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Argandona Lopez C, Brown AM. Microglial- neuronal crosstalk in chronic viral infection through mTOR, SPP1/OPN and inflammasome pathway signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368465. [PMID: 38646526 PMCID: PMC11032048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals. Full activation of inflammasome assembly and expression of IL-1β requires a priming event and a second signal. Many studies have demonstrated that HIV infection alone can activate inflammasome activity. Interestingly, secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1/OPN) expression is highly upregulated in the CNS of people infected with HIV and neurologic dysfunction. Interestingly, all evidence thus far suggests a protective function of SPP1 signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1/2) pathway function to counter HIV-neuronal injury. Moreover, HIV-infected mice knocked down for SPP1 show by neuroimaging, increased neuroinflammation compared to controls. This suggests that SPP1 uses unique regulatory mechanisms to control the level of inflammatory signaling. In this mini review, we discuss the known and yet-to-be discovered biological links between SPP1-mediated stimulation of mTOR and inflammasome activity. Additional new mechanistic insights from studies in relevant experimental models will provide a greater understanding of crosstalk between microglia and neurons in the regulation of CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Argandona Lopez
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ranuschio B, Bell S, Flatt JD, Barnes L, Puno T, Ribeiro A, Sheik-Yosef N, Villalobos E, Wackens J, Liboro RM. A Focus on Aging, HIV/AIDS, and Neurocognitive Challenges: Examining Southern Nevada HIV Sector Providers' Awareness and Prospective Roles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6876. [PMID: 37835146 PMCID: PMC10572135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although abundant research has been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms that may cause neurocognitive challenges among middle-aged and older people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), to monitor the prevalence rates of HIV-related neurocognitive deficits, and to identify factors related to the improvement of diagnostic screening tools, classification and nosology, and clinical and rehabilitative treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND); to date, there have been only a few studies that have explored and examined the awareness and work experiences HIV sector healthcare and service providers have related to HAND. To address this research gap, we conducted a qualitative, community-based participatory research study and interviewed 12 HIV sector providers in Southern Nevada, USA, from January to April 2022. After performing a thematic analysis of our interviews, we were able to identify two major themes and several sub-themes. Under our first major theme, provider awareness and knowledge, we identified four sub-themes: (1) prior knowledge and current awareness; (2) lived experiences of patients and clients with neurocognitive challenges; (3) lack of knowledge as a barrier to providing needed care; and (4) continuing education and professional development. Under our second major theme, prospective provider roles, we identified three sub-themes: (1) early detection; (2) direct and practical support; and (3) appropriate and timely referrals. In this article, we discuss our findings and lessons learned from our study, as well as their implications for the future work of researchers and providers in the HIV sector related to improving care and support for people aging with HIV/AIDS and experiencing neurocognitive challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ranuschio
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Sherry Bell
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason D. Flatt
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;
| | - Lianne Barnes
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Trinity Puno
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Alexander Ribeiro
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Nadia Sheik-Yosef
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Esmeralda Villalobos
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Janelle Wackens
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
| | - Renato M. Liboro
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (B.R.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (T.P.); (A.R.); (N.S.-Y.); (E.V.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
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Nightingale S, Ances B, Cinque P, Dravid A, Dreyer AJ, Gisslén M, Joska JA, Kwasa J, Meyer AC, Mpongo N, Nakasujja N, Pebody R, Pozniak A, Price RW, Sandford C, Saylor D, Thomas KGF, Underwood J, Vera JH, Winston A. Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:424-433. [PMID: 37311873 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to classifying cognitive impairment in people living with HIV can overestimate disease burden and lead to ambiguity around disease mechanisms. The 2007 criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), sometimes called the Frascati criteria, can falsely classify over 20% of cognitively healthy individuals as having cognitive impairment. Minimum criteria for HAND are met on the basis of performance on cognitive tests alone, which might not be appropriate for populations with diverse educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. Imprecise phenotyping of cognitive impairment can limit mechanistic research, biomarker discovery and treatment trials. Importantly, overestimation of cognitive impairment carries the risk of creating fear among people living with HIV and worsening stigma and discrimination towards these individuals. To address this issue, we established the International HIV-Cognition Working Group, which is globally representative and involves the community of people living with HIV. We reached consensus on six recommendations towards a new approach for diagnosis and classification of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV, intended to focus discussion and debate going forward. We propose the conceptual separation of HIV-associated brain injury - including active or pretreatment legacy damage - from other causes of brain injury occurring in people living with HIV. We suggest moving away from a quantitative neuropsychological approach towards an emphasis on clinical context. Our recommendations are intended to better represent the changing profile of cognitive impairment in people living with HIV in diverse global settings and to provide a clearer framework of classification for clinical management and research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Nightingale
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Beau Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ameet Dravid
- Department of Medicine, Poona Hospital and Research Centre and Noble Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Anna J Dreyer
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John A Joska
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Judith Kwasa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ana-Claire Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Anton Pozniak
- Department of HIV Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Deanna Saylor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Underwood
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jaime H Vera
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- HIV Clinical Trials, Winston Churchill Wing, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Yu X, Kuo YF, Raji MA, Berenson AB, Baillargeon J, Giordano TP. Dementias Among Older Males and Females in the U.S. Medicare System With and Without HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2023; 93:107-115. [PMID: 36881792 PMCID: PMC10293071 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing concern that people with HIV (PWH) will experience a disproportionate burden of dementia as they age, very few studies have examined the sex-specific prevalence of dementia, including Alzheimer disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) among older PWH versus people without HIV (PWOH) using large national samples. METHODS We constructed successive cross-sectional cohorts including all PWH aged 65+ years from U.S. Medicare enrollees and PWOH in a 5% national sample of Medicare data from 2007 to 2019. All AD/ADRD cases were identified by ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. Prevalence of AD/ADRD was calculated for each calendar year by sex-age strata. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess factors associated with dementia and calculate the adjusted prevalence. RESULTS PWH had a higher prevalence of AD/ADRD, which increased over time compared with PWOH, especially among female beneficiaries and with increasing age. For example, among those aged 80+ years, the prevalence increased from 2007 to 2019 (females with HIV: 31.4%-44.1%; females without HIV: 27.4%-29.9%; males with HIV: 26.2%-33.3%; males without HIV: 21.0%-23.5%). After adjustment for demographics and comorbidities, the differences in dementia burden by HIV status remained, especially among older age groups. CONCLUSIONS Older Medicare enrollees with HIV had an increased dementia burden over time compared with those without HIV, especially women and older subjects. This underscores the need to develop tailored clinical practice guidelines that facilitate the integration of dementia and comorbidity screening, evaluation, and management into the routine primary care of aging PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women’s Health, UTMB
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women’s Health, UTMB
| | | | - Abbey B. Berenson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women’s Health, UTMB
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UTMB
| | | | - Thomas P. Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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de Menezes EGM, Liu JS, Bowler SA, Giron LB, D’Antoni ML, Shikuma CM, Abdel-Mohsen M, Ndhlovu LC, Norris PJ. Circulating brain-derived extracellular vesicles expressing neuroinflammatory markers are associated with HIV-related neurocognitive impairment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033712. [PMID: 36601110 PMCID: PMC9806169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocognitive impairment remains prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) despite long term virological suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Systemic and neuro-inflammatory processes are suggested to contribute to the complex pathology leading to cognitive impairment in this population, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in intracellular communication and have emerged as key modulators of immunological and inflammatory responses. In this report, we examined the impact of EVs in PWH experiencing cognitive deficits to determine their relevance in HIV associated neuropathology. Methods EV phenotypes were measured in plasma samples from 108 PWH with either cognitive impairment (CI, n=92) or normal cognition (NC, n=16) by flow cytometry. Matched cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived EVs were similarly profiled from a subgroup of 84 individuals who underwent a lumbar puncture. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed by flow cytometry to measure monocyte frequencies in a subset of 32 individuals. Results Plasma-EVs expressing CD14, CD16, CD192, C195, and GFAP were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals with cognitive impairment compared to individuals with normal cognition. Increased CSF-EVs expressing GFAP and CD200 were found in the cognitive impairment group compared to the normal cognition group. Frequencies of patrolling monocytes correlated with plasma-EVs expressing CD14, CD66b, MCSF, MAP2, and GFAP. Frequencies of CD195 expression on monocytes correlated positively with plasma-EVs expressing CD41a, CD62P, and CD63. Expression of CD163 on monocytes correlated positively with CSF-EVs expressing GFAP and CD200. Finally, the expression of CD192 on total monocytes correlated with CSF-EVs expressing CD200, CD62P, and CD63. Conclusions EVs expressing monocyte activation and neuronal markers associated with HIV associated cognitive impairment, suggesting that distinct EV subsets may serve as novel biomarkers of neuronal injury in HIV infection. Further circulating platelet EV levels were linked to monocyte activation indicating a potential novel interaction in the pathogenesis of HIV-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika G. Marques de Menezes
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Erika G. Marques de Menezes,
| | - Jocelyn S. Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott A. Bowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Michelle L. D’Antoni
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | | | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States,Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States,Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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