1
|
Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:60. [PMID: 32765200 PMCID: PMC7398598 DOI: 10.18332/tid/123845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is relevant to infectious diseases resulting in increased prevalence and mortality. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of smoking in various infections and to explain the potential mechanisms. We searched PubMed and other relevant databases for scientific studies that explored the relationship between smoking and infection. The mechanisms of susceptibility to infection in smokers may include alteration of the structural, functional and immunologic host defences. Smoking is one of the main risk factors for infections in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other systems in humans, increasing the prevalence of HIV, tuberculosis, SARS-CoV, and the current SARS-CoV-2. Smoking cessation can reduce the risk of infection. Smoking increases the incidence of infections and aggravates the progress and prognosis of infectious diseases in a dose-dependent manner. Smoking cessation promotion and education are the most practical and economical preventive measures to reduce aggravation of disease infection owing to tobacco use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- Department of Gerontology and Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingxuan Xie
- Department of Gerontology and Respirology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Day AT, Fakhry C, Tiro JA, Dahlstrom KR, Sturgis EM. Considerations in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening: A Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 146:656-664. [PMID: 32379293 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is anticipated to rise over the next few decades until the effects of prophylactic vaccination are realized, which highlights the potential importance of secondary prevention. The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence associated with screening for HPV-positive OPC. Observations Evaluation of a potential clinical preventive screening service requires characterization of the disease burden, the at-risk target screening population, screening tests, treatment, and screening benefits and harms. The lifetime risk of OPC is 0.7% for men and 0.2% for women and is expected to increase. The disease burden of HPV-positive OPC is substantial; most patients undergo morbid multimodality treatment and incur high costs in the process. Middle-aged and older adult men with elevated number of lifetime vaginal or oral sex partners are at highest risk. Patients may benefit from early detection of the disease-the 4-year overall survival of patients with stage I HPV-positive OPC is 87%, a considerable portion of whom are eligible for less morbid single-modality therapy. However, available screening tests are insufficiently sensitive and specific considering the current HPV-positive OPC incidence rates in the most at-risk patients. Further, the benefits and harms of screening for HPV-positive OPC are unknown. Conclusions and Relevance The current and projected future population-level burden of HPV-positive OPC supports further exploration of secondary preventive interventions. However, screening for HPV-positive OPC is not currently justified. Advances in biomarker discovery and improved characterization of (1) a highly at-risk, target screening population and (2) the benefits and harms of screening will be necessary. Large-scale clinical trials and rigorous evaluation of how to best implement this service into clinical practice will also be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Day
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jasmin A Tiro
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Kristina R Dahlstrom
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Z, Nyitray AG, Hwang LY, Swartz MD, Abrahamsen M, Lazcano-Ponce E, Villa LL, Giuliano AR. Acquisition, Persistence, and Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Male Virgins Residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:767-776. [PMID: 29165581 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in male virgins. This study estimated the incidence and clearance of genital HPV infection and the factors associated with these measures among men who denied at baseline ever having penetrative sex. Methods A cohort of 4123 men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States were followed every 6 months for up to 10 visits. Genital exfoliated cells were collected and genotyped for 36 HPV types. Eighty-seven men were classified as virgins and included for analysis. Cox proportional hazards models identified factors associated with the incidence and clearance of genital HPV infection. Results The incidence rates for any HPV infection among virgins who did and those who did not initiate sex during follow-up were 26.2 and 14.6 cases/1000 person-months, respectively. After penetrative sex initiation, 45.5% of men acquired HPV within 24 months. Younger age, current smoking, no recent female sex partners, and prevalent HPV infection were associated with high-risk HPV clearance. Conclusion Virgins who did not initiate sex during follow-up still acquired HPV infection, possibly through nonpenetrative sexual contact. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to better understand factors associated with HPV acquisition and clearance in male virgins and recent nonvirgins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Alan G Nyitray
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Lu-Yu Hwang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston.,Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Martha Abrahamsen
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Luisa L Villa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo Department of Radiology and Oncology, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sichero L, Giuliano AR, Villa LL. Human Papillomavirus and Genital Disease in Men: What We Have Learned from the HIM Study. Acta Cytol 2019; 63:109-117. [PMID: 30799416 DOI: 10.1159/000493737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is currently recognized that in addition to the major impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in females, HPV causes considerable disease in men at the genitals, anal canal, and oropharynx. Specifically, genital HPV infections may progress to genital warts and penile carcinoma. Although studies concerning the natural history of HPV infections and associated neoplasias have mainly focused on women, during the last 2 decades considerable attention has been given in further understanding these infections in men. The HIM (HPV infection in men) Study, the only prospective multicenter study of male HPV natural history, consisted of a large prospective international cohort study in which men from Brazil, the United States, and Mexico were enrolled. The design and protocols of this study allowed unraveling crucial information regarding the relationship between HPV infection and clinical consequences in men, and associated risk factors at each of the anatomic sites where HPV is known to cause cancer in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sichero
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, and the Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rall KK, Schoenfisch B, Schoeller D, Stefanescu D, Koelle A, Henes M, Huebner M, Taran FA, Seeger H, Iftner A, Iftner T, Brucker SY. Vaginal prevalence of human papillomavirus infections in women with uterovaginal aplasia before and after laparoscopically assisted creation of a neovagina: a prospective epidemiological observational study. BJOG 2018; 126:65-72. [PMID: 29992731 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study vaginal as opposed to cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) acquisition with regard to true prevalence, HPV types, and the role of co-factors in virgins and after their sexual debut. DESIGN Prospective epidemiological observational study. SETTING University hospital specialised in genital malformations. POPULATION Women diagnosed with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) and undergoing neovaginoplasty between November 2011 and July 2017. METHODS This is a prospective study including 186 women with MRKHS before and after sexual debut. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Conventional vaginal cytology and different HPV tests were performed at surgery and during routine gynaecological follow-up 1, 3, 6 and ≥ 11 months after surgery and risk factors were documented. RESULTS The mean age of all women at surgery was 20.1 years (SD 5.4), mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.1 kg/m2 (SD 4.6). In 83 vaginal samples from 41 different women at least one of the HPV tests was positive. Thirty-three different HPV types were detected. The prevalence of 41/186 = 22.0% as well as type distribution are comparable with those found in a young German female population. The overall rate of acquisition was clearly associated with sexual activity and smoking habits. Out of 367 Papanicolaou smears only six were abnormal with Pap IIID (MN II) and no obvious vaginal lesion was detected. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal HPV prevalence and HPV types in previously virgin women after creation of a neovagina are not different from the acquisition of cervical infections in the general population and is clearly associated with sexual activity and with smoking habits. However, abnormal Papanicolaou smears are rarely seen. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Vaginal HPV prevalence after creation of a neovagina is similar to that on the cervix in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Rall
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Schoenfisch
- Department of Women's Health, Research Centre for Women's Health, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Schoeller
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Stefanescu
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Koelle
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Henes
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Huebner
- Women's Centre Bern, Lindenhofgruppe, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F A Taran
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Seeger
- Department of Women's Health, Research Centre for Women's Health, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Y Brucker
- Department of Women's Health, Women's University Hospital, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Centre for Women's Health, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sudenga SL, Torres BN, Silva R, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Abrahamsen M, Baggio ML, Salmeron J, Quiterio M, Giuliano AR. Comparison of the Natural History of Genital HPV Infection among Men by Country: Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1043-1052. [PMID: 28446543 PMCID: PMC5556383 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Male genital human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and incidence has been reported to vary by geographical location. Our objective was to assess the natural history of genital HPV by country among men with a median of 48 months of follow-up.Methods: Men ages 18-70 years were recruited from United States (n = 1,326), Mexico (n = 1,349), and Brazil (n = 1,410). Genital specimens were collected every 6 months and HPV genotyping identified 37 HPV genotypes. Prevalence of HPV was compared between the three countries using the Fisher exact test. Incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The median time to HPV clearance among men with an incident infection was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: The prevalence and incidence of the genital HPV types known to cause disease in males (HPV 16 and 6) was significantly higher among men from Brazil than men from Mexico. Prevalence and incidence of those genital HPV types in the United States varied between being comparable with those of Mexico or Brazil. Although genital HPV16 duration was significantly longer in Brazil (P = 0.04) compared with Mexico and the United States, HPV6 duration was shortest in Brazil (P = 0.03) compared with Mexico and the United States.Conclusions: Men in Brazil and Mexico often have similar, if not higher prevalence of HPV compared with men from the United States.Impact: Currently, there is no routine screening for genital HPV among males and while HPV is common in men, and most naturally clear the infection, a proportion of men do develop HPV-related diseases. Men may benefit from gender-neutral vaccine policies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(7); 1043-52. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Sudenga
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - B Nelson Torres
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Roberto Silva
- Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa L Villa
- School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martha Abrahamsen
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maria Luiza Baggio
- School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|