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Zuo Y, Zhu S, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang S, Zhong C. Quantitative Methylation of Lignin Monomers Using Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide and MeI and Applications in Organic Synthesis. ACS Omega 2023; 8:7057-7062. [PMID: 36844551 PMCID: PMC9948209 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient O-alkylation of phenols and carboxylic acids has essential applications in organic synthesis. A mild alkylation method for phenolic and carboxylic OH groups is developed using alkyl halides as alkylation reagents and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as a base, and lignin monomers can be fully methylated in quantitative yields. Additionally, phenolic and carboxylic OH groups can be alkylated by different alkyl halides in one pot in different solvent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zuo
- College
of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest
A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Siying Zhu
- College
of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest
A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chongmin Zhong
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling 712100, China
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Naviglio D. Special Issue: Analysis of the Main Classes of Lipid (Fat and Oil) Components in Food and Blood by Using HPLC and Gas Chromatographic Techniques. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:54. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cases in science, many discoveries are made by pure chance, as happened for example to Alexander Fleming (Darvel (Scotland) 6 August 1881–London (England) 11 March, 1955) who, while observing slides under a microscope in 1922, a few weeks after putting his nasal mucus on a Petri dish, noticed that cultures of microbes had developed all over the plate, except for his secretion [...]
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Williams AJ, Craft KL, Millan M, Johnson SS, Knudson CA, Juarez Rivera M, McAdam AC, Tobler D, Skok JR. Fatty Acid Preservation in Modern and Relict Hot-Spring Deposits in Iceland, with Implications for Organics Detection on Mars. Astrobiology 2021; 21:60-82. [PMID: 33121252 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal spring deposits host unique microbial ecosystems and have the capacity to preserve microbial communities as biosignatures within siliceous sinter layers. This quality makes terrestrial hot springs appealing natural laboratories to study the preservation of both organic and morphologic biosignatures. The discovery of hydrothermal deposits on Mars has called attention to these hot springs as Mars-analog environments, driving forward the study of biosignature preservation in these settings to help prepare future missions targeting the recovery of biosignatures from martian hot-spring deposits. This study quantifies the fatty acid load in three Icelandic hot-spring deposits ranging from modern and inactive to relict. Samples were collected from both the surface and 2-18 cm in depth to approximate the drilling capabilities of current and upcoming Mars rovers. To determine the preservation potential of organics in siliceous sinter deposits, fatty acid analyses were performed with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) utilizing thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). This technique is available on both current and upcoming Mars rovers. Results reveal that fatty acids are often degraded in the subsurface relative to surface samples but are preserved and detectable with the TMAH pyrolysis-GC-MS method. Hot-spring mid-to-distal aprons are often the best texturally and geomorphically definable feature in older, degraded terrestrial sinter systems and are therefore most readily detectable on Mars from orbital images. These findings have implications for the detection of organics in martian hydrothermal systems as they suggest that organics might be detectable on Mars in relatively recent hot-spring deposits, but preservation likely deteriorates over geological timescales. Rovers with thermochemolysis pyrolysis-GC-MS instrumentation may be able to detect fatty acids in hot-spring deposits if the organics are relatively young; therefore, martian landing site and sample selection are of paramount importance in the search for organics on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen L Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Maëva Millan
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sarah Stewart Johnson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christine A Knudson
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- CRESST Center for Research Exploration in Space Science and Technology at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisol Juarez Rivera
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy C McAdam
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominique Tobler
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Williams AJ, Eigenbrode J, Floyd M, Wilhelm MB, O'Reilly S, Johnson SS, Craft KL, Knudson CA, Andrejkovičová S, Lewis JM, Buch A, Glavin DP, Freissinet C, Williams RH, Szopa C, Millan M, Summons RE, McAdam A, Benison K, Navarro-González R, Malespin C, Mahaffy PR. Recovery of Fatty Acids from Mineralogic Mars Analogs by TMAH Thermochemolysis for the Sample Analysis at Mars Wet Chemistry Experiment on the Curiosity Rover. Astrobiology 2019; 19:522-546. [PMID: 30869535 PMCID: PMC6459279 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Mars Curiosity rover carries a diverse instrument payload to characterize habitable environments in the sedimentary layers of Aeolis Mons. One of these instruments is Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), which contains a mass spectrometer that is capable of detecting organic compounds via pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS). To identify polar organic molecules, the SAM instrument carries the thermochemolysis reagent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in methanol (hereafter referred to as TMAH). TMAH can liberate fatty acids bound in macromolecules or chemically bound monomers associated with mineral phases and make these organics detectable via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by methylation. Fatty acids, a type of carboxylic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group, are of particular interest given their presence in both biotic and abiotic materials. This work represents the first analyses of a suite of Mars-analog samples using the TMAH experiment under select SAM-like conditions. Samples analyzed include iron oxyhydroxides and iron oxyhydroxysulfates, a mixture of iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and clays, iron sulfide, siliceous sinter, carbonates, and shale. The TMAH experiments produced detectable signals under SAM-like pyrolysis conditions when organics were present either at high concentrations or in geologically modern systems. Although only a few analog samples exhibited a high abundance and variety of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), FAMEs were detected in the majority of analog samples tested. When utilized, the TMAH thermochemolysis experiment on SAM could be an opportunity to detect organic molecules bound in macromolecules on Mars. The detection of a FAME profile is of great astrobiological interest, as it could provide information regarding the source of martian organic material detected by SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Williams
- Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Eigenbrode
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Floyd
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shane O'Reilly
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine A. Knudson
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Slavka Andrejkovičová
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - James M.T. Lewis
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnaud Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel P. Glavin
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Freissinet
- CNRS–UVSQ Laboratoire Atmosphères Milieux Observations Spatiales LATMOS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Ross H. Williams
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Cyril Szopa
- CNRS–UVSQ Laboratoire Atmosphères Milieux Observations Spatiales LATMOS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Maëva Millan
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roger E. Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy McAdam
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Benison
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rafael Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Charles Malespin
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul R. Mahaffy
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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Crompton MJ, Dunstan RH. Evaluation of in-situ fatty acid extraction protocols for the analysis of staphylococcal cell membrane associated fatty acids by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Mao G, Zhao H, Song J, Han H, Li Z, Chu W, Sun Z. DBU-Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids Promoted Esterification Reaction of Carboxylic Acid with Primary Chloroalkane Under Mild Conditions. Catal Letters 2017; 147:2764-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mannion DT, Furey A, Kilcawley KN. Comparison and validation of 2 analytical methods for the determination of free fatty acids in dairy products by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5047-5063. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hudec L, Konrádová H, Hašková A, Lipavská H. Norway spruce embryogenesis: changes in carbohydrate profile, structural development and response to polyethylene glycol. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:548-61. [PMID: 27052433 PMCID: PMC4886291 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two unrelated, geographically distinct, highly embryogenic lines of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were analysed to identify metabolic traits characteristic for lines with good yields of high-quality embryos. The results were compared with corresponding characteristics of a poorly productive line (low embryo yield, scarce high-quality embryos). The following carbohydrate profiles and spectra during maturation, desiccation and germination were identified as promising characteristics for line evaluation: a gradual decrease in total soluble carbohydrates with an increasing sucrose : hexose ratio during maturation; accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides resulting from desiccation and their rapid degradation at the start of germination; and a decrease in sucrose, increase in hexoses and the appearance of pinitol with proceeding germination. We propose that any deviation from this profile in an embryonic line is a symptom of inferior somatic embryo development. We further propose that a fatty acid spectrum dominated by linoleic acid (18 : 2) was a common feature of healthy spruce somatic embryos, although it was quite different from zygotic embryos mainly containing oleic acid (18 : 1). The responses of the lines to osmotic stress were evaluated based on comparison of control (without osmoticum) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-exposed (PEG 4000) variants. Although genetically distinct, both highly embryogenic lines responded in a very similar manner, with the only difference being sensitivity to high concentrations of PEG. At an optimum PEG concentration (3.75 and 5%), which was line specific, negative effects of PEG on embryo germination were compensated for by a higher maturation efficiency so that the application of PEG at an appropriate concentration improved the yield of healthy germinants per gram of initial embryonal mass and accelerated the process. Polyethylene glycol application, however, resulted in no improvement of the poorly productive line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Hudec
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Konrádová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hašková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown Cork Ireland
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Khedr A, Hegazy M, Kamal A, Shehata MA. Profiling of esterified fatty acids as biomarkers in the blood of dengue fever patients using a microliter-scale extraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:316-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Hegazy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A. Shehata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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Chu BS, Nagy K. Enrichment and quantification of monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 932:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rhee KS, Cho SH, Pradahn AM. Composition, storage stability and sensory properties of expanded extrudates from blends of corn starch and goat meat, lamb, mutton, spent fowl meat, or beef. Meat Sci 2013; 52:135-41. [PMID: 22062364 DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(98)00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1998] [Accepted: 10/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blends of corn starch (81.72-84.86%) and ground meat (goat meat, lamb, mutton, spent hen meat, beef 15.14-18.28%) were prepared for a target moisture level of 26.5% (with no added water) and cooked-puffed using a single-screw extruder. All extrudates were well expanded and low in fat (< 1.5%), a(w) (< 0.12), bulk density, and shear-force. Trained panel sensory scores indicated all products were bland, with no differences found in flavor attributes among products. The dominant flavor notes were "rice" and "dried grassy" (mean scores of 2.23-2.29 and 1.81-2.15, respectively, on a 0-15 scale). Most panelists did not perceive "meat" note or species-related meat flavor. Total polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage was similar for extrudates with beef, lamb and mutton and highest for those with chicken. When extrudates were stored aerobically at 37°C for up to 120 days, lipid oxidation (as measured in meq. peroxides/kg fat) was lower for products containing goat meat, lamb, or mutton than for those with beef or chicken. The degree of polyunsaturation or unsaturation of their fat only partly accounted for the lipid oxidation differences. ©
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rhee
- Meat Science Section, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Sanyal A, Linder CR. Plasticity and constraints on fatty acid composition in the phospholipids and triacylglycerols of Arabidopsis accessions grown at different temperatures. BMC Plant Biol 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23594395 PMCID: PMC3637579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural selection acts on multiple traits in an organism, and the final outcome of adaptive evolution may be constrained by the interaction of physiological and functional integration of those traits. Fatty acid composition is an important determinant of seed oil quality. In plants the relative proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and seed triacylglycerols often increases adaptively in response to lower growing temperatures to increase fitness. Previous work produced evidence of genetic constraints between phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the widely studied Arabidopsis lines Col and Ler, but because these lines are highly inbred, the correlations might be spurious. In this study, we grew 84 wild Arabidopsis accessions at two temperatures to show that genetic correlation between the fatty acids of the two lipid types is not expected and one should not influence the other and seed oil evolution and also tested for the adaptive response of fatty acids to latitude and temperature. RESULTS As expected no significant correlations between the two lipids classes at either growing temperature were observed. The saturated fatty acids and erucic acid of triacylglycerols followed a significant latitudinal cline, while the fatty acids in phospholipids did not respond to latitude as expected. The expected plastic response to temperature was observed for all the triacylglycerol fatty acids whereas only oleic acid showed the expected pattern in phospholipids. Considerable phenotypic variation of the fatty acids in both the lipid types was seen. CONCLUSION We report the first evidence supporting adaptive evolution of seed triacylglycerols in Arabidopsis on a latitudinal cline as seen in other species and also their plastic adaptive response to growing temperature. We show that as expected there is no genetic correlations between the fatty acids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids, indicating selection can act on seed triacylglycerols without being constrained by the fatty acid requirements of the phospholipids. Phospholipid fatty acids do not respond to latitude and temperature as seen elsewhere and needs further investigation. Thus, the adaptive response of Arabidopsis and the genetic tools available for manipulating Arabidopsis, makes it an excellent system for studying seed oil evolution and also for breeding seed oil crops especially the Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Sanyal
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Craig Randal Linder
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Sanyal A, Randal Linder C. Quantitative trait loci involved in regulating seed oil composition in Arabidopsis thaliana and their evolutionary implications. Theor Appl Genet 2012; 124:723-38. [PMID: 22072101 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition is an important determinant of seed oil quality. Overall, 72 QTL for 12 fatty acid traits that control seed oil composition were identified in four recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations (Ler-0 × Sha, Ler-0 × Col-4, Ler-2 × Cvi, Ler-0 × No-0) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The identified QTL explained 3.2-79.8% of the phenotypic variance; 33 of the 59 QTL identified in the Ler-0 × Sha and the Ler-0 × Col RIL populations co-located with several a priori candidate genes for seed oil composition. QTL for fatty acids 18:1, 18:2, 22:1, and fatty acids synthesized in plastids was identified in both Ler-0 × Sha and Ler-0 × Col-4 RIL populations, and QTL for 16:0 was identified in the Ler-0 × Sha and Ler-0 × No-0 RIL populations providing strong support for the importance of these QTL in determining seed oil composition. We identified melting point QTL in three RIL populations, and fatty acid QTL collocated with two of them, suggesting that the loci could be under selection for altering the melting point of seed oils to enhance adaptation and could be useful for breeding purposes. Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions and epistasis were rare. Analysis of the genetic correlations between these loci and other fatty acids indicated that these correlations would tend to strongly enhance selection for desirable fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Sanyal
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Qureshi RN, Kaal E, Janssen H, Schoenmakers PJ, Kok WT. Determination of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum lipoproteins using flow field-flow fractionation coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zapomělová E, Hrouzek P, Řezanka T, Jezberová J, Řeháková K, Hisem D, Komárková J. POLYPHASIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DOLICHOSPERMUM SPP. AND SPHAEROSPERMOPSIS SPP. (NOSTOCALES, CYANOBACTERIA): MORPHOLOGY, 16S rRNA GENE SEQUENCES AND FATTY ACID AND SECONDARY METABOLITE PROFILES(1). J Phycol 2011; 47:1152-1163. [PMID: 27020196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genera Dolichospermum (Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault) Wacklin, L. Hoffm. et Komárek and Sphaerospermopsis Zapomělová, Jezberová, Hrouzek, Hisem, K. Řeháková et Komárk.-Legn. represent a highly diversified group of planktonic cyanobacteria that have been recently separated from the traditional genus Anabaena Bory ex Bornet et Flahault. In this study, morphological diversity, phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene, production of fatty acids, and secondary metabolite profiles were evaluated in 33 strains of 14 morphospecies isolated from the Czech Republic. Clustering of the strains based on 16S rRNA gene sequences corresponded to wider groups of species in terms of morphology. The overall secondary metabolite and fatty acid profiles, however, were not correlated to each other and neither were they correlated to the 16S rRNA phylogeny nor the morphology of the strains. Nevertheless, a minor part of the detected secondary metabolites (19% of all compounds) was present only in close relatives and can be thus considered as autapomorphic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Zapomělová
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Jezberová
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Řeháková
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hisem
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Komárková
- Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Physical Biology, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech RepublicInstitute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague, Czech RepublicBiology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Department of Autotrophic Microorganisms, Opatovický mlýn, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of AS CR, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, AS CR, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
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Baer I, Margot P. Analysis of fatty acids in ecstasy tablets. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 188:68-74. [PMID: 19395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are the basis of so-called stearates which are frequently used as lubricants in the production of ecstasy tablets. Being a product added at the initial tablet production step its composition does not change once the compression is performed. The analysis of fatty acids can therefore provide useful information for a drug intelligence purpose. In this context an appropriate analytical method was developed to improve results already obtained by routine analyses. Considering the small quantity of such fatty acids in ecstasy tablets (approximately 3%) the research focussed on their extraction and concentration. Two different procedures were tested: (1) liquid/liquid extraction using dichloromethane followed by derivatisation and (2) in situ transesterification using bortrifluoride. Analyses were performed by GC-MS. The two procedures were optimized and applied to eight ecstasy seizures, in order to choose one of the procedures for its application to a large ecstasy sample set. They were compared by considering the number of peaks detected and sample amount needed, reproducibility and other technical aspects.
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Shadkami F, Helleur R. Use of an injection port for thermochemolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Rapid profiling of biomaterials. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5903-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nájera AI, Barron LJR, Barcina Y. Changes in free fatty acids during the ripening of Idiazabal cheese: influence of brining time and smoking. J DAIRY RES 1994; 61:281-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900028296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe effect of brining time and smoking on the free fatty acid content of Idiazabal cheese during ripening was examined. The main free fatty acids considered underwent at least some increase during the first stage of ripening before day 90 and tended to level off around a constant value towards the end of the ripening period. There were significant differences in free fatty acid levels during ripening among cheeses with different brining times and between smoked and unsmoked cheeses. Brining time and smoking exerted marked effects on lipolytic activity during cheese ripening, depending upon the free fatty acid involved and ripening time. In general, brining and smoking led to increases in free fatty acid levels at the end of the ripening period; the different behaviour of butyric acid may be due to a specific lipolytic activity.
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Temina M, Rezankova H, Rezanka T, Dembitsky VM. Diversity of the fatty acids of the Nostoc species and their statistical analysis. Microbiol Res 2007; 162:308-21. [PMID: 16563711 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular, hydroxy, dioic, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined of six cyanobacterial species belonging to genus Nostoc and in different habitats: freshwater, terrestrial, and as well as symbionts. There are large variations in individual fatty acid contents according to species, and location of the genus Nostoc. Statistical analysis of variability of fatty acids belonging to the genus Nostoc is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Temina
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Center of Cryptogamic Plants and Fungi, Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa 31905, Israel
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22
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ALONSO L, JUÁREZ M, RAMOS M, MARTÍN-ALVAREZ PJ. Effects of changes during ripening and frozen storage on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Cabrales cheeses. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cabezas L, Sánchez I, Poveda J, Seseña S, Palop M. Comparison of microflora, chemical and sensory characteristics of artisanal Manchego cheeses from two dairies. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dubnicková M, Rezanka T, Koscová H. Adaptive changes in fatty acids ofE. coli strains exposed to a quaternary ammonium salt and an amine oxide. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:371-4. [PMID: 17176754 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistant strains of Escherichia coli were obtained by stepwise cultivation in media with increasing concentration of antimicrobially active 1-(methyldodecyl)dimethylamine oxide and 1-(methyldodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide. Adaptive changes were determined in the fatty-acid (FA) composition in an isolated lipopolysaccharide sample from the outer membrane of these strains. The composition of this FA mixture from adapted strains was compared with that of FA from a sensitive strain. The differences were found in level of palmitic, heptadecanoic, heptadecenoic, heptadecadienoic and nonadecenoic acids. In addition, the adapted strains differed from each other in the content of myristic, pentadecanoic, stearic and linoleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dubnicková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Väänänen V, Elovaara E, Nykyri E, Santonen T, Heikkilä P. Road pavers’ occupational exposure to asphalt containing waste plastic and tall oil pitch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:89-99. [PMID: 16395464 DOI: 10.1039/b513505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Waste plastic (WP) and tall oil pitch (T), which are organic recycled industrial by-products, have been used as a binder with bitumen in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) and asphalt concrete (AC). We compared the exposure over one workday in 16 road pavers participating in a survey at four paving sites, using mixes of conventional asphalt (SMA, AC) or mixes containing waste material (SMA-WPT, AC-WPT). The concentrations of 11 aldehydes in air were 515 and 902 microg m(-3) at the SMA-WPT and AC-WPT worksites, being 3 and 13 times greater than at the corresponding worksites laying conventional asphalt. Resin acids (2-42 microg m(-3)), which are known sensitizers, were detected only during laying of AC-WPT. The emission levels (microg m(-3)) of total particulates (300-500), bitumen fumes (60-160), bitumen vapour (80-1120), naphthalene (0.59-1.2), phenanthrene (0.21-0.32), pyrene (<0.015-0.20), benzo(a)pyrene (<0.01) and the sum of 16 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.28-2.00) were similar for conventional and WPT asphalts. The dermal deposition of 16 PAHs on exposure pads (on workers' wrist) was low in all pavers (0.7-3.5 ng cm(-2)). Eight OH-PAH biomarkers of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene exposures were quantified in pre- and post-shift urine specimens. The post-shift concentrations (mean +/- SD, micromol mol(-1) creatinine) of 1- plus 2-naphthol; 1-,2-,3-,4- plus 9-phenanthrol; and 1-hydroxypyrene were, respectively, for asphalt workers: 18.1+/- 8.0, 2.41 +/- 0.71 and 0.66+/- 0.58 (smokers); 6.0+/- 2.3, 1.70+/- 0.72 and 0.27+/- 0.15 (non-smokers); WPT asphalt workers: 22.0+/- 9.2, 2.82+/- 1.11 and 0.76+/- 0.18 (smokers); 6.8+/- 2.6, 2.35+/- 0.69 and 0.46+/- 0.13 (non-smokers). The work-related uptake of PAHs was low in all pavers, although it was significantly greater in smokers than in non-smokers. The WPT asphalt workers complained of eye irritation and sore throat more than the pavers who had a much lower exposure to aldehydes and resin acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Väänänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 aA, FI-00250, Helsinki, Finland.
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Dron J, Linke R, Rosenberg E, Schreiner M. Trimethylsulfonium hydroxide as derivatization reagent for the chemical investigation of drying oils in works of art by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:111-6. [PMID: 15481466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the determination of fatty acids (FA) and glycerol in oils has been developed. The method includes a derivatization step of the FAs into their methyl esters or a transesterification of the triacylglycerols with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), respectively. The analysis is carried out by gas chromatography with parallel flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The parameters involved in the transesterification reaction were optimized. Only the stoichiometric ratio of TMSH:total FA amount showed a significant influence on the reaction yield. Relative standard deviations for 10 replicates were below 3% for all FAs studied and their linearity range was 0.5-50 mmol/L, when using heptadecanoic acid as an internal standard. The final procedure was rapid and required little sample handling. It was then tested on fresh oil samples and presented satisfying results, in agreement with previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dron
- Institute of Sciences and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The review is devoted to alkylation (arylation) as a widely employed derivatization procedure for the protection of OH (carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, sulfonic acids, alcohols, polyols, phenols, enols), SH (thiols) and NH (amines, amides) groups in order to increase volatility, to improve the chromatographic properties and, if possible, mass spectral properties of derivatives. Chemical aspects of derivatization and various alkylation (arylation) reagents and reaction procedures are described. Specific mass spectral (electron ionization, chemical ionization) features of derivatives helpful in identification, structure elucidation, profiling and quantitative determination of the above-mentioned polar compounds by coupled gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography are discussed. Some common analytical applications of the procedures in organic chemistry, clinical chemistry, environmental chemistry etc. are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Halket
- Drug Control Centre, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK.
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Rezanka T, Víden I, Go JV, Dor I, Dembitsky VM. Polar lipids and fatty acids of three wild cyanobacterial strains of the genusChroococcidiopsis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:781-6. [PMID: 15058192 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of n-saturated, branched, and unsaturated fatty acids of 3 wild terrestrial strains of the genus Chroococcidiopsis (Order Chroococcales): C. supralittoralis, C. umbratilis, and C. versatilis collected from Lake Kinneret, Dead Sea, and Ein Kerem (Jerusalem) was investigated and individual compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Polar lipids also were examined. Among polar lipids (studied using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography) were as major glycolipids isolated: monogalactosyl-diacylglycerols, digalactosyl-diacylglycerols, 6-sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerols and phosphatidylglycerol. Nonphosphorus betaine-containing lipid, viz. N,N,N-trimethylhomoserin-4-O-yl-diacylglycerol, was found for the first time in cyanobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.
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Rhee KS, Lupton C, Ziprin Y, Rhee K. Carcass traits of Rambouillet and Merino × Rambouillet lambs and fatty acid profiles of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues as affected by new sheep production system. Meat Sci 2003; 65:693-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2002] [Revised: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rhee KS, Lupton C, Ziprin Y, Rhee K. Effects of sheep production systems on oxidative storage stability of lean lamb patties. Meat Sci 2003; 65:701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2002] [Revised: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 11/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Hydroxy, n-saturated, branched, dioic, and unsaturated fatty acids in six freshwater wild cyanobacteria (Chroococcus minutus, Lyngbya ceylanica, Merismopedia glauca, Nodularia sphaerocarpa, Nostoc linckia, and Synechococcus aeruginosus) collected from different lakes and springs of Israel have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia.
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Abstract
Yeast strains Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula minuta were isolated from a moss sample. Candida oleophila and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were isolated from a soil sample taken from Livingston Island. Antarctica. Fatty acid, phospholipid, sterol and tocopherol composition was determined in separated lipid fraction after fermentation in a medium containing glucose, peptone and yeast extract. Unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic (51-65%) and linoleic (9.5-16.8%), predominated in triacylglycerols. Sterols represent ca. 120-930 mg per kg dry biomass. The content of major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine) was ca. 100-800 mg/kg. The amount of tocopherols (mainly gamma- and delta-tocopherol) was 2.1-6.3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zlatanov
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Seppänen-Laakso T, Laakso I, Hiltunen R. Analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography, and its relevance to research on health and nutrition. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brondz I. Development of fatty acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and related techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2002; 465:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Linder CR. Adaptive Evolution of Seed Oils in Plants: Accounting for the Biogeographic Distribution of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Seed Oils. Am Nat 2000; 156:442-458. [PMID: 29592140 DOI: 10.1086/303399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Structural, energetic, biochemical, and ecological information suggests that germination temperature is an important selective agent causing seed oils of higher-latitude plants to have proportionately more unsaturated fatty acids than lower-latitude plants. Germination temperature is predicted to select relative proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in seed oils that optimize the total energy stores in a seed and the rate of energy production during germination. Saturated fatty acids store more energy per carbon than unsaturated fatty acids; however, unsaturated fatty acids have much lower melting points than saturated fatty acids. Thus, seeds with lower proportions of saturated fatty acids in their oils should be able to germinate earlier and grow more rapidly at low temperatures even though they store less total energy than seeds with a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Seeds that germinate earlier and grow more rapidly should have a competitive advantage. At higher germination temperatures, seeds with higher proportions of saturated fatty acids will be selectively favored because their oils will provide more energy, without a penalty in the rate of energy acquisition. Macroevolutionary biogeographical evidence from a broad spectrum of seed plants and the genus Helianthus support the theory, as do microevolutionary biogeography and seed germination performance within species of Helianthus.
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Rhee K, Waldron D, Ziprin Y, Rhee K. Fatty acid composition of goat diets vs intramuscular fat. Meat Sci 2000; 54:313-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/1999] [Accepted: 07/06/1999] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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RHEE K, KRAHL L, LUCIA L, ACUFF G. Antioxidative/Antimicrobial Effects and TBARS in Aerobically Refrigerated Beef as Related to Microbial Growth. J Food Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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RHEE K, PARK J, KWON K, ZIPRIN Y, RHEE K. A RESEARCH NOTE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPANDED EXTRUDATES CONTAINING NONMEAT INGREDIENTS AND LAMB, PORK, OR BEEF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.1997.tb00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kitayama Y, Muraoka M, Takahashi M, Kodama T, Itoh H, Takahashi E, Okamura M. Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid on nickel, copper, and palladium. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02525461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kagawa M, Matsubara K, Kimura K, Shiono H, Fukui Y. Species identification by the positional analysis of fatty acid composition in triacylglyceride of adipose and bone tissues. Forensic Sci Int 1996; 79:215-26. [PMID: 8682417 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(96)01915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In a new attempt at species identification, the total composition and positional distribution of fatty acid in triacylglyceride (TG) of adipose and bone tissues were analyzed in human, bovine, pig, dog, cat and chicken tissues. Although the total fatty acid compositions of bovine and pig tissues were significantly different from those of human (different in more than half the fatty acids tested), dog, cat and chicken tissues showed a comparatively similar composition to human fatty acids composed of TG in both tissues. The TG in these tissues was also subjected to stereospecific analysis using pancreatic lipase, that is, the fatty acid distribution in positions 1,3 (not distinguished between 1 and 3) and 2 of the TG were determined. The distribution of fatty acids among the positions 1,3 and 2 in the TG of animal adipose and bone tissues was non-random. The distribution between position 2 and positions 1,3 seems to be governed by chain length and unsaturation in each animal. The shorter and more unsaturated fatty acids showed a greater tendency to occupy position 2 of TG. Although this rule appeared in all animals except the pig, the distribution of each fatty acid into position 2 was species-specific. The positional distribution of fatty acid in TG was identical among the same species and in different regions of the same body. Thus, even when species identification is difficult using the pattern of total fatty acid composition, the analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acid makes it possible to determine the species. From the present results, the evaluation of positional distribution of fatty acid in the TG is a useful tool for the identification of human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kagawa
- Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Shimane Prefectural Police Headquarters, Matsue, Japan
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del Rio J, Martin F, Gonzalez-vila F. Thermally assisted hydrolysis and alkylation as a novel pyrolytic approach for the structural characterization of natural biopolymers and geomacromolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 1996; 15:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(96)80763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The full process of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis consists of esterification of lipids, and of injection, separation, identification and quantitation of the FAMEs. In order for the required accuracy and precision to be attained, each of these steps has to be optimized. Esterification of lipids can be carried out with several reagents based on acid-catalysed or base-catalysed reactions. The advantages and disadvantages of these reagents are discussed. The most critical step in the gas chromatographic analysis of FAMEs is sample introduction. The classical split injection technique, which is the most widely used technique in the analysis of FAMEs, has the potential disadvantage of boiling-point-dependent sample discrimination. Cold injection of the sample, either on-column or by programmed-temperature vaporization, does not present this problem and should therefore be preferred. Modern, commercially available fused-silica capillary columns offer excellent separation of FAMEs from biological samples. Very polar stationary phases give excellent separation of all FAMEs but have relatively low thermal stability, resulting in long retention times. Non-polar phases have a much greater thermal stability but inferior selectivity. For many analyses, phases of intermediate polarity, which combine the advantages of a relatively high resolution capability with relatively high thermal stability, are the most suitable. FAMEs can be identified by comparison of their retention times with those of individual purified standards or secondary standards based on lipids that have been well characterized in literature. Relative retention times and equivalent chain-length values also provide useful information. FAMEs can be quantitated by peak areas via calibration factors, and absolute concentrations can be determined by adding an internal standard. Among numerous applications in biomedical research, the analysis of fatty acids from body tissues may contribute to the understanding of the link between the dietary intake of fatty acids and the diseases with which these acids are associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eder
- Institute of Nutrition Physiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Most lipids are best characterized by their fatty acids which differ in chain length, the degree of unsaturation, configuration and position of the double bonds, and the presence of other functionalities. The fatty acid profiles are currently most frequently determined by capillary gas chromatography of the methyl esters which are prepared by a variety of methods. These are discussed with an emphasis on more recent developments, along with the stationary phases used for the separations and the methods employed for identification of the fatty acids. HPLC is applied less frequently for ascertaining fatty acid profiles than GC, but a very large number of derivatives for ultraviolet and fluorescence detection have been proposed. This method continues to evoke increasing interest, particularly in conjunction with fluorescence detection. This technique enables attainment of greater sensitivities than with standard GC methods employing flame ionization detection. Extensive applications of it to the analysis of free fatty acids in blood and other biomedical samples are clearly discernible. Other methods, including supercritical fluid chromatography, have found only limited application for fatty acid profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gutnikov
- Department of Chemistry, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768, USA
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