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Shang S, Zhu J, Liu X, Wang W, Dai T, Wang L, Li B. The Impacts of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Same Sex on the Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:247-268. [PMID: 37725892 PMCID: PMC10508974 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from the same sex on ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. A total of 272 UC patients were selected in the prospective clinical study, which incorporated four distinct groups, each comprising male and female patients, who were either receiving FMT or placebo, respectively. FMT was performed by sending the gut microbiota of healthy female or male adolescents to the same gender patients via gastroscope three times (one time/three weeks), and a placebo was used with an equal volume of saline. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, thick bloody stool, intestinal mucosal lesion, and Mayo scores were measured. Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were evaluated. The changes of intestinal flora were detected by the 16S rRNA sequencing. FMT reduced the scores of diarrhea, abdominal pain, mucosal lesion, and Mayo, SAS, and SDS in UC patients compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Clostridiales and Desulfovibrionaceae were dominant in gut microbiota from male patients and were reduced after FMT. Meanwhile, the abundance of Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium was increased in the male group. Female patients had a higher abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Staphylococcaceae before FMT, and it was reduced after FMT. Meanwhile, the abundance of Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium was increased in the female group. There were no significant changes for the species in the corresponding placebo groups. FMT improved the UC symptoms of male and female patients, which may be associated with different gut microbiota changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shang
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Anorectal, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhuoyuan Health Human Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Department of Dean, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
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Khan H, Monsell F, Duffy S, Trompeter A, Bridgens A, Gelfer Y. Paediatric tibial shaft fractures: an instructional review for the FRCS exam. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2023:10.1007/s00590-023-03484-3. [PMID: 36788165 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This instructional review presents the literature and guidelines relevant to the classification, management and prognosis of paediatric tibial shaft fractures at a level appropriate for the FRCS exit examination in Trauma and Orthopaedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khan
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Kingston Hospital, London, UK.
| | - F Monsell
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - S Duffy
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - A Trompeter
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St George's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St George's University, London, UK
| | - A Bridgens
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St George's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Y Gelfer
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St George's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St George's University, London, UK
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Salguero MV, Deplewski D, Gokhale R, Wroblewski K, Sentongo T, Jan A, Kirschner BS. Growth After Menarche in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:183-190. [PMID: 36705699 PMCID: PMC9889107 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growth impairment in pediatric patients with pediatric onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial. Reports on the effect of age at menarche on adult stature in this population are limited. This study investigated the impact of age at menarche, disease-associated factors, and mid-parental height on growth from menarche to final height (FHt) in pediatric patients with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and IBD unclassified (IBD-U). METHODS Subjects were enrolled from a prospectively maintained pediatric IBD database when IBD preceded menarche and dates of menarche and FHt measurements were recorded. RESULTS One hundred forty-six patients: CD 112 and UC 30/IBD-U 4. Mean age (years) at diagnosis (10.9 vs 10.1), menarche (14.4 vs 14.0), and FHt (19.6 vs 19.7). CD and UC/IBD-U patients showed significant association between Chronological age (CA) at menarche and FHt (cm, P < 0.001) but not FHt z score (FHt-Z) < -1.0 (P = 0.42). FHt-Z < -2.0 occurred in only 5 patients. Growth impairment (FHt-Z < -1.0) was associated with surgery before menarche (P = 0.03), jejunal disease (P = 0.003), low mid-parental height z score (MPH-Z) (P < 0.001), hospitalization for CD (P = 0.03) but not UC, recurrent corticosteroid, or anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) therapy. CONCLUSIONS Early age of menarche was associated with greater potential for linear growth to FHt but not FHt-Z (P < 0.05). Surgery before menarche, jejunal disease, hospitalization for CD, low MPH, and weight z score were associated with FHt-Z < -1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Salguero
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dianne Deplewski
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ranjana Gokhale
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kristen Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Timothy Sentongo
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aseel Jan
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Barbara S. Kirschner
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, immune-mediated disorders that include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A pediatric onset of disease occurs in about 10% of all cases. Clinical presentation of IBD with rectal bleeding or perianal disease warrants direct referral for endoscopic evaluation. In the absence of red-flag symptoms, a combination of patient history and blood and fecal biomarkers can help to distinguish suspected IBD from other causes of abdominal pain or diarrhea. The therapeutic management of pediatric IBD has evolved by taking into account predictors of poor outcome, which justifies the upfront use of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for patients at high risk for complicated disease. In treating patients with IBD, biochemical or endoscopic remission, rather than clinical remission, is the therapeutic goal because intestinal inflammation often persists despite resolution of abdominal symptoms. Pediatric IBD comes with unique additional challenges, such as growth impairment, pubertal delay, the psychology of adolescence, and development of body image. Even after remission has been achieved, many patients with IBD continue to experience nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain and fatigue. Transfer to adult care is a well-recognized risk for disease relapse, which highlights patient vulnerability and the need for a transition program that is continued by the adult-oriented IBD team. The general pediatrician is an invaluable link in integrating these challenges in the clinical care of patients with IBD and optimizing their outcomes. This state-of-the-art review aims to provide general pediatricians with an update on pediatric IBD to facilitate interactions with pediatric gastrointestinal specialists.
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Adler J, Eder SJ, Gebremariam A, Moran CJ, Bass LM, Moses J, Lewis JD, Singer AAM, Morhardt TL, Picoraro JA, Cardenas V, Zacur GM, Colletti RB. Quantification of Mucosal Activity from Colonoscopy Reports via the Simplified Endoscopic Mucosal Assessment for Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1537-1542. [PMID: 34964861 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic mucosal healing is the gold standard for evaluating Crohn's disease (CD) treatment efficacy. Standard endoscopic indices are not routinely used in clinical practice, limiting the quality of retrospective research. A method for retrospectively quantifying mucosal activity from documentation is needed. We evaluated the simplified endoscopic mucosal assessment for CD (SEMA-CD) to determine if it can accurately quantify mucosal severity recorded in colonoscopy reports. METHODS Pediatric patients with CD underwent colonoscopy that was video recorded and evaluated via Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (SES-CD) and SEMA-CD by central readers. Corresponding colonoscopy reports were de-identified. Central readers blinded to clinical history and video scoring were randomly assigned colonoscopy reports with and without images. The SEMA-CD was scored for each report. Correlation with video SES-CD and SEMA-CD were assessed with Spearman rho, inter-rater, and intrarater reliability with kappa statistics. RESULTS Fifty-seven colonoscopy reports were read a total of 347 times. The simplified endoscopic mucosal assessment for CD without images correlated with both SES-CD and SEMA-CD from videos (rho = 0.82, P < .0001 for each). The addition of images provided similar correlation. Inter-rater and intrarater reliability were 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The SEMA-CD applied to retrospective evaluation of colonoscopy reports accurately and reproducibly correlates with SES-CD and SEMA-CD of colonoscopy videos. The SEMA-CD for evaluating colonoscopy reports will enable quantifying mucosal healing in retrospective research. Having objective outcome data will enable higher-quality research to be conducted across multicenter collaboratives and in clinical registries. External validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Adler
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally J Eder
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Acham Gebremariam
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lee M Bass
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Moses
- UH/Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Andrew A M Singer
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tina L Morhardt
- Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Cardenas
- Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - George M Zacur
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, Guthery SL, Patel AS, Gokhale R, Goyal A, Siebold L, Sylvester F, Leu CS. Sex-Specific Pathways Lead to Statural Growth Impairment in Children with Crohn's Disease. J Pediatr 2022; 249:75-83.e1. [PMID: 35649448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the underlying mechanisms that lead growth impairment to occur more commonly in males than females with Crohn's disease (CD). STUDY DESIGN Children and adolescents with CD were enrolled in a prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study. Height Z-score difference was computed as height Z-score based on chronological age (height chronological age-Z-score) minus height Z-score based on bone age (height bone age-Z-score) using longitudinal data. Specific serum cytokines were measured, hormone Z-scores were calculated based on bone age (bone age-Z), and their longitudinal associations were examined. RESULTS There were 122 children with CD (63% male) who completed 594 visits. The mean ± SD chronological age was 11.70 ± 1.79 years. The mean ± SD height chronological age-Z-score was -0.03 ± 0.99 in males and -0.49 ± 0.87 in females. The mean ± SD height bone age-Z-score was 0.23 ± 0.93 in males and 0.37 ± 0.96 in females. The magnitude of the mean height Z-score difference was greater in females (-0.87 ± 0.94) than males (-0.27 ± 0.90; P = .005), indicating growth was better in females than males. The following negative associations were identified: in females, interleukin (IL)-8 (P < .001) and IL-12p70 (P = .035) with gonadotropin-bone age-Z-scores; IL-8 (P = .010), IL-12p70 (P = .020), and interferon-γ (P = .004) with sex hormone-bone age-Z-scores, and IL-8 (P = .044) and interferon-γ (P < .001) with insulin-like growth factor 1-bone age-Z-scores; in males, IL-1 beta (P = .019) and IL-6 (P = .025) with insulin-like growth factor 1-bone age-Z-scores. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that sex-specific molecular pathways lead to growth impairment in children with CD (primarily growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis in males and primarily hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in females). Mapping these sex-specific molecular pathways may help in the development of sex-specific treatment approaches targeting the underlying inflammation characteristic of CD.
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Olczyk M, Czkwianianc E, Socha-banasiak A. Metabolic Bone Disorders in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:423. [PMID: 35330174 PMCID: PMC8954892 DOI: 10.3390/life12030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in the pediatric population. Entry observations demonstrate anemia, malabsorption, deficiencies in vitamin D and calcium. These aspects, together with the systemic action of pro-inflammatory cytokines and steroid therapy are widely recognized as factors influencing bone metabolism. Presently, however, there are very few studies that can be found in the scientific literature on metabolic disorders in patients with IBD, especially in the pediatric population as the coexistence has not been sufficiently examined and understood. This review aims to summarize the currently available literature, as well as assess which areas have information gaps and need further research.
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Gordon IO, Abushamma S, Kurowski JA, Holubar SD, Kou L, Lyu R, Rieder F. Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Is a Fibrotic Disease and Is Linked with Chronicity of Inflammation. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 16:804-821. [PMID: 34849664 PMCID: PMC9228908 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrosis has recently been characterised in adult ulcerative colitis and may affect motility, diarrhoea, and the symptom of urgency. We aimed to charactersze the presence of fibrosis in paediatric patients with ulcerative colitis, and its link to severity and chronicity of mucosal inflammation, as well as clinical factors of severity. METHODS We performed a single-centre cross-sectional study in children ages 1-18 years with ulcerative colitis, undergoing colectomy or proctocolectomy. Tissue cross-sections were derived from proximal, mid, and distal colon and rectum, and inflammation and fibrosis were graded based on previously developed scores. Clinical data were collected prospectively. RESULTS From 62 patients, 205 intestinal sections were evaluated. Median age at diagnosis was 13 years, 100% had extensive colitis, and all resections were done for refractory disease. The presence, chronicity, and degree of inflammation were linked with the presence of fibrosis. Thickness of the muscularis mucosa was also linked with presence and chronicity of inflammation. The overall submucosal fibrosis burden was associated with prior anti-tumour necrosis factor use. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric patients with ulcerative colitis exhibit colorectal submucosal fibrosis and muscularis mucosa thickening, which correlate with the presence, chronicity, and degree of mucosal inflammation. Fibrosis should be recognised as a complication of paediatric ulcerative colitis, and ulcerative colitis should be considered a progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyssa O Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suha Abushamma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO,USA
| | - Jacob A Kurowski
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stefan D Holubar
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lei Kou
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ruishen Lyu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Corresponding author: Florian Rieder, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue – A3, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. Tel.: +1 [216] 445 4916; fax: +1 [216] 636 0104;
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Adler J, Eder SJ, Gebremariam A, French KR, Moncion I, Singer AAM, Bass LM, Moran CJ, Picoraro JA, Moses J, Lewis JD, Sandberg KC, Mar SJ, Ebach DR, Saeed SA, Rosh JR, Neef HC, Kaplan JL, Goyal A, Del Rosario JF, Zacur GM. Development and Testing of a New Simplified Endoscopic Mucosal Assessment for Crohn's Disease: The SEMA-CD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1585-1592. [PMID: 33382069 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endoscopic mucosal improvement is the gold standard for assessing treatment efficacy in clinical trials of Crohn's disease. Current endoscopic indices are not routinely used in clinical practice. The lack of endoscopic information in large clinical registries limits their use for research. A quick, easy, and accurate method is needed for assessing mucosal improvement for clinicians in real-world practice. We developed and tested a novel simplified endoscopic mucosal assessment for Crohn's disease (SEMA-CD). METHODS We developed a 5-point scale for ranking endoscopic severity of ileum and colon based on Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD). Central readers were trained to perform SES-CD and SEMA-CD. Pediatric patients with Crohn's disease undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled. Video recordings of colonoscopies were de-identified and randomly assigned to blinded central readers. The SES-CD and SEMA-CD were scored for each video. The SES-CD was considered the validated standard for comparison. Correlation was assessed with Spearman rho, inter- and intrarater reliability with kappa statistics. RESULTS Fifty-seven colonoscopies were read a total of 212 times. Correlation between SEMA-CD and SES-CD was strong (rho = 0.98, P < 0.0001). Inter-rater reliability for SEMA-CD was 0.80, and intrarater reliability was 0.83. Central readers rated SEMA-CD as easier than SES-CD. CONCLUSION The SEMA-CD accurately and reproducibly correlates with the standard SES-CD. Central readers viewed SEMA-CD as easier than SES-CD. Use of SEMA-CD in practice should enable collecting mucosal improvement information in large populations of patients. This will improve the quality of research that can be conducted in clinical registries. External validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Adler
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally J Eder
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Acham Gebremariam
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelley Rose French
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ila Moncion
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew A M Singer
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lee M Bass
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Moses
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Kelly C Sandberg
- Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Shuemein J Mar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dawn R Ebach
- University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shehzad A Saeed
- Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joel R Rosh
- Goryeb Children's Hospital/Atlantic Health, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Haley C Neef
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jess L Kaplan
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alka Goyal
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - George M Zacur
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Kandavel P, Eder SJ, Adler J; ImproveCareNow Network Pediatric IBD Learning Health System. Reduced Systemic Corticosteroid Use among Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Large Learning Health System. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:345-51. [PMID: 34415262 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Corticosteroids have long been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. However, cumulative corticosteroid exposure is associated with adverse effects, particularly in growing children. Professional guidelines recommend steroid-sparing strategies. It remains unknown whether corticosteroid use has decreased in children with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We performed retrospective cohort study using data from 2007 to 2018 from the international multi-center ImproveCareNow Network, a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease quality improvement collaborative. Pediatric patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease were included. Patients with missing diagnosis or corticosteroid use data were excluded. We performed serial cross-sectional analyses of period prevalence and used multivariate regression models. RESULTS 27,321 patients were included (65% Crohn disease, 28% ulcerative colitis, 7% indeterminate colitis). Corticosteroids were used in 10,206 (37%). Corticosteroid use decreased from 28% (2007) to 12% (2018). Black patients received corticosteroids more commonly than white patients. This disparity improved as corticosteroid use decreased in both groups. Most corticosteroid use occurred <120 days after diagnosis. Corticosteroid or 5-aminosalicylate use <120 days after diagnosis predicted later corticosteroid use. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha medication use <120 days after diagnosis was associated with a reduction in corticosteroid use. As corticosteroid use decreased, steroid-sparing therapy use increased and height and weight z scores improved, particularly among children with Crohn disease. Despite improvement across the network, variation in corticosteroid usage remains. CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid use among pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the ImproveCareNow Network has decreased over time. Racial disparities in corticosteroid use were found, but gradually improved.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased bone fragility, demonstrated by increased fracture risk, and often have low bone density and altered bone geometry, but the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS Children and adolescents with IBD appear to have decreased bone formation, at diagnosis, which frequently improves with treatment of their underlying IBD. There is a growing body of evidence regarding how the immune system interacts with bone metabolism. There are likely multi-factorial etiologies that contribute to suboptimal bone accrual and subsequent lack of peak bone mass attainment in growing patients with IBD. There appears to be differential effects dependent upon IBD sub-type and bone compartment. Pediatric patients with IBD require recognition of several risk factors that may adversely impact their bone accrual. Future studies are necessary to further delineate the effects of IBD on pediatric bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Gordon
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Catherine M Gordon
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Agrawal M, Spencer EA, Colombel JF, Ungaro RC. Approach to the Management of Recently Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A User's Guide for Adult and Pediatric Gastroenterologists. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:47-65. [PMID: 33940007 PMCID: PMC8640961 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic, progressive, immune-mediated diseases of adults and children that have no cure. IBD can cause significant morbidity and lead to complications such as strictures, fistulas, infections, and cancer. In children, IBD can also result in growth impairment and pubertal delays. IBD is highly heterogenous, with severity ranging from mild to severe and symptoms ranging from mild to debilitating. Delay in IBD diagnosis, especially in Crohn's disease, is common and associated with adverse outcomes. Early diagnosis and prompt institution of treatment are the cornerstones for improving outcomes and maximizing health. Early diagnosis requires a low threshold of suspicion and red flags to guide early specialist referral at the primary provider level. Although the armamentarium of IBD medications is growing, many patients will not respond to treatment, and the selection of first-line therapy is critical. Risk stratification of disease severity, based on clinical, demographic, and serologic markers, can help guide selection of first-line therapy. Clinical decision support tools, genomics, and other biomarkers of response to therapy and risk of adverse events are the future of personalized medicine. After starting appropriate therapy, it is important to confirm remission using objective end points (treat to target) with continued control of inflammation with adjustment of therapy using surrogate biomarkers (tight control). Lastly, IBD therapy extends far beyond medications, and other aspects of the overall health and wellbeing of the patient are critical. These include preventive health, nutrition, and psychobehavioral support addressing patients' concerns around complementary therapy and medication adherence, prevention of disability, and ensuring open communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Agrawal
- The Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Elizabeth A. Spencer
- The Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ryan C. Ungaro
- The Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, Gokhale R, Goyal A, Patel AS, Guthery S, Sylvester F, Siebold L, Leu CS. Clinical Variables Associated With Statural Growth in Pediatric Crohn's Disease Differ by Sex (The Growth Study). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:751-759. [PMID: 32860033 PMCID: PMC8128382 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statural growth impairment is more common in male patients with Crohn's disease (CD). We identified clinical variables associated with height z score differences by sex in children participating in the Growth Study, a prospective multicenter longitudinal study examining sex differences in growth impairment in pediatric CD. METHODS Patients with CD (female patients with bone age [BA] ≥4 years 2 months and ≤12 years; male patients with BA ≥5 years and ≤14 years at screening) who had completed study visit 1 qualified. The height z score difference was computed as height z score based on chronological age minus height z score based on BA. RESULTS One hundred thirteen patients with CD (36% female) qualified. The mean chronological age was 12.0 ± 1.8 (SD) years. The magnitude of the mean height z score difference was significantly greater in female patients (-0.9 ± 0.8) than in male patients (-0.5 ± 0.9; P = 0.021). An initial classification of inflammatory bowel disease as CD (P = 0.038) and perianal disease behavior at diagnosis (P = 0.009) were associated with higher standardized height gain with BA progression, and arthralgia at symptom onset (P = 0.016), azathioprine/6-merpcaptopurine (P = 0.041), and probiotics (P ≤ 0.021) were associated with lower standardized height gain with BA progression in female patients. Patient-reported poor growth at symptom onset (P = 0.001), infliximab (P ≤ 0.025), biologics (P ≤ 0.015), methotrexate (P = 0.042), and vitamin D (P ≤ 0.010) were associated with higher standardized height gain with BA progression, and initial classification as CD (P = 0.025) and anorexia (P = 0.005) or mouth sores (P = 0.004) at symptom onset were associated with lower standardized height gain with BA progression in male patients. CONCLUSIONS Different clinical variables were associated with statural growth in male patients vs female patients, suggesting that sex-specific molecular pathways lead to statural growth impairment in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Howard Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ranjana Gokhale
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alka Goyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashish S Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Guthery
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Primary Children’s Hospital and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Francisco Sylvester
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leah Siebold
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheng-Shiun Leu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Steien DB, Dillman JR, Lopez MJ, Ehrlich P, Adler J. Morphometric Changes in Children With Small Bowel Crohn Disease During Induction of Therapy: A Pilot Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:603-9. [PMID: 33264183 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children and adolescents with Crohn disease (CD) commonly gain weight during treatment induction, which is thought to be a marker of better health. Body composition is, however, rarely assessed at diagnosis, and changes during early treatment are not often quantified. Therefore, it is unknown if these gains are truly healthy. We sought to evaluate skeletal muscle changes during initial treatment for CD by using routine imaging. METHODS Single-center prospective study. Pediatric patients diagnosed with small bowel CD underwent serial magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) imaging, laboratory testing, and disease-activity assessment, at diagnosis, 1 and 6 months of treatment. MRE-based cross-sectional morphometry was used to measure psoas muscle cross sectional area (CSA). Psoas CSA z-scores were calculated using normative data. RESULTS We enrolled 30 children (ages 9--17 years). Twenty-eight of 30 (93%) received anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and 4 required surgical resection. Children with below-average psoas CSA and body mass index (BMI) z-scores at diagnosis were much more likely to fail treatment or undergo surgery by 6 months compared with those with higher z-scores (55% vs 0%; P = 0.001). Children with no activity limitations at diagnosis had significantly larger muscle gains in the first month, compared with those whose activity was limited at diagnosis (P = 0.012). Most patients had higher psoas CSA z-scores by 6 months, and these increases were associated with weight and BMI z-score increases. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal muscle growth contributes to weight gain during treatment induction in most patients with CD. Psoas muscle CSA on diagnostic imaging may have prognostic value in children with CD.
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Abstract
Growth delay with height and weight impairment is a common feature of pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (PIBD). Up to 2/3 of Crohn Disease patients have impaired weight at diagnosis, and up to 1/3 have impaired height. Ulcerative colitis usually manifests earlier with less impaired growth, though patients can be affected. Ultimately, growth delay, if not corrected, can reduce final adult height. Weight loss, reduced bone mass, and pubertal delay are also concerns associated with growth delay in newly diagnosed PIBD patients. The mechanisms for growth delay in IBD are multifactorial and include reduced nutrient intake, poor absorption, increased fecal losses, as well as direct effects from inflammation and treatment modalities. Management of growth delay requires optimal disease control. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), biologic therapy, and corticosteroids are the primary induction strategies used in PIBD, and both EEN and biologics positively impact growth and bone development. Beyond adequate disease control, growth delay and pubertal delay require a multidisciplinary approach, dependent on diligent monitoring and identification, nutritional rehabilitation, and involvement of endocrinology and psychiatry services as needed. Pitfalls that clinicians may encounter when managing growth delay include refeeding syndrome, obesity (even in the setting of malnutrition), and restrictive diets. Although treatment of PIBD has improved substantially in the last several decades with the era of biologic therapies and EEN, there is still much to be learned about growth delay in PIBD in order to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wong
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Stollery Children's Hospital, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Daniela Migliarese Isaac
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Pediatric IBD Clinic (EPIC), Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Stollery Children's Hospital, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Edmonton Pediatric IBD Clinic (EPIC), Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Stollery Children's Hospital, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Li H, Huo J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang C. Eudragit S100-coated halloysite nanotube/chitosan microspheres for colon-targeted release of paeoniflorin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 61:102258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sandberg K, Yarger E, Saeed S. Updates in diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2020; 50:100785. [PMID: 32402535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is stable in developed countries, but rising in developing countries. Presenting symptoms of IBD can be highly variable. New imaging modalities, a greater armamentarium of therapeutic options, and a greater understanding of complication risks have changed the diagnosis and management of pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. Effective teamwork among those who care for pediatric patients with IBD minimizes complications and maximizes desired outcomes.
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