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Wang J, Du X, Yao S, Li L, Tanigawa H, Zhang X, Roe AW. Mesoscale organization of ventral and dorsal visual pathways in macaque monkey revealed by 7T fMRI. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102584. [PMID: 38309458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In human and nonhuman primate brains, columnar (mesoscale) organization has been demonstrated to underlie both lower and higher order aspects of visual information processing. Previous studies have focused on identifying functional preferences of mesoscale domains in specific areas; but there has been little understanding of how mesoscale domains may cooperatively respond to single visual stimuli across dorsal and ventral pathways. Here, we have developed ultrahigh-field 7 T fMRI methods to enable simultaneous mapping, in individual macaque monkeys, of response in both dorsal and ventral pathways to single simple color and motion stimuli. We provide the first evidence that anatomical V2 cytochrome oxidase-stained stripes are well aligned with fMRI maps of V2 stripes, settling a long-standing controversy. In the ventral pathway, a systematic array of paired color and luminance processing domains across V4 was revealed, suggesting a novel organization for surface information processing. In the dorsal pathway, in addition to high quality motion direction maps of MT, MST and V3A, alternating color and motion direction domains in V3 are revealed. As well, submillimeter motion domains were observed in peripheral LIPd and LIPv. In sum, our study provides a novel global snapshot of how mesoscale networks in the ventral and dorsal visual pathways form the organizational basis of visual objection recognition and vision for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songping Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hisashi Tanigawa
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Haenelt D, Trampel R, Nasr S, Polimeni JR, Tootell RBH, Sereno MI, Pine KJ, Edwards LJ, Helbling S, Weiskopf N. High-resolution quantitative and functional MRI indicate lower myelination of thin and thick stripes in human secondary visual cortex. eLife 2023; 12:e78756. [PMID: 36888685 PMCID: PMC9995117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of cortical myelination is essential for the study of structure-function relationships in the human brain. However, knowledge about cortical myelination is largely based on post-mortem histology, which generally renders direct comparison to function impossible. The repeating pattern of pale-thin-pale-thick stripes of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in the primate secondary visual cortex (V2) is a prominent columnar system, in which histology also indicates different myelination of thin/thick versus pale stripes. We used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at ultra-high field strength (7 T) to localize and study myelination of stripes in four human participants at sub-millimeter resolution in vivo. Thin and thick stripes were functionally localized by exploiting their sensitivity to color and binocular disparity, respectively. Resulting functional activation maps showed robust stripe patterns in V2 which enabled further comparison of quantitative relaxation parameters between stripe types. Thereby, we found lower longitudinal relaxation rates (R1) of thin and thick stripes compared to surrounding gray matter in the order of 1-2%, indicating higher myelination of pale stripes. No consistent differences were found for effective transverse relaxation rates (R2*). The study demonstrates the feasibility to investigate structure-function relationships in living humans within one cortical area at the level of columnar systems using qMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Haenelt
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and PlasticityLeipzigGermany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Shahin Nasr
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestownUnited States
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jonathan R Polimeni
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestownUnited States
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Roger BH Tootell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestownUnited States
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Martin I Sereno
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kerrin J Pine
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Luke J Edwards
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Saskia Helbling
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Poeppel Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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Kennedy B, Bex P, Hunter DG, Nasr S. Two fine-scale channels for encoding motion and stereopsis within the human magnocellular stream. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 220:102374. [PMID: 36403864 PMCID: PMC9832588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans and non-human primates (NHPs), motion and stereopsis are processed within fine-scale cortical sites, including V2 thick stripes and their extensions into areas V3 and V3A that are believed to be under the influence of magnocellular stream. However, in both species, the relative functional organization (overlapping vs. none overlapping) of these sites remains unclear. Using high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI), we found evidence for two minimally-overlapping channels within human extrastriate areas that contribute to processing motion and stereopsis. Across multiple experiments that included different stimuli (random dots, gratings, and natural scenes), the functional selectivity of these channels for motion vs. stereopsis remained consistent. Furthermore, an analysis of resting-state functional connectivity revealed stronger functional connectivity within the two channels rather than between them. This finding provides a new perspective toward the mesoscale organization of the magnocellular stream within the human extrastriate visual cortex, beyond our previous understanding based on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kennedy
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - P Bex
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston's Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Nasr
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Xi S, Zhou Y, Yao J, Ye X, Zhang P, Wen W, Zhao C. Cortical Deficits are Correlated with Impaired Stereopsis in Patients with Strabismus. Neurosci Bull 2022:10.1007/s12264-022-00987-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, we explored the neural mechanism underlying impaired stereopsis and possible functional plasticity after strabismus surgery. We enrolled 18 stereo-deficient patients with intermittent exotropia before and after surgery, along with 18 healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected when participants viewed three-dimensional stimuli. Compared with controls, preoperative patients showed hypoactivation in higher-level dorsal (visual and parietal) areas and ventral visual areas. Pre- and postoperative activation did not significantly differ in patients overall; patients with improved stereopsis showed stronger postoperative activation than preoperative activation in the right V3A and left intraparietal sulcus. Worse stereopsis and fusional control were correlated with preoperative hypoactivation, suggesting that cortical deficits along the two streams might reflect impaired stereopsis in intermittent exotropia. The correlation between improved stereopsis and activation in the right V3A after surgery indicates that functional plasticity may underlie the improvement of stereopsis. Thus, additional postoperative strategies are needed to promote functional plasticity and enhance the recovery of stereopsis.
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Glasser MF, Coalson TS, Harms MP, Xu J, Baum GL, Autio JA, Auerbach EJ, Greve DN, Yacoub E, Van Essen DC, Bock NA, Hayashi T. Empirical transmit field bias correction of T1w/T2w myelin maps. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119360. [PMID: 35697132 PMCID: PMC9483036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T1-weighted divided by T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) myelin maps were initially developed for neuroanatomical analyses such as identifying cortical areas, but they are increasingly used in statistical comparisons across individuals and groups with other variables of interest. Existing T1w/T2w myelin maps contain radiofrequency transmit field (B1+) biases, which may be correlated with these variables of interest, leading to potentially spurious results. Here we propose two empirical methods for correcting these transmit field biases using either explicit measures of the transmit field or alternatively a 'pseudo-transmit' approach that is highly correlated with the transmit field at 3T. We find that the resulting corrected T1w/T2w myelin maps are both better neuroanatomical measures (e.g., for use in cross-species comparisons), and more appropriate for statistical comparisons of relative T1w/T2w differences across individuals and groups (e.g., sex, age, or body-mass-index) within a consistently acquired study at 3T. We recommend that investigators who use the T1w/T2w approach for mapping cortical myelin use these B1+ transmit field corrected myelin maps going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael P Harms
- Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Junqian Xu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Graham L Baum
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joonas A Autio
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Edward J Auerbach
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Douglas N Greve
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Bock
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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6
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Sedigh-Sarvestani M, Fitzpatrick D. What and Where: Location-Dependent Feature Sensitivity as a Canonical Organizing Principle of the Visual System. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:834876. [PMID: 35498372 PMCID: PMC9039279 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.834876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, functional representations in early visual areas are conceived as retinotopic maps preserving ego-centric spatial location information while ensuring that other stimulus features are uniformly represented for all locations in space. Recent results challenge this framework of relatively independent encoding of location and features in the early visual system, emphasizing location-dependent feature sensitivities that reflect specialization of cortical circuits for different locations in visual space. Here we review the evidence for such location-specific encoding including: (1) systematic variation of functional properties within conventional retinotopic maps in the cortex; (2) novel periodic retinotopic transforms that dramatically illustrate the tight linkage of feature sensitivity, spatial location, and cortical circuitry; and (3) retinotopic biases in cortical areas, and groups of areas, that have been defined by their functional specializations. We propose that location-dependent feature sensitivity is a fundamental organizing principle of the visual system that achieves efficient representation of positional regularities in visual experience, and reflects the evolutionary selection of sensory and motor circuits to optimally represent behaviorally relevant information. Future studies are necessary to discover mechanisms underlying joint encoding of location and functional information, how this relates to behavior, emerges during development, and varies across species.
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Li X, Zhu Q, Vanduffel W. Submillimeter fMRI reveals an extensive, fine-grained and functionally-relevant scene-processing network in monkeys. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Li X, Zhu Q, Vanduffel W. Myelin densities in retinotopically defined dorsal visual areas of the macaque. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2869-80. [PMID: 34417886 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The visuotopic organization of dorsal visual cortex rostral to area V2 in primates has been a longstanding source of controversy. Using sub-millimeter phase-encoded retinotopic fMRI mapping, we recently provided evidence for a surprisingly similar visuotopic organization in dorsal visual cortex of macaques compared to previously published maps in New world monkeys (Zhu and Vanduffel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:2306–2311, 2019). Although individual quadrant representations could be robustly delineated in that study, their grouping into hemifield representations remains a major challenge. Here, we combined in-vivo high-resolution myelin density mapping based on MR imaging (400 µm isotropic resolution) with fine-grained retinotopic fMRI to quantitatively compare myelin densities across retinotopically defined visual areas in macaques. Complementing previously documented differences in populational receptive-field (pRF) size and visual field signs, myelin densities of both quadrants of the dorsolateral posterior area (DLP) and area V3A are significantly different compared to dorsal and ventral area V3. Moreover, no differences in myelin density were observed between the two matching quadrants belonging to areas DLP, V3A, V1, V2 and V4, respectively. This was not the case, however, for the dorsal and ventral quadrants of area V3, which showed significant differences in MR-defined myelin densities, corroborating evidence of previous myelin staining studies. Interestingly, the pRF sizes and visual field signs of both quadrant representations in V3 are not different. Although myelin density correlates with curvature and anticorrelates with cortical thickness when measured across the entire cortex, exactly as in humans, the myelin density results in the visual areas cannot be explained by variability in cortical thickness and curvature between these areas. The present myelin density results largely support our previous model to group the two quadrants of DLP and V3A, rather than grouping DLP- with V3v into a single area VLP, or V3d with V3A+ into DM.
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Autio JA, Zhu Q, Li X, Glasser MF, Schwiedrzik CM, Fair DA, Zimmermann J, Yacoub E, Menon RS, Van Essen DC, Hayashi T, Russ B, Vanduffel W. Minimal specifications for non-human primate MRI: Challenges in standardizing and harmonizing data collection. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118082. [PMID: 33882349 PMCID: PMC8594288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances in MRI have enabled substantial growth in neuroimaging studies of non-human primates (NHPs), while open data-sharing through the PRIME-DE initiative has increased the availability of NHP MRI data and the need for robust multi-subject multi-center analyses. Streamlined acquisition and analysis protocols would accelerate and improve these efforts. However, consensus on minimal standards for data acquisition protocols and analysis pipelines for NHP imaging remains to be established, particularly for multi-center studies. Here, we draw parallels between NHP and human neuroimaging and provide minimal guidelines for harmonizing and standardizing data acquisition. We advocate robust translation of widely used open-access toolkits that are well established for analyzing human data. We also encourage the use of validated, automated pre-processing tools for analyzing NHP data sets. These guidelines aim to refine methodological and analytical strategies for small and large-scale NHP neuroimaging data. This will improve reproducibility of results, and accelerate the convergence between NHP and human neuroimaging strategies which will ultimately benefit fundamental and translational brain science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas A Autio
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Xiaolian Li
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caspar M Schwiedrzik
- Neural Circuits and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen - A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society, Grisebachstraße 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Perception and Plasticity Group, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damien A Fair
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David C Van Essen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Brian Russ
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone, New York City, New York, USA; Center for the Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
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Qin W, Gan Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Qi W, Ke B, Xi L. High-resolution in vivo imaging of rhesus cerebral cortex with ultrafast portable photoacoustic microscopy. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118260. [PMID: 34118393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing the structural and functional change of microvasculature is essential to match vascular response with neuronal activities in the investigation of neurovascular coupling. The increasing use of rhesus models in fundamental and clinical studies of neurovascular coupling presents an emerging need for a new imaging modality. Here we report a structural and functional cerebral vascular study of rhesus monkeys using an ultrafast, portable, and high resolution photoacoustic microscopic system with a long working distance and a special scanning mechanism to eliminate the relative displacement between the imaging interface and samples. We derived the structural and functional response of the cerebral vasculature to the alternating normoxic and hypoxic conditions by calculating the vascular diameter and functional connectivity. Both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were observed in hypoxia. In addition to the change of vascular diameter, the decrease of functional connectivity is also an important phenomenon induced by the reduction of oxygen ventilatory. These results suggest that photoacoustic microscopy is a promising method to study the neurovascular coupling and cerebral vascular diseases due to the advanced features of high spatiotemporal resolution, excellent sensitivity to hemoglobin, and label-free imaging capability of observing hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610040, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Navarro KT, Sanchez MJ, Engel SA, Olman CA, Weldon KB. Depth-dependent functional MRI responses to chromatic and achromatic stimuli throughout V1 and V2. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117520. [PMID: 33137474 PMCID: PMC7958868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the primate visual system, form (shape, location) and color information are processed in separate but interacting pathways. Recent access to high-resolution neuroimaging has facilitated the exploration of the structure of these pathways at the mesoscopic level in the human visual cortex. We used 7T fMRI to observe selective activation of the primary visual cortex to chromatic versus achromatic stimuli in five participants across two scanning sessions. Achromatic checkerboards with low spatial frequency and high temporal frequency targeted the color-insensitive magnocellular pathway. Chromatic checkerboards with higher spatial frequency and low temporal frequency targeted the color-selective parvocellular pathway. This work resulted in three main findings. First, responses driven by chromatic stimuli had a laminar profile biased towards superficial layers of V1, as compared to responses driven by achromatic stimuli. Second, we found stronger preference for chromatic stimuli in parafoveal V1 compared with peripheral V1. Finally, we found alternating, stimulus-selective bands stemming from the V1 border into V2 and V3. Similar alternating patterns have been previously found in both NHP and human extrastriate cortex. Together, our findings confirm the utility of fMRI for revealing details of mesoscopic neural architecture in human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Navarro
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Marisa J Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave f275, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave f275, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Gao Y, Mareyam A, Sun Y, Witzel T, Arango N, Kuang I, White J, Roe AW, Wald L, Stockmann J, Zhang X. A 16-channel AC/DC array coil for anesthetized monkey whole-brain imaging at 7T. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116396. [PMID: 31778818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in monkeys is important for bridging the gap between invasive animal brain studies and non-invasive human brain studies. To resolve the finer functional structure of the monkey brain, ultra-high-field (UHF) MR is essential, and high-performance, close-fitting RF receive coils are typically desired to fully leverage the intrinsic gains provided by UHF MRI. Moreover, static field (B0) inhomogeneity arising from the tissue susceptibility interface is more severe at UHF, presenting an obstacle to achieving high-resolution fMRI. B0 shim of the monkey head is challenging due to its smaller size and more complex sources of B0 offsets in multi-modal imaging tasks. In the present work, we have customized an array coil for lightly-anesthetized monkey fMRI in the 7T human scanner that combines RF and multi-coil (MC) B0 shim functionality (also referred to as AC/DC coils) to provide high imaging SNR and high-spatial-order, rapidly switchable B0-shim capability. Additional space was retained on the coil to render it compatible with monkey multi-modal imaging studies. Both MC global (whole-volume) and dynamic (slice-optimized) shim methods were tested and evaluated, and the benefits of MC shim for fMRI experiments was also studied. A minor reduction in RF coil performance was found after introducing additional B0 shim circuitry. However, the proposed RF coil provided higher image SNR and more uniform contrast compared to a commercially available coil for human knee imaging. Compared with static 2nd-order shim, the B0 inhomogeneity was reduced by 56.8%, and 95-percentile B0 offset was reduced to within 28.2 Hz through MC shim, versus 68.7 Hz with 2nd-order static shim. As a result, functional image quality could be improved, and brain activation can be better detected using the proposed AC/DC monkey coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azma Mareyam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Witzel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicolas Arango
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jacob White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lawrence Wald
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jason Stockmann
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Nasr S, Tootell RBH. Asymmetries in Global Perception Are Represented in Near- versus Far-Preferring Clusters in Human Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:355-68. [PMID: 31744860 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2124-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human perception is more “global” when stimuli are viewed within the lower (rather than the upper) visual field. This phenomenon is typically considered as a 2-D phenomenon, likely due to differential neural processing within dorsal versus ventral cortical areas that represent lower versus upper visual fields, respectively. Here we test a novel hypothesis that this vertical asymmetry in global processing is a 3-D phenomenon associated with (1) higher ecological relevance of low-spatial frequency (SF) components in encoding near (compared with far) visual objects and (2) the fact that near objects are more frequently found in lower rather than upper visual fields. Using high-resolution fMRI, collected within an ultra-high-field (7 T) scanner, we found that the extent of vertical asymmetry in global visual processing in human subjects (n = 10) was correlated with the fMRI response evoked by disparity-varying stimuli in human cortical area V3A. We also found that near-preferring clusters in V3A, located within stereoselective cortical columns, responded more selectively than far-preferring clusters, to low-SF features. These findings support the hypothesis that vertical asymmetry in global processing is a 3-D (not a 2-D) phenomenon, associated with the function of the stereoselective columns within visual cortex, especially those located within visual area V3A. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we test and confirm a new hypothesis: fine-scale neural mechanisms underlying the vertical asymmetry in global visual processing. According to this hypothesis, the asymmetry in global visual processing is a 3-D (rather than a 2-D) phenomenon, reflected in the function of fine-scale cortical structures (clusters and columns) underlying depth perception. Our findings highlight the importance of considering these structures, as regions of interest, in clarifying the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception. The results also highlight the importance of statistics of natural scenes in shaping human visual perception.
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14
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Abstract
Understanding brain networks is important for many fields, including neuroscience, psychology, medicine, and artificial intelligence. To address this fundamental need, there are multiple ongoing connectome projects in the United States, Europe, and Asia producing brain connection maps with resolutions at macro- and microscales. However, still lacking is a mesoscale connectome. This viewpoint (1) explains the need for a mesoscale connectome in the primate brain (the columnar connectome), (2) presents a new method for acquiring such data rapidly on a large scale, and (3) proposes how one might use such data to achieve a mathematics of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wang Roe
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Zhu Q, Vanduffel W. Submillimeter fMRI reveals a layout of dorsal visual cortex in macaques, remarkably similar to New World monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2306-11. [PMID: 30674668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805561116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual system encompasses >30 visual areas. Characterizing each area, and the interactions between them, is a prerequisite to understanding the visual system. This fundamental task, however, requires a precise parcellation of the visual cortex. Nonetheless, already at the earliest visual processing stages, i.e., just rostral to V2, the number and exact definition of areas are heavily contested. Here, we map the macaque visual cortex using fMRI at unprecedented high resolution. We show a substantially different retinotopic organization of dorsal third and fourth visual areas in macaques compared with widely accepted models, yet a remarkably similar layout in Old and New World monkeys. This organization largely reconciles most reported discrepancies concerning the visuotopic organization of nonhuman primate caudo-dorsal occipital cortex. The macaque dorsal occipital cortex is generally thought to contain an elongated third visual area, V3d, extending along most of the rostral border of area V2. In contrast, our submillimeter retinotopic fMRI maps (0.6-mm isotropic voxels, achieved by implanted phased-array receive coils) consistently show three sectors anterior to V2d. The dorsal (mirror image) sector complies with the traditional V3d definition, and the middle (nonmirror image) sector with V3A. The ventral (mirror image) sector bends away from V2d, as does the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP) in marmosets and the dorsolateral posterior area (DLP) in owl monkeys, and represents the entire contralateral hemifield as V3A does. Its population-receptive field size, however, suggests that this ventral sector is another area at the same hierarchical level as V4d. Hence, contrary to prevailing views, the retinotopic organization of cortex rostral to V2d differs substantially from widely accepted models. Instead, it is evolutionarily largely conserved in Old and New World monkeys given its surprisingly similar overall visuotopic organization.
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Van Essen DC, Glasser MF. Parcellating Cerebral Cortex: How Invasive Animal Studies Inform Noninvasive Mapmaking in Humans. Neuron 2018; 99:640-663. [PMID: 30138588 PMCID: PMC6149530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex in mammals contains a mosaic of cortical areas that differ in function, architecture, connectivity, and/or topographic organization. A combination of local connectivity (within-area microcircuitry) and long-distance (between-area) connectivity enables each area to perform a unique set of computations. Some areas also have characteristic within-area mesoscale organization, reflecting specialized representations of distinct types of information. Cortical areas interact with one another to form functional networks that mediate behavior, and each area may be a part of multiple, partially overlapping networks. Given their importance to the understanding of brain organization, mapping cortical areas across species is a major objective of systems neuroscience and has been a century-long challenge. Here, we review recent progress in multi-modal mapping of mouse and nonhuman primate cortex, mainly using invasive experimental methods. These studies also provide a neuroanatomical foundation for mapping human cerebral cortex using noninvasive neuroimaging, including a new map of human cortical areas that we generated using a semiautomated analysis of high-quality, multimodal neuroimaging data. We contrast our semiautomated approach to human multimodal cortical mapping with various extant fully automated human brain parcellations that are based on only a single imaging modality and offer suggestions on how to best advance the noninvasive brain parcellation field. We discuss the limitations as well as the strengths of current noninvasive methods of mapping brain function, architecture, connectivity, and topography and of current approaches to mapping the brain's functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63107, USA.
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