local anti-inflammatory and regenerative functions in the brain, they must first migrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review summarizes the reported results concerning the migration of Tregs across the BBB and the influence of Tregs on migration of other immune subsets. Finally, their therapeutic potential is discussed in the context of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Verreycken
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulien Baeten
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium,University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium,CONTACT Bieke Broux Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
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Mou Y, Du Y, Zhou L, Yue J, Hu X, Liu Y, Chen S, Lin X, Zhang G, Xiao H, Dong B. Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796288. [PMID: 35464431 PMCID: PMC9021448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been noticed in recent years that the unfavorable effects of the gut microbiota could exhaust host vigor and life, yet knowledge and theory are just beginning to be established. Increasing documentation suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis not only impacts brain cognition and psychiatric symptoms but also precipitates neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). How the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a machinery protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from the systemic circulation, allows the risky factors derived from the gut to be translocated into the brain seems paradoxical. For the unique anatomical, histological, and immunological properties underpinning its permeable dynamics, the BBB has been regarded as a biomarker associated with neural pathogenesis. The BBB permeability of mice and rats caused by GM dysbiosis raises the question of how the GM and its metabolites change BBB permeability and causes the brain pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (NF&ND) and brain aging, a pivotal multidisciplinary field tightly associated with immune and chronic systemic inflammation. If not all, gut microbiota-induced systemic chronic inflammation (GM-SCI) mainly refers to excessive gut inflammation caused by gut mucosal immunity dysregulation, which is often influenced by dietary components and age, is produced at the interface of the intestinal barrier (IB) or exacerbated after IB disruption, initiates various common chronic diseases along its dispersal routes, and eventually impairs BBB integrity to cause NF&ND and brain aging. To illustrate the immune roles of the BBB in pathophysiology affected by inflammatory or "leaky" IB resulting from GM and their metabolites, we reviewed the selected publications, including the role of the BBB as the immune barrier, systemic chronic inflammation and inflammation influences on BBB permeability, NF&ND, and brain aging. To add depth to the bridging role of systemic chronic inflammation, a plausible mechanism indispensable for BBB corruption was highlighted; namely, BBB maintenance cues are affected by inflammatory cytokines, which may help to understand how GM and its metabolites play a major role in NF&ND and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirong Yue
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Hu
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sao Chen
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufang Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongchang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Birong Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Rahiman N, Mohammadi M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated approaches for restoration of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 343:620-644. [PMID: 35176392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with complicated immunopathology which necessitates considering multifactorial aspects for its management. Nano-sized pharmaceutical carriers named nanoparticles (NPs) can support impressive management of disease not only in early detection and prognosis level but also in a therapeutic manner. The most prominent initiator of MS is the domination of cellular immunity to humoral immunity and increment of inflammatory cytokines. The administration of several platforms of NPs for MS management holds great promise so far. The efforts for MS management through in vitro and in vivo (experimental animal models) evaluations, pave a new way to a highly efficient therapeutic means and aiding its translation to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Rahiman N, Zamani P, Badiee A, Arabi L, Alavizadeh SH, Jaafari MR. An insight into the role of liposomal therapeutics in the reversion of Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1795-1813. [PMID: 34747298 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as an autoimmune disease, has complicated immunopathology, which makes its management relevant to various factors. Novel pharmaceutical vehicles, especially liposomes, can support efficacious handling of this disease both in early detection and prognosis and also in a therapeutic manner. The most well-known trigger of MS onset is the predominance of cellular to humoral immunity and enhancement of inflammatory cytokines level. The installation of liposomes as nanoparticles to control this disease holds great promise up to now. AREAS COVERED Various types of liposomes with different properties and purposes have been formulated and targeted immune cells with their surface manipulations. They may be encapsulated with anti-inflammatory, MS-related therapeutics, or immunodominant myelin-specific peptides for attaining a higher therapeutic efficacy of the drugs or tolerance induction. Cationic liposomes are also highly applicable for gene delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokines or silencing the inflammatory cytokines. Liposomes have also been used as biotools for comprehending MS pathomechanisms or as diagnostic agents. EXPERT OPINION The efforts to manage MS through nanomedicine, especially liposomal therapeutics, pave a new avenue to a high-throughput medication of this autoimmune disease and their translation to the clinic in the future for overcoming the challenges that MS patients confront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Nguyen DX, Baldwin HM, Ezeonyeji AN, Butt MR, Ehrenstein MR. Regulatory T cells enhance Th17 migration in psoriatic arthritis which is reversed by anti-TNF. iScience 2021; 24:102973. [PMID: 34471865 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) prevent the migration of effector T cells toward sites of inflammation, thereby limiting disease progression. We investigated this aspect of Treg function using psoriatic arthritis (PsA) as an exemplar of chronic inflammation. Patients with PsA had an increased Th17:Treg ratio which was reversed by anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. Utilizing an in vitro migration assay, Treg from patients with PsA treated with conventional therapy paradoxically boosted CCR6+ effector T-cell (a surrogate for Th17) migration toward CCL20. In contrast, Treg from patients with PsA treated with anti-TNF suppressed CCL20-driven effector T-cell migration. The boosting effect of TNF blockade upon Treg suppression of migration was accompanied by increased effector T-cell CCL20 production and enhanced interaction between Treg and effector T cells. This study provides mechanistic insight into Treg modulation of effector T-cell migration in patients with chronic inflammation and how this can be targeted by therapy.
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Arsenović-Ranin N, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Sex-specific remodeling of T-cell compartment with aging: Implications for rat susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:42-59. [PMID: 34418487 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and susceptibility of animals to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used experimental model of MS, decrease with aging. Generally, autoimmune diseases develop as the ultimate outcome of an imbalance between damaging immune responses against self and regulatory immune responses (keeping the former under control). Thus, in this review the age-related changes possibly underlying this balance were discussed. Specifically, considering the central role of T cells in MS/EAE, the impact of aging on overall functional capacity (reflecting both overall count and individual functional cell properties) of self-reactive conventional T cells (Tcons) and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), as the most potent immunoregulatory/suppressive cells, was analyzed, as well. The analysis encompasses three distinct compartments: thymus (the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the elimination of self-reactive T cells - negative selection and the generation of Tregs, compensating for imperfections of the negative selection), peripheral blood/lymphoid tissues ("afferent" compartment), and brain/spinal cord tissues ("target" compartment). Given that the incidence of MS and susceptibility of animals to EAE are greater in women/females than in age-matched men/males, sex as independent variable was also considered. In conclusion, with aging, sex-specific alterations in the balance of self-reactive Tcons/Tregs are likely to occur not only in the thymus/"afferent" compartment, but also in the "target" compartment, reflecting multifaceted changes in both T-cell types. Their in depth understanding is important not only for envisaging effects of aging, but also for designing interventions to slow-down aging without any adverse effect on incidence of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, University of Belgrade - Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Calvo-Barreiro L, Eixarch H, Ponce-Alonso M, Castillo M, Lebrón-Galán R, Mestre L, Guaza C, Clemente D, del Campo R, Montalban X, Espejo C. A Commercial Probiotic Induces Tolerogenic and Reduces Pathogenic Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040906. [PMID: 32272791 PMCID: PMC7226819 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models have shown that some probiotic bacteria beneficially impact the development of this experimental disease. Here, we tested the therapeutic effect of two commercial multispecies probiotics—Lactibiane iki and Vivomixx—on the clinical outcome of established EAE. Lactibiane iki improves EAE clinical outcome in a dose-dependent manner and decreases central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and inflammation. This clinical improvement is related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory and the stimulation of immunoregulatory mechanisms in the periphery. Moreover, both probiotics modulate the number and phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs). Specifically, Lactibiane iki promotes an immature, tolerogenic phenotype of DCs that can directly induce immune tolerance in the periphery, while Vivomixx decreases the percentage of DCs expressing co-stimulatory molecules. Finally, gut microbiome analysis reveals an altered microbiome composition related to clinical condition and disease progression. This is the first preclinical assay that demonstrates that a commercial probiotic performs a beneficial and dose-dependent effect in EAE mice and one of the few that demonstrates a therapeutic effect once the experimental disease is established. Because this probiotic is already available for clinical trials, further studies are being planned to explore its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Manuel Ponce-Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda” s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda” s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar km. 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-A.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (H.E.); (M.C.); (X.M.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 28801 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-G.); (L.M.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-489-3599
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Kaiser TK, Khorenko M, Moussavi A, Engelke M, Boretius S, Feldmann C, Reichardt HM. Highly selective organ distribution and cellular uptake of inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles customized for the targeted delivery of glucocorticoids. J Control Release 2020; 319:360-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abdullah A, Maged M, Hairul-Islam M. I, Osama I. A, Maha H, Manal A, Hamza H. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling by a novel agonist ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215981. [PMID: 31026283 PMCID: PMC6485712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a widespread neurological autoimmune disease that includes episodes of demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). The accumulated evidence has suggested that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a promising treatment target for MS. Thus, the current study aimed to identify a novel Ahr ligand with anti-inflammatory potential in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods An in silico analysis was carried out to predict interactions between Ahr and potential natural ligands. The effects of a predicted interaction were examined in vitro using CD4+ T cells under T helper17 (Th17) cell-polarizing conditions and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Silencing Ahr and microRNA (miR)-132 was achieved by electroporation. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 and the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells were used to induce EAE. Results Molecular docking analysis and in vitro data identified gallic acid (GA) as a novel Ahr ligand with potent activation potential. GA induced the expression of Ahr downstream genes, including cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp1a1) and the miR-212/132 cluster, and promoted the formation of the Ahr/Ahr nuclear translocator (Arnt) complex. In vivo, GA-treated mice were resistant to EAE and exhibited reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, GA reduced infiltration of CD4+CD45+ T cells and monocytes into the CNS. The anti-inflammatory effects of GA were concomitant with miR-132-potentiated cholinergic anti-inflammation and the regulation of the pathogenic potential of astrocytes and microglia. Inducing EAE by adoptive transfer revealed that CD4+ T cells were not entirely responsible for the ameliorative effects of GA. Conclusion Our findings identify GA as a novel Ahr ligand and provide molecular mechanisms elucidating the ameliorative effects of GA on EAE, suggesting that GA is a potential therapeutic agent to control inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Female
- Gallic Acid/pharmacology
- Gallic Acid/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/chemistry
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahrani Abdullah
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Maged
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Hairul-Islam M.
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alwassil Osama I.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habash Maha
- College of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba, Jordan
| | - Alfuwaires Manal
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanieh Hamza
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
- Department of Medical Analysis, Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College for Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
- * E-mail:
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Cramer NP, Korotcov A, Bosomtwi A, Xu X, Holman DR, Whiting K, Jones S, Hoy A, Dardzinski BJ, Galdzicki Z. Neuronal and vascular deficits following chronic adaptation to high altitude. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:293-304. [PMID: 30321497 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We sought to understand the mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits that are reported to affect non-native subjects following their prolonged stay and/or work at high altitude (HA). We found that mice exposed to a simulated environment of 5000 m exhibit deficits in hippocampal learning and memory accompanied by abnormalities in brain MR imaging. Exposure (1-8 months) to HA led to an increase in brain ventricular volume, a reduction in relative cerebral blood flow and changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived parameters within the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Furthermore, neuropathological examination revealed significant expansion of the neurovascular network, microglia activation and demyelination within the corpus callosum. Electrophysiological recordings from the corpus callosum indicated that axonal excitabilities are increased while refractory periods are longer despite a lack of change in action potential conduction velocities of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Next generation RNA-sequencing identified alterations in hippocampal and amygdala transcriptome signaling pathways linked to angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and myelination. Our findings reveal that exposure to hypobaric-hypoxia triggers maladaptive responses inducing cognitive deficits and suggest potential mechanisms underlying the adverse impacts of staying or traveling at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Cramer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiufen Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Derek R Holman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Molecular & Cell Biology Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Whiting
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Hoy
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bernard J Dardzinski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zygmunt Galdzicki
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Molecular & Cell Biology Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, MD, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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11
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Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation by anti-depressants inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is the rate-limiting enzyme cleaving sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholin. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on CD28 signaling for their survival and function, a receptor that activates the ASM. Both, basal and CD28-induced ASM activities are higher in Treg cells than in conventional CD4+T (Tconv) cells. In ASM-deficient (Smpd1−/−) as compared to wt mice, membranes of T cells contain 7–10-fold more sphingomyelin and two- to three-fold more ceramide, and are in a state of higher order than membranes of T cells from wt mice, which may facilitate their activation. Indeed, the frequency of Treg cells among CD4+T cells in ASM-deficient mice and their suppressive activityin vitroare increased. Moreover,in vitrostimulation of ASM-deficient T cells in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2 leads to higher numbers of induced Treg cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the ASM with a clinically used tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline in mice or in tissue culture of murine or human T cells induces higher frequencies of Treg cells among CD4+T cells within a few days. This fast alteration of the balance between T cell populationsin vitrois due to the elevated cell death of Tconv cells and protection of the CD25highTreg cells by IL-2. Together, these findings suggest that ASM-inhibiting antidepressants, including a fraction of the serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are moderately immunosuppressive and should be considered for the therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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12
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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13
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Schmitz K, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Monoclonal Antibodies in Preclinical EAE Models of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1992. [PMID: 28926943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are promising therapeutics in multiple sclerosis and multiple new candidates have been developed, hence increasing the need for some agreement for preclinical mAb studies. We systematically analyzed publications of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) studies showing effects of monoclonal antibodies. A PubMed search retrieved 570 records, out of which 122 studies with 253 experiments were eligible based on experimental design, number of animals and presentation of time courses of EAE scores. Analysis of EAE models, treatment schedules, single and total doses, routes of administration, and onset of treatment from pre-immunization up to 35 days after immunization revealed high heterogeneity. Total doses ranged from 0.1 to 360 mg/kg for observation times of up to 35 days after immunization. About half of experiments (142/253) used total doses of 10-70 mg/kg. Employing this range, we tested anti-Itga4 as a reference mAb at varying schedules and got no, mild or substantial EAE-score reductions, depending on the mouse strain and onset of the treatment. The result agrees with the range of outcomes achieved in 10 reported anti-Itga4 experiments. Studies comparing low and high doses of various mAbs or early vs. late onset of treatment did not reveal dose-effect or timing-effect associations, with a tendency towards better outcomes with preventive treatments starting within the first week after immunization. The systematic comparison allows for extraction of some "common" design characteristics, which may be helpful to further assess the efficacy of mAbs and role of specific targets in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis.
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14
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Nacka-Aleksić M, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Bufan B, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Strain specificities in cellular and molecular immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in aged rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 164:146-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Fischer HJ, Sie C, Schumann E, Witte AK, Dressel R, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM. The Insulin Receptor Plays a Critical Role in T Cell Function and Adaptive Immunity. J Immunol 2017; 198:1910-1920. [PMID: 28115529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation is an energy-demanding process fueled by increased glucose consumption and accompanied by upregulation of the insulin receptor (INSR). In this article, we report that silencing the INSR in inducible knockdown rats impairs selective T cell functions but not thymocyte development. Glucose transport and glycolysis in activated CD4+ T cells were compromised in the absence of the INSR, which was associated with alterations in intracellular signaling pathways. The observed metabolic defects coincided with reduced cytokine production, proliferation, and migration, as well as increased apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. The cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in response to alloantigens was also diminished under these conditions, whereas the frequency and suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells were unaffected. The observed impairments proved to be decisive in vivo because silencing of the INSR attenuated clinical symptoms in animal models of acute graft-versus-host disease and multiple sclerosis. Taken together, our results suggest that upregulation of the INSR on T cells following activation is required for efficient adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and.,Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Sie
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Eric Schumann
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Ann-Kathrin Witte
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; and
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16
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Paterka M, Voss JO, Werr J, Reuter E, Franck S, Leuenberger T, Herz J, Radbruch H, Bopp T, Siffrin V, Zipp F. Dendritic cells tip the balance towards induction of regulatory T cells upon priming in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun 2017; 76:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Current therapies to treat autoimmune diseases often result in side effects such as nonspecific immunosuppression. Therapies that can induce antigen-specific immune tolerance provide an opportunity to reverse autoimmunity and mitigate the risks associated with global immunosuppression. In an effort to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance, co-administration of immunomodulators with autoantigens has been investigated in an effort to reprogram autoimmunity. To date, identifying immunomodulators that may skew the antigen-specific immune response has been ad hoc at best. To address this need, we utilized splenocytes obtained from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in order to determine if certain immunomodulators may induce markers of immune tolerance following antigen rechallenge. Of the immunomodulatory compounds investigated, only dexamethasone modified the antigen-specific immune response by skewing the cytokine response and decreasing T-cell populations at a concentration corresponding to a relevant in vivo dose. Thus, antigen-educated EAE splenocytes provide an ex vivo screen for investigating compounds capable of skewing the antigen-specific immune response, and this approach could be extrapolated to antigen-educated cells from other diseases or human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Northrup
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Bradley P Sullivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Brittany L Hartwell
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aaron Garza
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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18
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Montes-Cobos E, Ring S, Fischer HJ, Heck J, Strauß J, Schwaninger M, Reichardt SD, Feldmann C, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. Targeted delivery of glucocorticoids to macrophages in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis using inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles. J Control Release 2016; 245:157-169. [PMID: 27919626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used to treat acute relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but their application is accompanied by side effects due to their broad spectrum of action. Here, we report on the therapeutic option to apply GC via inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NP) with the composition [ZrO]2+[(BMP)0.9(FMN)0.1]2- (designated BMP-NP with BMP: betamethasone phosphate; FMN: flavinmononucleotide). We found that these BMP-NP have an increased cell type-specificity compared to free GC while retaining full therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of MS. BMP-NP were preferentially taken up by phagocytic cells and modulated macrophages in vivo more efficiently than T cells. When GC were applied in the form of BMP-NP, treatment of neuroinflammatory disease in mice exclusively depended on the control of macrophage function whereas effects on T cells and brain endothelial cells were dispensable for therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, BMP-NP were not only active in mice but also showed strong activity towards monocytes isolated from healthy human volunteers. We conclude that application of GC via IOH-NP has the potential to improve MS therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Ring
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Heck
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Strauß
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sybille D Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal perivascular infiltrates that predominantly comprise lymphocytes and macrophages. During EAE, autoreactive T cells first become active in the secondary lymphoid organs upon contact with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and then gain access to CNS parenchyma, through a compromised blood–brain barrier, subsequently inducing inflammation and demyelination. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is an ideal tool for intravital imaging because of its low phototoxicity, deep tissue penetration, and high resolution. In the last decade, TPLSM has been used to visualize the behavior of T cells and their contact with APCs in the lymph nodes (LNs) and target tissues in several models of autoimmune diseases. The leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid represent particularly important points for T cell entry into the CNS and reactivation following contact with local APCs during the preclinical phase of EAE. In this review, we highlight recent findings concerning the pathogenesis of EAE and MS, emphasizing the use of TPLSM to characterize T cell activation in the LNs and CNS, as well as the mechanisms of tolerance induction. Furthermore, we discuss how advanced imaging unveils disease mechanisms and helps to identify novel therapeutic strategies to treat CNS autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rossi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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Fischer HJ, Witte AK, Walter L, Gröne HJ, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM. Distinct roles of T-cell lymphopenia and the microbial flora for gastrointestinal and CNS autoimmunity. FASEB J 2016; 30:1724-32. [PMID: 26740263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
T-cell lymphopenia is a major risk factor for autoimmunity. Here we describe congenic Lewis (LEW) rats with a loss-of-function mutation in the Gimap5 gene, leading to a 92% reduction in peripheral T-cell numbers. Gimap5-deficient LEW rats developed eosinophilic autoimmune gastroenteritis accompanied by a 40-fold increase in IgE serum levels. This phenotype was ameliorated by antibiotic treatment, indicating a critical role of the microbial flora in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, Gimap5-deficient LEW rats showed strongly aggravated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) after immunization with guinea pig myelin basic protein. This phenotype, however, persisted after antibiosis, confirming that the enhanced CNS autoimmune response in T-cell lymphopenic Gimap5-deficient LEW rats was unrelated to the composition of the microbial flora. Rather, it seems that it was caused by the 7-fold increase in the percentage of activated T cells producing IL-17 and IFN-γ, and the skewed T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, both of which were the result of T-cell lymphopenia and not affected by antibiosis. This notion was supported by the observation that adoptive T-cell transfer corrected the TCR repertoire and improved EAE. Collectively, our findings confirm a critical albeit differential role of T-cell lymphopenia in the susceptibility to organ-specific autoimmune responses.-Fischer, H. J., Witte, A.-K., Walter, L., Gröne, H.-J., van den Brandt, J., Reichardt, H. M. Distinct roles of T-cell lymphopenia and the microbial flora for gastrointestinal and CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike J Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Witte
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
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Fischer HJ, van den Brandt J, Lingner T, Odoardi F, Flügel A, Weishaupt A, Reichardt HM. Modulation of CNS autoimmune responses by CD8+ T cells coincides with their oligoclonal expansion. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 290:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Weishaupt A, Paulsen D, Werner S, Wolf N, Köllner G, Rübsamen-Schaeff H, Hünig T, Kerkau T, Beyersdorf N. The T cell-selective IL-2 mutant AIC284 mediates protection in a rat model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 282:63-72. [PMID: 25903730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeting regulatory T cells (Treg cells) with interleukin-2 (IL-2) constitutes a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmunity. As anti-cancer therapy with IL-2 has revealed substantial toxicities a mutated human IL-2 molecule, termed AIC284 (formerly BAY 50-4798), has been developed to reduce these side effects. To assess whether AIC284 is efficacious in autoimmunity, we studied its therapeutic potential in an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis. Treatment of Lewis rats with AIC284 increased Treg cell numbers and protected the rats from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). AIC284 might, thus, also efficiently prevent progression of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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23
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Djikić J, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Kosec D, Arsenović-Ranin N, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Age-related changes in spleen of Dark Agouti rats immunized for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:123-35. [PMID: 25595261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken considering age-related changes in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and a putative role of spleen in pathogenesis of this disease. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of T splenocytes were examined in young (3-month-old), middle-aged (8-month-old) and aged (26-month-old) Dark Agouti rats immunized for EAE with rat spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. The rat susceptibility to EAE induction, as well as the number of activated CD4+CD134+ lymphocytes retrieved from their spinal cords progressively decreased with aging. To the contrary, in rats immunized for EAE the number of activated CD4+ splenocytes, i.e., CD4+CD134+, CD4+CD25+FoxP3- and CD4+CD40L+ cells, progressively increased with aging. This was associated with age-related increase in (i) CD4+ splenocyte surface expression of CD44, the molecule suggested to be involved in limiting emigration of encephalitogenic CD4+ cells from spleen into blood and (ii) frequency of regulatory T cells, including CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells, which are also shown to control encephalitogenic cell migration from spleen into the central nervous system. In favor of expansion of T-regulatory cell pool in aged rats was the greater concentration of IL-10 in unstimulated, Concanavalin A (ConA)- and myelin basic protein (MBP)-stimulated splenocyte cultures from aged rats compared with the corresponding cultures from young ones. Consistent with the age-related increase in the expression of CD44, which is shown to favor Th1 effector cell survival by interfering with CD95-mediated signaling, the frequency of apoptotic cells among CD4+ splenocytes, despite the greater frequency of CD95+ cells, was diminished in splenocyte cultures from aged compared with young rats. In addition, in control, as well as in ConA- and MBP-stimulated splenocyte cultures from aged rats, despite of impaired CD4+ cell proliferation, IFN-γ concentrations were greater than in corresponding cultures from young rats. This most likely reflected increased abundance of IFN-γ-producing cells in splenocyte cultures from aged compared with young rats. The diminished CD4+ cell proliferation in response to ConA and MBP in splenocyte cultures from aged compared with young rats could be, at least partly, associated with an enhanced splenic expression of iNOS mRNA in aged rats. Thus, the study suggests that age-associated changes leading to entrapping of activated CD4+ cells in the spleen could contribute to the restriction in development of EAE in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Djikić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ellwardt E, Zipp F. Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt A:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bibolini M, Scerbo M, Roth G, Monferran C. Treatment with a hybrid between the synapsin ABC domains and the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile toxin reduces frequency of proinflammatory cells and cytokines in the central nervous system of rats with EAE. Neuroscience 2014; 277:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schweingruber N, Fischer HJ, Fischer L, van den Brandt J, Karabinskaya A, Labi V, Villunger A, Kretzschmar B, Huppke P, Simons M, Tuckermann JP, Flügel A, Lühder F, Reichardt HM. Chemokine-mediated redirection of T cells constitutes a critical mechanism of glucocorticoid therapy in autoimmune CNS responses. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:713-29. [PMID: 24488308 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the standard therapy for treating multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffering from an acute relapse. One of the main mechanisms of GC action is held to be the induction of T cell apoptosis leading to reduced lymphocyte infiltration into the CNS, yet our analysis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in three different strains of genetically manipulated mice has revealed that the induction of T cell apoptosis is not essential for the therapeutic efficacy of GCs. Instead, we identified the redirection of T cell migration in response to chemokines as a new therapeutic principle of GC action. GCs inhibited the migration of T cells towards CCL19 while they enhanced their responsiveness towards CXCL12. Importantly, blocking CXCR4 signaling in vivo by applying Plerixafor(®) strongly impaired the capacity of GCs to interfere with EAE, as revealed by an aggravated disease course, more pronounced CNS infiltration and a more dispersed distribution of the infiltrating T cells throughout the parenchyma. Our observation that T cells lacking the GC receptor were refractory to CXCL12 further underscores the importance of this pathway for the treatment of EAE by GCs. Importantly, methylprednisolone pulse therapy strongly increased the capacity of peripheral blood T cells from MS patients of different subtypes to migrate towards CXCL12. This indicates that modulation of T cell migration is an important mechanistic principle responsible for the efficacy of high-dose GC therapy not only of EAE but also of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schweingruber
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Transgenesis is a valuable tool with which to study different aspects of gene function in the context of the intact organism. During the last two decades a tremendous number of transgenic animals have been generated, and the continuous improvement of technology and the development of new systems have fostered their widespread application in biomedical research. Generally, transgenic animals are generated by introducing foreign DNA into fertilized oocytes, which can be achieved either by injecting recombinant DNA into the pronucleus or by transferring lentiviral particles into the perivitelline space. While mice remain the favored species in many laboratories, there are a number of applications where the use of rats is advantageous. One such research area is multiple sclerosis. Here, several experimental models are available that are closely mimicking the human disease, and it is possible to induce neuroinflammation by transferring pathogenic T cells which can then be studied by flow cytometry and 2-photon live imaging. Unlike for mice, the development of transgenic rats has encountered some hurdles in the past, e.g., due to a complicated reproductive biology and the frailty of the fertilized oocytes in vitro. In this chapter we provide a protocol describing how we manipulate single cell embryos in our lab in order to efficiently generate transgenic rats in a variety of different strains using lentiviral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Humboldtallee 34, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
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Salvati S, Di Biase A, Attorri L, Di Benedetto R, Sanchez M, Lorenzini L, Alessandri M, Calzà L. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in dark agouti rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1645-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Müller N, Fischer HJ, Tischner D, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM. Glucocorticoids Induce Effector T Cell Depolarization via ERM Proteins, Thereby Impeding Migration and APC Conjugation. J I 2013; 190:4360-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Tolerance induction to alloantigens remains a major challenge in transplant immunology. Progress in the last decade of our understanding of T-cell activation has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to replace conventional immunosuppression which inhibits the immune system in a nonspecific way. In particular, positive and negative costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family have been consistently demonstrated to be critical for the development of productive immune responses as well as the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. However, recent discoveries of novel costimulatory interactions confer a novel dimension to the immunoregulatory interactions within the B7:CD28 family and compels a revised view within a "quintet" of costimulatory molecules: CD28/B7/CTLA-4/PD-L1/ICOSL. Complexity introduced in this more detailed costimulatory pathway has important implications in therapeutic interventions against human immunological diseases and, especially, highlight the fundamental differences in selectively targeting CD28 molecules instead of B7 counterparts. In this review, we discuss these differences and emphasize different CD28-specific immunomodulating strategies evaluated in experimental models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Nantes, France
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Scerbo MJ, Bibolini MJ, Roth GA, Monferran CG. Synapsin peptide fused to E. coli heat-labile toxin B subunit induces regulatory T cells and modulates cytokine balance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 242:16-25. [PMID: 22138356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that the preventive oral administration of a hybrid consisting of the C domain of synapsin and the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTBSC) efficiently suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development in rats. We investigated the effect of LTBSC on cytokine expression and on regulatory T (Treg) cells in rats with myelin induced EAE. LTBSC treatment increased the frequency of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) Treg cells in lymph nodes prior to challenge and in the EAE acute stage. LTBSC also up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory Th2/Th3 cytokines and diminished myelin basic protein-specific Th1 and Th17 cell responses in lymph nodes. CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells from LTBSC treated rats showed stronger suppressive properties than Treg cells from controls in vitro. Our observations indicate that LTBSC is a useful agent for modulating the autoimmune responses in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julia Scerbo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Regulatory T-cell as orchestra leader in immunosuppression process of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:545-67. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.513391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Doerck S, Göbel K, Weise G, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Reinhardt M, Hauff P, Schwab N, Linker R, Mäurer M, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. Temporal pattern of ICAM-I mediated regulatory T cell recruitment to sites of inflammation in adoptive transfer model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15478. [PMID: 21085578 PMCID: PMC2981557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of immune cells to the target organ plays a key role in autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact underlying mechanisms of this active process during autoimmune lesion pathogenesis remain elusive. To test if pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells migrate via a similar molecular mechanism, we analyzed the expression of different adhesion molecules, as well as the composition of infiltrating T cells in an in vivo model of MS, adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. We found that the upregulation of ICAM-I and VCAM-I parallels the development of clinical disease onset, but persists on elevated levels also in the phase of clinical remission. However, the composition of infiltrating T cells found in the developing versus resolving lesion phase changed over time, containing increased numbers of regulatory T cells (FoxP3) only in the phase of clinical remission. In order to test the relevance of the expression of cell adhesion molecules, animals were treated with purified antibodies to ICAM-I and VCAM-I either in the phase of active disease or in early remission. Treatment with a blocking ICAM-I antibody in the phase of disease progression led to a milder disease course. However, administration during early clinical remission aggravates clinical symptoms. Treatment with anti-VCAM-I at different timepoints had no significant effect on the disease course. In summary, our results indicate that adhesion molecules are not only important for capture and migration of pro-inflammatory T cells into the central nervous system, but also permit access of anti-inflammatory cells, such as regulatory T cells. Therefore it is likely to assume that intervention at the blood brain barrier is time dependent and could result in different therapeutic outcomes depending on the phase of CNS lesion development.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Doerck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gesa Weise
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hauff
- Research Laboratories, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ralf Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Caritas Hospital Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I – Neuropathophysiology, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Hartung HP, Zettl UK. Animal models of multiple sclerosis--potentials and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:386-404. [PMID: 20558237 PMCID: PMC7117060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different types of EAE have been developed in order to investigate pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the heterogenic human disease. Generally, investigations in EAE are more suitable for the analysis of immunogenetic elements (major histocompatibility complex restriction and candidate risk genes) and for the study of histopathological features (inflammation, demyelination and degeneration) of the disease than for screening of new treatments. Recent studies in new EAE models, especially in transgenic ones, have in connection with new analytical techniques such as microarray assays provided a deeper insight into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms of EAE and potentially of MS. For example, it was possible to better delineate the role of soluble pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukins 1, 12 and 23), anti-inflammatory (transforming growth factor-β and interleukins 4, 10, 27 and 35) and neurotrophic factors (ciliary neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Also, the regulatory and effector functions of distinct immune cell subpopulations such as CD4+ Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th17 cells, CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells, CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2, B cells and γδ+ T cells have been disclosed in more detail. The new insights may help to identify novel targets for the treatment of MS. However, translation of the experimental results into the clinical practice requires prudence and great caution.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Gene Expression Profiling
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Microarray Analysis
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhard Mix
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anamnestic recall of stroke-related deficits is a common clinical observation, especially during periods of systemic infection. The pathophysiology of this transient re-emergence of neurological dysfunction is unknown. METHODS Male Lewis rats underwent 3 hours middle cerebral artery occlusion and were treated with lipopolysaccharide or saline at the time of reperfusion. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to myelin basic protein was examined 28 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Changes in behavioral outcomes were assessed after DTH testing and repeat administration of lipopolysaccharide or saline at 34 days. At the time of euthanasia (36 days), the immunologic response of splenocytes to myelin basic protein, neuron-specific enolase, and proteolipid protein was determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and the number of lymphocytes in the brain determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Animals treated with lipopolysaccharide at middle cerebral artery occlusion had a greater DTH response to myelin basic protein than animals treated with saline. Among those animals that had fully recovered on a given behavioral test before DTH testing, those treated with lipopolysaccharide at middle cerebral artery occlusion displayed more neurological deterioration after DTH testing and had more CD8(+) lymphocytes within the ischemic core of the brain. Furthermore, the Th1 immune response to brain antigens in the spleen was more robust among those animals that deteriorated after DTH testing and there were more CD4(+) lymphocytes in the penumbral region of animals with a Th1 response to myelin basic protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that an immune response to the brain contributes to the phenomenon of anamnestic recall of stroke-related deficits after an infection. The contribution of the immune response to this phenomenon deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Zierath
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kandagaddala LD, Kang MJ, Chung BC, Patterson TA, Kwon OS. Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and NADPH oxidase in tissues and plasma of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:109-14. [PMID: 20810258 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS) that can be induced by immunization with myelin antigens such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The objective of this study was (i) to investigate how matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and NADPH oxidase enzymes are affected in the EAE mouse model and (ii) to know whether peripheral organs also express these enzymes in the EAE model. MOG(33-55) was administered subcutaneously on two sites over the back. Pertussis toxin was administered intraperitoneally immediately after MOG and again two days later. A significant difference was observed in body weights and clinical signs of EAE-induced mice. MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase enzymes were measured in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, peripheral tissues and plasma of EAE-induced mice. The primary findings include the distribution pattern of MMP-9 in CNS and peripheral tissues, and alterations in the enzymatic expression of MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase in the CNS tissues, spleen and plasma of EAE-induced mice. From these results, it can be considered that the spleen as well as the CNS can act as target organs in EAE disease, and plasma MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Devi Kandagaddala
- Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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van den Brandt J, Fischer HJ, Walter L, Hünig T, Klöting I, Reichardt HM. Type 1 diabetes in BioBreeding rats is critically linked to an imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells and an altered TCR repertoire. J Immunol 2010; 185:2285-94. [PMID: 20644174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-prone BioBreeding (DP-BB) rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on grounds of their MHC haplotype RT1(u) and a point mutation in the Gimap5 gene. In this study, we report that DP-BB rats exhibit an increasingly severe imbalance, in particular between Th17 and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, within the first months of age. This can be assigned to an excess in effector T cells because neither the percentage nor the function of the T(reg) cells is compromised. Flow cytometric analysis of Vbeta segment usage and CDR3 spectratyping further suggest that the disturbed repertoire of peripheral T cells may also contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats. Importantly, expansion of T(reg) cells in vivo by means of a CD28 superagonistic Ab as well as adoptive transfer of T(reg) cells efficiently interferes with the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, whereas treatment with conventional Th cells does not afford protection. Using a newly generated strain of enhanced GFP transgenic rats, we could further demonstrate that the transferred T(reg) cells persist in the recipient rats for several months and partially correct the imbalance between Th17 and T(reg) cells. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that unchecked effector T cell action and a disturbed T cell repertoire contribute to the development of T1DM in DP-BB rats, which may also have implications for a better understanding of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens van den Brandt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Germany
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40
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Dudhgaonkar SP, Janardhanam SB, Kodumudi KN, Srinivasan M. CD80 blockade enhance glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper expression and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2009; 183:7505-13. [PMID: 19917693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Designing mimetic of the interface functional groups of known receptor-ligand complexes is an attractive strategy for developing potential therapeutic agents that interfere with target protein-protein interactions. The CD80/CD86-CD28/CD152 costimulatory interactions transmit signals for CD4(+) T cell activation and suppression and are critically involved in the initiation, progression, and reactivation of the immunopathology in multiple sclerosis. Differences in the pattern, levels, and kinetics of expression of CD80/CD86 molecules in conjunction with differences in the strength of the signals delivered upon binding CD28 or CD152 determine the outcome of the immune response. A temporal up-regulation of surface expression of CD80 relative to CD86 on APCs and CNS-infiltrating cells has been shown to correlate with disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Hence blockade of the CD80 costimulatory axis has therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. In this study, we report the efficacy of a novel CD80-blocking agent CD80-competitive antagonist peptide (CD80-CAP) in suppressing clinical disease and relapse in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The CD80-CAP mediates protection by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and skewing toward anti-inflammatory response presumably by enhancing the expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in activated CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh P Dudhgaonkar
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Linker RA, Lee DH. Models of autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system: on the way to translational medicine. Exp Transl Stroke Med 2009; 1:5. [PMID: 20142992 PMCID: PMC2816864 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurologic disease of young adults. In the recent years, our understanding on disease pathomechanisms has considerably improved and new therapies have emerged. Yet a cure for this devastating disorder is still a far cry away and human resources on ex vivo specimens are limited. More than 70 years after its first description, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains an important tool to understand concepts of T cell mediated autoimmunity as well as the roles of the innate and the humoral immune systems. Some EAE models also well reflect mechanisms of tissue damage including demyelination, axonal injury and also cortical changes. A limitation of the classical EAE model is a neglect of CD8 T cell mediated immune mechanisms. Moreover, well characterized models for primary progressive MS or demyelination patterns involving primary oligodendrocyte dystrophy are still not available. Yet many current therapeutic concepts including glatiramer acetate or natalizumab stem from their successful first application in EAE models. New strategies include the widespread use of conditional knockout mice to understand the cell-type specific function of single genes, innovative approaches to establish models on the roles of B cells and CD8 T cells as well as on the relation of inflammation to primary degeneration. In summary, EAE models continue to play an important role in neuroimmunology thereby also stimulating research in other fields of the neurosciences and immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Tischner D, van den Brandt J, Weishaupt A, Lühder F, Herold MJ, Reichardt HM. Stable silencing of the glucocorticoid receptor in myelin-specific T effector cells by retroviral delivery of shRNA: Insight into neuroinflammatory disease. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2361-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Belmar NA, Lombardo JR, Chao DT, Li O, Ma X, Pong-Afar M, Law DA, Starling GC. Dissociation of efficacy and cytokine release mediated by an Fc-modified anti-CD3 mAb in a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 212:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The development of new pharmaceutical products has successfully addressed a multitude of disease states; however, new product development for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) has lagged behind other therapeutic areas. This is due to several factors including the complexity of the diseases and the lack of technologies for delivery through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This article examines the current state of six major CNS disease states: depression, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), neurodegenerative diseases (specifically Alzheimer's disease [AD]), neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia. Discussion topics include analysis of the biological mechanisms underlying each disease, currently approved products, and available animal models for development of new therapeutic agents. Analysis of currently approved therapies shows that all products depend on the molecular properties of the drug or prodrug to penetrate the BBB. Novel technologies, capable of enhancing BBB permeation, are also discussed relative to improving CNS therapies for these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C DiNunzio
- Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Gogishvili T, Langenhorst D, Lühder F, Elias F, Elflein K, Dennehy KM, Gold R, Hünig T. Rapid regulatory T-cell response prevents cytokine storm in CD28 superagonist treated mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4643. [PMID: 19247496 PMCID: PMC2645706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superagonistic CD28-specific monoclonal antibodies (CD28SA) are highly effective activators of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) in rats, but a first-in-man trial of the human CD28SA TGN1412 resulted in an unexpected cytokine release syndrome. Using a novel mouse anti-mouse CD28SA, we re-investigate the relationship between Treg activation and systemic cytokine release. Treg activation by CD28SA was highly efficient but depended on paracrine IL-2 from CD28SA-stimulated conventional T-cells. Systemic cytokine levels were innocuous, but depletion of Treg cells prior to CD28SA stimulation led to systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that in rodents, Treg cells effectively suppress the inflammatory response. Since the human volunteers of the TGN1412 study were not protected by this mechanism, we also tested whether corticosteroid prophylaxis would be compatible with CD28SA induced Treg activation. We show that neither the expansion nor the functional activation of Treg cells is affected by high-dose dexamethasone sufficient to control systemic cytokine release. Our findings warn that preclinical testing of activating biologicals in rodents may miss cytokine release syndromes due to the rapid and efficacious response of the rodent Treg compartment, and suggest that polyclonal Treg activation is feasible in the presence of antiphlogistic corticosteroid prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Gogishvili
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Langenhorst
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Göttingen and Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fernando Elias
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karin Elflein
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin M. Dennehy
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology at St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Feng D, Liu G, Luo Q, Xu Y, Lin S, Fei J, Xu L. Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 negatively regulates T cell-mediated immune responses and ameliorates autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. J Immunol 2009; 181:8226-36. [PMID: 19050239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS, and GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) is critical in maintaining a GABA reservoir and associated functions. The wide expression of GAT-1 in the CNS prompted us to explore its role in neuroimmunological disorders. In mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis, we found that the expression levels of GAT-1 mRNA and protein in spinal cord were greatly suppressed as compared with those in naive mice and irrelevant Ag-immunized mice. Therefore, we induced EAE in GAT-1(-/-) mice and found that the disease was significantly aggravated and was accompanied by some nonclassic EAE signs. Mononuclear cells from GAT-1(-/-) mice with EAE showed much higher Ag-specific proliferative responses. Proinflammatory cytokine production in these mice was also greatly up-regulated. Further studies revealed that GAT-1 deficiency induced vigorous immune responses by enhancing IkappaB kinase phosphorylation and NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity, as well as strengthening the T-bet-STAT1 circuit signaling pathway. Finally, we found that GAT-1 was expressed only on activated T cells primed with Ags, but not on B cells or macrophages. These findings indicate that GAT-1 is a critical modulator in T cell-mediated immune responses and in EAE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Beyersdorf N, Ding X, Blank G, Dennehy KM, Kerkau T, Hünig T. Protection from graft-versus-host disease with a novel B7 binding site–specific mouse anti–mouse CD28 monoclonal antibody. Blood 2008; 112:4328-36. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-146662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the role of CD28 in T-cell biology and T cell–mediated pathology using a novel mouse anti–mouse CD28 antibody, E18, which recognizes an epitope close to the B7 binding site. In vitro, this antibody completely blocked binding of B7 molecules to CD28 expressed on mouse thymocytes but enhanced anti-CD3–induced proliferation of peripheral T cells. Injections of E18 monoclonal antibody into normal BALB/c mice in vivo, however, led to a reversible reduction in Treg cell frequencies among CD4+ cells, both in the thymus and in secondary lymphoid organs, suggesting that E18 acted as an inhibitor of CD28 signaling under these conditions. Antagonistic activity of E18 in vivo was further implied by suppressed responses of conventional CD4+ T cells to stimulation with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B and in a model of acute graft-versus-host disease. In contrast to healthy mice, intact monoclonal antibody E18, but not its nonstimulatory Fab fragment, increased the frequencies of Treg cells among CD4+ T cells in these pro-inflammatory settings allowing for efficacious protection from acute graft-versus-host disease. Thus, the agonistic signal generated by conventional, ie, nonsuperagonistic, anti-CD28 antibodies is important for their immunotherapeutic potential in vivo.
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Singh M, Basu S, Camell C, Couturier J, Nudelman RJ, Medina MA, Rodgers JR, Lewis DE. Selective expansion of memory CD4(+) T cells by mitogenic human CD28 generates inflammatory cytokines and regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1522-32. [PMID: 18446791 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory signals are important for development of effector and regulatory T cells. In this case, CD28 signaling is usually considered inert in the absence of signaling through the TCR. By contrast, mitogenic rat CD28 mAb reportedly expand regulatory T cells without TCR stimulation. We found that a commercially available human CD28 mAb (ANC28) stimulated PBMC without TCR co-ligation or cross-linking; ANC28 selectively expanded CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(-) (Teff) and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) (Treg) cells. ANC28 stimulated the CD45RO(+) CD4(+) (memory) population, whereas CD45RA(+)CD4(+) (naive) cells did not respond. ANC28 also induced inflammatory cytokines. Treg induced by ANC28 retain the Treg phenotype longer than costimulated Treg. Treg induced by ANC28 suppressed CD25(-) T cells through a contact-dependent mechanism. Purity influenced the response of CD4(+)CD25(+ )cells because bead-purified CD4(+)CD25(+ )cells (85-90% pure) responded strongly to ANC28, whereas 98% pure FACS-sorted CD4(+)CD25(bright) (Treg) did not respond. Purified CD4(+)CD25(int) cells responded similarly to the bead-purified CD4(+)CD25(+) cells. Thus, pre-activated CD4(+) T cells (CD25(int)) respond to ANC28 rather than Treg (CD25(bright)). The ability of ANC28 to expand both effectors producing inflammatory cytokines as well as suppressive regulatory T cells might be useful for ex vivo expansion of therapeutic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Rigolio R, Biffi A, Oggioni N, Cavaletti G. Actively induced EAE in Lewis rats: characterization of spleen and spinal cord infiltrating lymphocytes by flow cytometry during the course of the disease. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 199:67-74. [PMID: 18572253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Actively induced Lewis rat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a highly reproducible model for portraying the acute phase of multiple sclerosis. Our aim was to get more information about this model by means of flow cytometry looking at potential markers for tracing new treatments' efficacy. Thus we characterized the changes occurring in encephalitogenic TCR Vbeta8.2(+) frequency and the adhesion molecule alpha4 integrin expression in both spleen and spinal cord T cells. The increase in both these parameters was observed only in spinal cord infiltrating T cells while relevant changes in spleen cell composition were observed as early as disease onset.
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Zozulya AL, Wiendl H. The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:384-98. [PMID: 18578001 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of inflammatory responses and of immune self-tolerance is considered to be a key element in the autoreactive immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS). Regulatory T (T(REG)) cells have emerged as crucial players in the pathogenetic scenario of CNS autoimmune inflammation. Targeted deletion of T(REG) cells causes spontaneous autoimmune disease in mice, whereas augmentation of T(REG)-cell function can prevent the development of or alleviate variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of MS. Recent findings indicate that MS itself is also accompanied by dysfunction or impaired maturation of T(REG) cells. The development and function of T(REG) cells is closely linked to dendritic cells (DCs), which have a central role in the activation and reactivation of encephalitogenic cells in the CNS. DCs and T(REG) cells have an intimate bidirectional relationship, and, in combination with other factors and cell types, certain types of DCs are capable of inducing T(REG) cells. Consequently, T(REG) cells and DCs have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in MS. This Review compiles the current knowledge on the role and function of various subsets of T(REG) cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We also highlight the role of tolerogenic DCs and their bidirectional interaction with T(REG) cells during CNS autoimmunity.
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