1
|
Wan H, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang P, Wen W, Nie J. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis identifies a citrus ERF transcription factor CsERF003 as flavonoid activator. Plant Sci 2023; 334:111762. [PMID: 37295731 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) modulation is a promising strategy for plant flavonoid improvement. Here, we observed evident decreases in some major flavones and flavonols and the expression of some key related genes in a 'Newhall' navel orange mutant (MT) relative to the wild type (WT). A consistently downregulated ERF TF CsERF003 in MT could increase the contents of major flavonoids and the precursor phenylalanine when transiently overexpressed in citrus fruit. Overexpression of CsERF003 in 'Micro-Tom' tomato (OE) resulted in a darker and redder fruit color than wild type 'Micro-Tom' (WTm). Two major flavonoids, naringeninchalcone and kaempferolrutinoside, were averagely induced by 7.99- and 36.83-fold in OEs, respectively, while little change was observed in other polyphenols, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. Key genes involved in the initiation of phenylpropanoid (PAL, 4CH, and 4CL) and flavonoid (CHS and CHI) biosynthesis were up-regulated, while most genes participating in the biosynthesis of other polyphenols, such as HCT and CCR, were down-regulated in OEs. Therefore, it could be concluded that carbon flux floods into the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and is then specifically directed for flavonoid biosynthesis. CsERF003 may be a potentially promising gene for fruit quality improvement and engineering of natural flavonoid components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Wan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yihui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Qingdao Agriculture Products Quality and Safety Center, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Q, Zhang Y, Qu X, Wu F, Li X, Ren M, Tong Y, Wu X, Yang A, Chen Y, Chen S. Genome-wide analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferases family and identification of UGT genes involved in abiotic stress and flavonol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:204. [PMID: 37076827 PMCID: PMC10114341 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uridine disphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferases (UGTs) act upon a huge variety of highly diverse and complex substrates, such as phytohormones and specialized metabolites, to regulate plant growth, development, disease resistance, and environmental interactions. However, a comprehensive investigation of UGT genes in tobacco has not been conducted. RESULTS In this study, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of family-1 UDP glycosyltransferases in Nicotiana tabacum. We predicted 276 NtUGT genes, which were classified into 18 major phylogenetic subgroups. The NtUGT genes were invariably distributed among all the 24 chromosomes with structural diversity in exon/intron structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements of promoters. Three groups of proteins which involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, plant growth and development, transportation and modification were identified that interact with NtUGT proteins using the PPI analysis. Expression analysis of NtUGT genes in cold stress, drought stress and different flower color using both online RNA-Seq data and the realtime PCR analysis, suggested the distinct role of NtUGT genes in resistance of cold, drought and in flavonoid biosynthesis. The enzymatic activities of seven NtUGT proteins that potentially involved in flavonoid glycosylation were analyzed, and found that all seven exhibited activity on myricetin; six (NtUGT108, NtUGT123, NtUGT141, NtUGT155, NtUGT179, and NtUGT195) showed activity on cyanidin; and three (NtUGT108, NtUGT195, and NtUGT217) were active on the flavonol aglycones kaempferol and quercetin, which catalyzing the substrates (myricetin, cyanidin or flavonol) to form new products. We further investigated the enzymatic products and enzymatic properties of NtUGT108, NtUGT195, and NtUGT217, suggested their diverse enzymatic activity toward flavonol, and NtUGT217 showed the highest catalyzed efficient toward quercetin. Overexpression of NtUGT217 significantly increase the content levels of the quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in transgenic tobacco leaves. CONCLUSION We identified 276 UGT genes in Nicotiana tabacum. Our study uncovered valuable information about the phylogenetic structure, distribution, genomic characters, expression patterns and enzymatic activity of NtUGT genes in tobacco. We further identified three NtUGT genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and overexpressed NtUGT217 to validate its function in catalyze quercetin. The results provide key candidate NtUGT genes for future breeding of cold and drought resistance and for potential metabolic engineering of flavonoid compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qujing Tobacco Company of Yunnan Province, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Yinchao Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoling Qu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fengyan Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Min Ren
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiuming Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- China National Tobacco Corporation, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang H, Wu F, Jiang X, Pu YF, Shen LR, Wu CY, Bai HJ. Antioxidative, cytoprotective and whitening activities of fragrant pear fruits at different growth stages. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1020855. [PMID: 36245497 PMCID: PMC9562439 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear is one of the most popular fruits in the world. With the fruit ripening, a series of physiological changes have taken place in fragrant pear, but up to now, the research on the metabolism and biological activity of phenolic compounds in different growth stages of fragrant pear is still lacking. In this study, four kinds of Xinjiang pears were selected as research objects, and the changes of phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, cell protection and whitening activity during fruit development were analyzed. The results showed that the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of four pear varieties presented a decreasing trend throughout the developmental stages. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the four pears in the young fruit stage were the highest, and the active ingredients of the Nanguo pear were higher than the other three pear fruits. Pear extract could protect cells by eliminating excessive ROS in cells, especially in young fruit stage. The western blot results showed that the extract of fragrant pear in the young fruit stage could inhibit the expression of TYR, TYR1 and MITF in B16 cells, and it was speculated that the extract of fragrant pear in the young fruit stage might have good whitening activity. Therefore, the findings suggest that young pear display a good antioxidant potential and could have a good application prospect in food preservation and health product industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Yun-Feng Pu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Yun Wu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, Tarim University, Alar, China
- *Correspondence: Cui-Yun Wu,
| | - Hong-Jin Bai
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar, China
- Hong-Jin Bai,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Compounds that confer a bitter taste on fruits and vegetables (FAVs) play crucial roles in both plant defense and health promotion. This review details the current knowledge of the distribution, properties (toxicity, pharmacological effects and receptors) and environmental plant responses relating to the biosynthesis, catabolism and transcriptional regulation of 53 bitter plant metabolites in diverse species of FAVs. Some bitter compounds, such as flavonoids, are common in all plant species and make a minor contribution to bitter flavor, but many are synthesized only in specific taxa. They make major contributions to the bitter taste of the corresponding species and some also have significant pharmacological effects. Levels of bitter metabolites are genetically determined, but various environmental cues can affect their final concentration during preharvest development and postharvest storage processes. Molecular approaches are helping to unravel the mechanisms of biosynthesis and regulation of bitter compounds in diverse crop species. This review not only discusses the theoretical basis for utilizing breeding programs and other agricultural technologies to produce FAVs with improved safety, favorable taste and healthier profiles, but also suggests new directions for the utilization of bitter compounds in FAVs for the development of natural pesticides and health-promoting medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant & Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang ZY, Cao XY, Zheng XW, Wang TQ, Wang JN, Feng F, Ye CH. Biochemical, transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the pulp of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Hong Jiang’ and its two variants reveal pathways regulating pulp taste, mastication, and color. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
6
|
Lu Z, Huang Y, Mao S, Wu F, Liu Y, Mao X, Adhikari PB, Xu Y, Wang L, Zuo H, Rao MJ, Xu Q. The high-quality genome of pummelo provides insights into the tissue-specific regulation of citric acid and anthocyanin during domestication. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhac175. [PMID: 36238347 PMCID: PMC9552194 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid and anthocyanin contents were co-selected during Citrus domestication. Pummelo is a founding species in the Citrus genus, but the domestication of pummelo has not been well studied. Here, we compared the citric acid and anthocyanin contents of a low citric acid pummelo (Citrus maxima LCA) and its high citric acid variety (HCA) from the same cultivation area in China. Our study revealed that, unlike the LCA type, the HCA variety accumulated anthocyanin in the pericarp early in fruit development. To investigate the genetic basis of acid and anthocyanin enrichment in HCA pulp and pericarp, respectively, we generated a chromosome-scale HCA genome using long-read sequence reads and Hi-C sequencing data. Transcriptome analysis and transient overexpression assays showed that the accumulation of citric acid and anthocyanin was associated with high expression of CgANTHOCYANIN1 (CgAN1), and two different MYBs transcription factors (CgPH4 and CgRuby1), respectively. Moreover, the CgAN1 promoter was more methylated in the LCA pulp than in the HCA pulp. Treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alleviated the CgAN1 promoter hypermethylation in the LCA pulp, leading to increased CgAN1 expression and citric acid content. This study provides a new high-quality pummelo genome and insight into the molecular mechanism behind the change in tissue-specific citric acid and anthocyanin accumulation during pummelo domestication and provides a conceptual basis for precise genetic manipulation in fruit flavor breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sangyin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Research Center of Majia Pummelo, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiangqing Mao
- Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Area, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen N, Wang T, Gan Q, Liu S, Wang L, Jin B. Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2022; 383:132531. [PMID: 35413752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of natural polyphenol substances abundant in vegetables, fruits, grains, and tea. As plant secondary metabolites, flavonoids play essential roles in many biological processes and responses to environmental factors in plants. Flavonoids are common in human diets and have antioxidant effects as well as other bioactivities (e.g., antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties), which reduce the risk of disease. Flavonoid bioactivity depends on structural substitution patterns in their C6-C3-C6 rings. However, reviews of plant flavonoid distribution and biosynthesis, as well as the health benefits of its bioactivity, remain scarce. Therefore, in the present review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research of plant flavonoids, focusing on their biosynthesis (pathway and transcription factors) and bioactive mechanisms based on epidemic evidence, in vitro and in vivo research, and bioavailability in the human body. We also discuss future opportunities in flavonoid research, including biotechnology, therapeutic phytoproducts, and dietary flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tongfei Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Gan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen J, Shi Y, Zhong Y, Sun Z, Niu J, Wang Y, Chen T, Chen J, Luan M. Transcriptome Analysis and HPLC Profiling of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Citrus aurantium L. during Its Key Developmental Stages. Biology 2022; 11:biology11071078. [PMID: 36101454 PMCID: PMC9313048 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (sour orange) is a significant Chinese medicinal and fruit crop rich in flavonoids. However, the pathways and genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis at the key developmental stages of Citrus aurantium L. are not fully understood. This study found that the total flavonoid concentration gradually decreased as the fruit developed. Additionally, it showed that neohesperidin was the main flavonoid in the early stages of sour orange fruit development. However, as the development stage progressed, naringin content increased rapidly and emerged as the main flavonoid component. From 27 cDNA libraries, RNA sequencing yielded 16.64 billion clean bases, including 8989 differentially expressed genes. We identified 74 flavonoid related unigenes mapped to the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. A total of 152 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes (UGTs) were identified from C. aurantium L. transcriptome database, in which 22 key flavonoid-correlated UGTs were divided into five main AtGT groups: E, G, I, L, M. We observed that the ethylene responsive factors (ERF) and myeloblastosis (MYB) family mainly regulated the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Overall, our study generated extensive and detailed transcriptome data on the development of C. aurantium L. and characterized the flavonoid biosynthesis pattern during its fruit developmental stages. These results will benefit genetic modification or selection to increase the flavonoid content in sour oranges.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang Z, Gao H, Liu R, Xia M, Lu Y, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li D, Tong Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Luo Y, Gao J, Yin Y, Huang L, Gao W. Key Glycosyltransferase Genes of Panax notoginseng: Identification and Engineering Yeast Construction of Rare Ginsenosides. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2394-2404. [PMID: 35687875 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most famous valuable medical plants in China, and its broad application in clinical treatment has an inseparable relationship with the active molecules, ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are glycoside compounds that have varied structures for the diverse sugar chain. Although extensive work has been done, there are still unknown steps in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. Here, we screened candidate glycosyltransferase genes based on the previous genome and transcriptome data of P. notoginseng and cloned the full length of 27 UGT genes successfully. Among them, we found that PnUGT33 could catalyze different ginsenoside substrates to produce higher polarity rare ginsenosides by extending the sugar chain. We further analyzed the enzymatic kinetics and predicted the catalytic mechanism of PnUGT33 by simulating molecular docking. After that, we reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of rare ginsenoside Rg3 and gypenoside LXXV in yeast. By combining the Golden Gate method and overexpressing the UDPG biosynthetic genes, we further improved the yield of engineering yeast strain. Finally, the shake-flask culture yield of Rg3 reached 51 mg/L and the fed-batch fermentation yield of gypenoside LXXV reached 94.5 mg/L, which was the first and highest record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Panting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Huang H, Rizwan HM, Wang N, Jiang J, She W, Zheng G, Pan H, Guo Z, Pan D, Pan T. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Lignin-Related Genes and Transcription Factors during Fruit Development in Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35627230 PMCID: PMC9140673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juice sac granulation (a physiological disorder) leads to large postharvest losses of pomelo (Citrus maxima). Previous studies have shown that juice sac granulation is closely related to lignin accumulation, while the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain elusive in pomelo. Our results showed that the lignin content in NC (near the core) and FC (far away from the core) juice sacs overall increased from 157 DPA (days post anthesis) to 212 DPA and reached a maximum at 212 DPA. Additionally, the lignin content of NC juice sacs was higher than that of FC juice sacs. In this study, we used transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to address how lignin formation in NC and FC juice sacs is generated during the development of pomelo. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, we found a most correlated module (black module) to the lignin content, then we used the 11 DEGs in this module as hub genes for lignin biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), HCT (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase), 4CL2 (4-coumarate: CoA ligase), C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), C3'H (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase), and CCoAOMT1 (caffeoyl CoA 3-Omethyltransferase) were the most distinct DEGs in granulated juice sacs. Co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, OFP6, and bHLH130 are highly correlated with lignin formation. In addition, the expression patterns of the DEGs related to lignin biosynthesis and transcription factors were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-seq results. These results would be beneficial for further studies on the molecular mechanism of lignin accumulation in pomelo juice sacs and would help with citrus breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Naiyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Wenqin She
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Zhixiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Borredá C, Perez-Roman E, Talon M, Terol J. Comparative transcriptomics of wild and commercial Citrus during early ripening reveals how domestication shaped fruit gene expression. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35300613 PMCID: PMC8928680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridizations and admixtures were key in Citrus domestication, but very little is known about their impact at the transcriptomic level. To determine the effects of genome introgressions on gene expression, the transcriptomes of the pulp and flavedo of three pure species (citron, pure mandarin and pummelo) and four derived domesticated genetic admixtures (sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and domesticated mandarin) have been analyzed at color break. RESULTS Many genes involved in relevant physiological processes for domestication, such sugar/acid metabolism and carotenoid/flavonoid synthesis, were differentially expressed among samples. In the low-sugar, highly acidic species lemon and citron, many genes involved in sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle and GABA shunt displayed a reduced expression, while the P-type ATPase CitPH5 and most subunits of the vacuolar ATPase were overexpressed. The red-colored species and admixtures were generally characterized by the overexpression in the flavedo of specific pivotal genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase, β-lycopene cyclase and CCD4b, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. The expression patterns of many genes involved in flavonoid modifications, especially the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases showed extreme diversity. However, the most noticeable differential expression was shown by a chalcone synthase gene, which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This chalcone synthase was exclusively expressed in mandarins and their admixed species, which only expressed the mandarin allele. In addition, comparisons between wild and domesticated mandarins revealed that the major differences between their transcriptomes concentrate in the admixed regions. CONCLUSION In this work we present a first study providing broad evidence that the genome introgressions that took place during citrus domestication largely shaped gene expression in their fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Wu L, Wang C, Wang Y, He L, Wang Z, Ma X, Bai F, Feng G, Liu J, Jiang Y, Song F. Characterization of pectin methylesterase gene family and its possible role in juice sac granulation in navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:185. [PMID: 35249536 PMCID: PMC8900419 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus is one of the most important fresh fruit crops worldwide. Juice sac granulation is a physiological disorder, which leads to a reduction in soluble solid concentration, total sugar, and titratable acidity of citrus fruits. Pectin methylesterase (PME) catalyzes the de-methylesterification of homogalacturonans and plays crucial roles in cell wall modification during plant development and fruit ripening. Although PME family has been well investigated in various model plants, little is known regarding the evolutionary property and biological function of PME family genes in citrus. RESULTS In this study, 53 non-redundant PME genes were identified from Citrus sinensis genome, and these PME genes were divided into four clades based on the phylogenetic relationship. Subsequently, bioinformatics analyses of gene structure, conserved domain, chromosome localization, gene duplication, and collinearity were performed on CsPME genes, providing important clues for further research on the functions of CsPME genes. The expression profiles of CsPME genes in response to juice sac granulation and low-temperature stress revealed that CsPME genes were involved in the low temperature-induced juice sac granulation in navel orange fruits. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that CsPME genes were localized on the apoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and vacuole membrane. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid screening and dual luciferase activity assay revealed that the transcription factor CsRVE1 directly bound to the promoter of CsPME3 and activated its activity. CONCLUSION In summary, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the PME gene family in citrus, and provides a novel insight into the biological functions and regulation patterns of CsPME genes during juice sac granulation of citrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Ce Wang
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ligang He
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Fuxi Bai
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China
| | - Guizhi Feng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Jihong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China.
| | - Fang Song
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Z, Chen X, Guo Z, Feng X, Huang P, Du M, Zalán Z, Kan J. Distribution and natural variation of free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble-bound phenolic compounds in brocade orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel. Food Res Int 2022; 153:110958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
14
|
Saini RK, Ranjit A, Sharma K, Prasad P, Shang X, Gowda KGM, Keum YS. Bioactive Compounds of Citrus Fruits: A Review of Composition and Health Benefits of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Limonoids, and Terpenes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:239. [PMID: 35204122 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to the reduced risk of many diseases related to metabolic syndrome, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. Citrus, the genus Citrus L., is one of the most important fruit crops, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, limonoids, and many other bioactive compounds of nutritional and nutraceutical value. Moreover, polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), a unique class of bioactive flavonoids, abundantly occur in citrus fruits. In addition, citrus essential oil, rich in limonoids and terpenes, is an economically important product due to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and flavoring properties. Mechanistic, observational, and intervention studies have demonstrated the health benefits of citrus bioactives in minimizing the risk of metabolic syndrome. This review provides a comprehensive view of the composition of carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and limonoids of citrus fruits and their associated health benefits.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen J, Tomes S, Gleave AP, Hall W, Luo Z, Xu J, Yao JL. Significant improvement of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) transgenic plant production by pre-transformation with a Baby boom transcription factor. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhab014. [PMID: 35039859 PMCID: PMC8795818 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BABY BOOM (BBM) is a member of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family and its expression has been shown to improve herbaceous plant transformation and regeneration. However, this improvement has not been shown clearly for tree species. This study demonstrated that the efficiency of transgenic apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) plant production was dramatically increased by ectopic expression of the MdBBM1 gene. "Royal Gala" apple plants were first transformed with a CaMV35S-MdBBM1 construct (MBM) under kanamycin selection. These MBM transgenic plants exhibited enhanced shoot regeneration from leaf explants on tissue culture media, with most plants displaying a close-to-normal phenotype compared with CaMV35S-GUS transgenic plants when grown under greenhouse conditions, the exception being that some plants had slightly curly leaves. Thin leaf sections revealed the MBM plants produced more cells than the GUS plants, indicating that ectopic-expression of MdBBM1 enhanced cell division. Transcriptome analysis showed that mRNA levels for cell division activators and repressors linked to hormone (auxin, cytokinin and brassinosteroid) signalling pathways were enhanced and reduced, respectively, in the MBM plants compared with the GUS plants. Plants of eight independent MBM lines were compared with the GUS plants by re-transforming them with an herbicide-resistant gene construct. The number of transgenic plants produced per 100 leaf explants was 0-3% for the GUS plants, 3-8% for five MBM lines, and 20-30% for three MBM lines. Our results provided a solution for overcoming the barriers to transgenic plant production in apple, and possibly in other trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wendy Hall
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 32 Gangwan Road
Zhengzhou 450009, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li W, Li G, Yuan Z, Li M, Deng X, Tan M, Ma Y, Chen J, Xu J. Illustration of the variation in the content of flavanone rutinosides in various citrus germplasms from genetic and enzymatic perspectives. Hortic Res 2022; 9:6510704. [PMID: 35040975 PMCID: PMC8788359 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, 1,6-rhamnosytransferase (1,6RhaT) and 1,2-rhamnosytransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyze flavanone-7-O-glucosides to form nonbitter flavanone rutinosides (FRs) and bitter flavanone neohesperidosides (FNs), respectively. As revealed in this study of fruit peels from 36 citrus accessions, FRs varied from undetectable levels in pummelo and kumquat to being the dominant flavonoids in sweet orange and loose-skin mandarins. Furthermore, a previously annotated full-length 1,6RhaT-like gene was identified as another 1,6RhaT-encoding gene by in vitro experiments. In total, 28 alleles of full-length 1,6RhaTs were isolated and classified into A, B and C types with only type A alleles encoding a functional protein. Coincidently, only the accessions that contained FRs harbored type A alleles, as was further verified in two F1 hybrid populations. Moreover, the inferior substrate conversion efficiency of 1,6RhaTs in comparison with that of 1,2RhaT in vitro might partly explain the lower proportions of FRs to total flavanone disaccharides in citrus hybrids harboring both functional rhamnosyltransferases. Our findings provide a better understanding of FR content variations among citrus and are meaningful for a mechanistic illustration of citrus flavonoid metabolism and fruit quality improvement practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Guizhou Fruit Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Jinnong Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Gu Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meilian Tan
- The Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Xudong Second Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- Guizhou Fruit Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Jinnong Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Li G, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Li W, Peng Z, Shi M, Ding W, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Yao JL, Xu J. Primary Bitter Taste of Citrus is Linked to a Functional Allele of the 1,2-Rhamnosyltransferase Gene Originating from Citrus grandis. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:9869-9882. [PMID: 34410124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyzes the final step of production of flavanone neohesperidoside (FNH) that is responsible for the primary bitter taste of citrus fruits. In this study, species-specific flavonoid profiles were determined in 87 Citrus accessions by identifying eight main flavanone glycosides (FGs). Accumulation of FNHs was completely correlated to the presence of the 1,2RhaT gene in 87 citrus accessions analyzed using a novel 1,2RhaT-specific DNA marker. Pummelo (Citrus grandis) was identified as the genetic origin for a function allele of 1,2RhaT that underpinned FNH-bitterness in modern citrus cultivars. In addition, genes encoding six MYB and five bHLH transcription factors were shown to coexpress with 1,2RhaT and other flavonoid pathway genes related to FNH accumulation, indicating that these transcription factors may affect the fruit taste of citrus. This study provides a better understanding of bitterness formation in Citrus varieties and a genetic marker for the early selection of nonbitterness lines in citrus breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Gu Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huixian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Gao J, Qie Q, Yang Y, Hou S, Wang X, Li X, Han Y. Comparative Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica) with Different Eating Quality. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:578. [PMID: 34207187 DOI: 10.3390/life11060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important minor cereal crop in China. The yellow color of the de-husked grain is the most direct aspect for evaluating the foxtail millet quality. The yellow pigment mainly includes carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and flavonoids. To reveal the diversity and specificity of flavonoids in foxtail millet, we chose three high eating quality and two poor eating quality varieties as research materials. A total of 116 flavonoid metabolites were identified based on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system. The tested varieties contained similar levels of flavonoid metabolites, but with each variety accumulating its unique flavonoid metabolites. A total of 33 flavonoid metabolites were identified as significantly discrepant between high eating quality and poor eating quality varieties, which were mainly in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and one of its branches, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway. These results showed the diversified components of flavonoids accumulated in foxtail millets and laid the foundation for further research on flavonoids and the breeding for high-quality foxtail millet varieties.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hou J, Liang L, Su M, Yang T, Mao X, Wang Y. Variations in phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of navel orange at different growth stages. Food Chem 2021; 360:129980. [PMID: 33984563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ripe navel orange has abundant amounts of phenolic compounds. Few studies monitored changes in these compounds during ripening. In this study, the effects of navel orange maturation on dynamic changes in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic acids were investigated. Five growth stages of navel orange were studied, and nine phenolic acids were detected via high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ-MS). Results showed that antioxidant activity, TFC and TPC decreased gradually with fruit ripening. The concentrations of most phenolic acids also declined during fruit maturation, except for free fractions of sinapic acid and bound fractions of ferulic and caffeic acids. Ferulic acid was the most dominant of all phenolic acids at all growth stages. Partial least-squares showed significant differences among fruits of different maturities. A significant correlation between antioxidant capacity, TPC, TFC and some phenolic acids was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuejin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peng Z, Zhang H, Li W, Yuan Z, Xie Z, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Chen J, Xu J. Comparative profiling and natural variation of polymethoxylated flavones in various citrus germplasms. Food Chem 2021; 354:129499. [PMID: 33752115 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are the main dietary source of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) with significant effects on consumer health. In this study, eleven main PMFs were evaluated in the fruit flavedo or leaves of 116 citrus accessions via UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS combined with HPLC-DAD analysis, which revealed significant species-specific and spatiotemporal characteristics. All Citrus reticulata and their natural or artificial hybrids were found to have detectable PMFs, especially in the fruit flavedo of the wild or early-cultivated mandarins at early fruit development stages. However, PMFs were not detected in citrons, pummelos, kumquats, trifoliata oranges, papedas, Chinese box oranges and 'Mangshanyegan'. The results enlightened that PMF accumulation only in mandarins and mandarin hybrids is a phenotype inherited from mandarin ancestors. This study provides a comprehensive PMF profile in various citrus germplasms and will benefit future functional citrus breeding practices aimed at designing plants rich in total or specific PMFs for health benefits.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mou J, Zhang Z, Qiu H, Lu Y, Zhu X, Fan Z, Zhang Q, Ye J, Fernie AR, Cheng Y, Deng X, Wen W. Multiomics-based dissection of citrus flavonoid metabolism using a Citrus reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata population. Hortic Res 2021; 8:56. [PMID: 33642588 PMCID: PMC7917093 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of plant secondary metabolism will provide useful insights for genetic improvement and enhance our fundamental understanding of plant biological processes. Although citrus plants are among the most important fruit crops worldwide, the genetic basis of secondary metabolism in these plants is largely unknown. Here, we use a high-density linkage map to dissect large-scale flavonoid metabolic traits measured in different tissues (young leaf, old leaf, mature pericarp, and mature pulp) of an F1 pseudo-testcross citrus population. We detected 80 flavonoids in this population and identified 138 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 57 flavonoids in these four tissues. Based on transcriptional profiling and functional annotation, twenty-one candidate genes were identified, and one gene encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) was functionally verified to result in naturally occurring variation in dihydrokaempferol content through genetic variations in its promoter and coding regions. The abundant data resources collected for diverse citrus germplasms here lay the foundation for complete characterization of the citrus flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and will thereby promote efficient utilization of metabolites in citrus quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolin Mou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haiji Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Ziquan Fan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Müehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wagstaff BA, Zorzoli A, Dorfmueller HC. NDP-rhamnose biosynthesis and rhamnosyltransferases: building diverse glycoconjugates in nature. Biochem J 2021; 478:685-701. [PMID: 33599745 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnose is an important 6-deoxy sugar present in many natural products, glycoproteins, and structural polysaccharides. Whilst predominantly found as the l-enantiomer, instances of d-rhamnose are also found in nature, particularly in the Pseudomonads bacteria. Interestingly, rhamnose is notably absent from humans and other animals, which poses unique opportunities for drug discovery targeted towards rhamnose utilizing enzymes from pathogenic bacteria. Whilst the biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated rhamnose (NDP-rhamnose) is well studied, the study of rhamnosyltransferases that synthesize rhamnose-containing glycoconjugates is the current focus amongst the scientific community. In this review, we describe where rhamnose has been found in nature, as well as what is known about TDP-β-l-rhamnose, UDP-β-l-rhamnose, and GDP-α-d-rhamnose biosynthesis. We then focus on examples of rhamnosyltransferases that have been characterized using both in vivo and in vitro approaches from plants and bacteria, highlighting enzymes where 3D structures have been obtained. The ongoing study of rhamnose and rhamnosyltransferases, in particular in pathogenic organisms, is important to inform future drug discovery projects and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Wagstaff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, U.K
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Azul Zorzoli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rao MJ, Zuo H, Xu Q. Genomic insights into citrus domestication and its important agronomic traits. Plant Commun 2021; 2:100138. [PMID: 33511347 PMCID: PMC7816076 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrus originated in Southeast Asia, and it has become one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Citrus has a long and obscure domestication history due to its clonal propagation, long life cycle, wide sexual compatibility, and complex genetic background. As the genomic information of both wild and cultivated citrus becomes available, their domestication history and underlying traits or genes are becoming clear. This review outlines the genomic features of wild and cultivated species. We propose that the reduction of citric acid is a critical trait for citrus domestication. The genetic model representing the change during domestication may be associated with a regulatory complex known as WD-repeat-MYB-bHLH-WRKY (WMBW), which is involved in acidification and anthocyanin accumulation. The reduction in or loss of anthocyanins may be due to a hitchhiking effect of fruit acidity selection, in which mutation occurs in the common regulator of these two pathways in some domesticated types. Moreover, we have summarized the domestication traits and candidate genes for breeding purposes. This review represents a comprehensive summary of the genes controlling key traits of interest, such as acidity, metabolism, and disease resistance. It also sheds light on recent advances in early flowering from transgenic studies and provides a new perspective for fast breeding of citrus. Our review lays a foundation for future research on fruit acidity, flavor, and disease resistance in citrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Chen J, Peng Z, Shi M, Liu X, Wen H, Jiang Y, Cheng Y, Xu J, Zhang H. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic analysis reveals a transcriptional regulation network for the biosynthesis of carotenoids and flavonoids in 'Cara cara' navel Orange. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:29. [PMID: 33413111 PMCID: PMC7792078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids and flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in plants, which exert multiple bioactivities and benefits to human health. Although the genes that encode carotenogenesis and flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes are well characterized, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that are related to the pathway genes remain to be investigated. In this study, 'Cara cara' navel orange (CNO) fruit at four development stages were used to identify the key genes and TFs for carotenoids and flavonoids accumulation. RESULTS In this study, CNO was used to investigate the profiles of carotenoids and flavonoids by a combination of metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. The important stage for the accumulation of the major carotenoid, lycopene was found to be at 120 days after florescence (DAF). The transcripts of five carotenogenesis genes were highly correlated with lycopene contents, and 16, 40, 48, 24 and 18 transcription factors (TFs) were predicted to potentially bind 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS1), deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS2), phytoene synthase (PSY1) and lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) promoters, respectively. Narirutin was the most abundant flavonoid in the flesh at the early stages, 60 DAF was the most important stage for the accumulation of flavonoids, and 17, 22, 14, 25, 24 and 16 TFs could potentially bind phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL-1 and PAL-4), 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL-2 and 4CL-5), chalcone synthase (CHS-1) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) promoters, respectively. Furthermore, both sets of 15 candidate TFs might regulate at least three key genes and contribute to carotenoids/flavonoids accumulation in CNO fruit. Finally, a hierarchical model for the regulatory network among the pathway genes and TFs was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that DXS1, DXR, GGPPS2, PSY1 and LCYB genes were the most important genes for carotenoids accumulation, while PAL-1, PAL-4, 4CL-2, 4CL-5, CHS-1 and CHI for flavonoids biosynthesis. A total of 24 TFs were postulated as co-regulators in both pathways directly, which might play important roles in carotenoids and flavonoids accumulation in CNO fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Youwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu B, Liu X, Xu K, Zhang B. Genome-wide characterization, evolution and expression profiling of UDP-glycosyltransferase family in pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:459. [PMID: 33028214 PMCID: PMC7542425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomelo is one of the three major species of citrus. The fruit accumulates a variety of abundant secondary metabolites that affect the flavor. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are involved in the glycosylation of secondary metabolites. RESULTS In the present study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of pomelo UGT family, a total of 145 UGTs was identified based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif. These UGT genes were clustered into 16 major groups through phylogenetic analysis of these genes with other plant UGTs (A-P). Pomelo UGTs were distributed unevenly among the chromosomes. At least 10 intron insertion events were observed in these UGT genome sequences, and I-5 was identified to be the highest conserved one. The expression profile analysis of pomelo UGT genes in different fruit tissues during development and ripening was carried out by RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS We identified 145 UGTs in pomelo fruit through transcriptome data and citrus genome database. Our research provides available information on UGTs studies in pomelo, and provides an important research foundation for screening and identification of functional UGT genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boping Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology / Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology / Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cui Y, Allmon SD, Siegel JB. Functional characterization and reclassification of an enzyme previously proposed to be a limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4870-4878. [PMID: 32483918 PMCID: PMC7920543 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major problem in the orange industry is 'delayed' bitterness, which is caused by limonin, a bitter compound developing from its non-bitter precursor limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) during and after extraction of orange juice. The glucosidation of LARL by limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LGT) to form non-bitter glycosyl-limonin during orange maturation has been demonstrated as a natural way to debitter by preventing the formation of limonin. RESULT Here, the debittering potential of heterogeneously expressed glucosyltransferase, maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to cuGT from Citrus unishiu Marc (MBP-cuGT), which was previously regarded as LGT, was evaluated. A liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was established to determine the concentration of limonin and its derivatives. The protocols to obtain its potential substrates, LARL and limonoate (limonin with both A and D ring open), were also developed. Surprisingly, MBP-cuGT did not exhibit any detectable effect on limonin degradation when Navel orange juice was used as the substrate; MBP-cuGT was unable to biotransform either LARL or limonoate as purified substrates. However, it was found that MBP-cuGT displayed a broad activity spectrum towards flavonoids, confirming that the enzyme produced was active under the conditions evaluated in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results based on LC-MS demonstrated that cuGT functionality was incorrectly identified. Its active substrates, including various flavonoids but not limonoids, highlight the need for further efforts to identify the enzyme responsible for LGT activity to develop biotechnology-based approaches for producing orange juice from varietals that traditionally have a delayed bitterness. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youtian Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Steven D. Allmon
- The Coca-Cola Company, Innovation Center @ Apopka, 2651 Orange Ave, Apopka, Florida 32703, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine and the Genome Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Corresponding Author: (J.B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shi M, Liu X, Zhang H, He Z, Yang H, Chen J, Feng J, Yang W, Jiang Y, Yao JL, Deng CH, Xu J. The IAA- and ABA-responsive transcription factor CgMYB58 upregulates lignin biosynthesis and triggers juice sac granulation in pummelo. Hortic Res 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32922811 PMCID: PMC7458917 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, lignin overaccumulation in the juice sac results in granulation and an unpleasant fruit texture and taste. By integrating metabolic phenotyping and transcriptomic analyses, we found 702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 24 transcription factors (TFs), to be significantly correlated with lignin content. CgMYB58 was further identified as a critical R2R3 MYB TF involved in lignin overaccumulation owing to its high transcript levels in Huanong Red-fleshed pummelo (HR, Citrus grandis) fruits. Transient expression of CgMYB58 led to an increase in the lignin content in the pummelo fruit mesocarp, whereas its stable overexpression significantly promoted lignin accumulation and upregulated 19 lignin biosynthetic genes. Among these genes, CgPAL1, CgPAL2, Cg4CL1, and CgC3H were directly modulated by CgMYB58 through interaction with their promoter regions. Moreover, we showed that juice sac granulation in pummelo fruits could be affected by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. In HR pummelo, ABA significantly accelerated this granulation, whereas IAA effectively inhibited this process. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the lignin accumulation mechanism in citrus fruits. We also revealed the theoretical basis via exogenous IAA application, which repressed the expression of CgMYB58 and its target genes, thus alleviating juice sac granulation in orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Youwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhu C, Zhou X, Long C, Du Y, Li J, Yue J, Pan S. Variations of Flavonoid Composition and Antioxidant Properties among Different Cultivars, Fruit Tissues and Developmental Stages of Citrus Fruits. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900690. [PMID: 32311206 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of biologically active compounds are present in ripe citrus fruits. However, few studies have been focused on the changes in flavonoids and the evolution of antioxidant activity during citrus fruit growth. In this study, fruits of five citrus cultivars cultivated in China were sampled at 60-210 days post-anthesis (DPA) at intervals of 30 days. The amounts of main flavonoids in the peel and pulp were analyzed by HPLC and their activities were studied by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The results showed that the contents of hesperidin, diosmin, eriodictyol, rutin and nobiletin increased before 90 DPA and then decreased with the growth and development of fruits, but an opposite tendency was observed for naringin and narirutin. The antioxidant activities in citrus peel and pulp were found to be significantly correlated with some flavonoids. The results may be of guiding values in citrus production and utilization of citrus fruit by-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.,Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xianyan Zhou
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Chunrui Long
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Du
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Jinxue Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Yue
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changqin Road, Ruili, 678600, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Food, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Road, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alseekh S, Perez de Souza L, Benina M, Fernie AR. The style and substance of plant flavonoid decoration; towards defining both structure and function. Phytochemistry 2020; 174:112347. [PMID: 32203741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 8000 different flavonoids have been described and a considerable number of new flavonoid structures are being elucidated every year. The advent of metabolomics alongside the development of phytochemical genetics - wherein the genetic basis underlying the regulation of the levels of plant metabolites is determined - has provided a massive boost to such efforts. That said our understanding of the individual function(s) of the vast majority of the metabolites that constitute this important class of phytochemicals remains unknown. Here we review what is known concerning the major decorative modifications of flavonoids in plants, namely hydroxylation, glycosylation, methylation and acylation. Our major focus is with regard to the in planta function of these modified compounds, however, we also highlight the demonstrated bioactive roles which they possess. We additionally performed a comprehensive survey of the flavonoids listed in the KNApSAcK database in order to assess the frequency of occurrence of each type of flavonoid modification. We conclude that whilst considerable research has been carried out regarding the biological roles of flavonoids most studies to date have merely provided information on the compound class or sub-classes thereof as a whole with too little currently known on the specific role of individual metabolites. We, therefore, finally suggest a framework based on currently available tools by which the relative importance of the individual compounds can be assessed under various biological conditions in order to fill this knowledge-gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maria Benina
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li LJ, Tan WS, Li WJ, Zhu YB, Cheng YS, Ni H. Citrus Taste Modification Potentials by Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6194. [PMID: 31817978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are mainly consumed as fresh fruit and processed juice products. They serve as nutritional and a tasty diet in our daily life. However, the formidable bitterness and delayed bitterness significantly impact the citrus industry attributable to the two major bitter compounds naringin and limonin. The extremely sour and acidic also negatively affects the sensory quality of citrus products. Citrus breeding programs have developed different strategies to improve citrus quality and a wealth of studies have aimed to uncover the genetic and biochemical basis of citrus flavor. In this minireview, we outline the major genes characterized to be involved in pathways shaping the sweet, bitter, or sour taste in citrus, and discuss briefly about the possible approaches to modify citrus taste by genetic engineering.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang H, Liu C, Yao JL, Deng CH, Chen S, Chen J, Wang Z, Yu Q, Cheng Y, Xu J. Citrus mangshanensis Pollen Confers a Xenia Effect on Linalool Oxide Accumulation in Pummelo Fruit by Enhancing the Expression of a Cytochrome P450 78A7 Gene CitLO1. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9468-9476. [PMID: 31379158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aroma quality of citrus fruit is determined by volatiles that are present at extremely low levels in the citrus fruit juice sacs; it can be greatly improved by increasing volatiles. In this study, we showed that the contents of cis- and trans-linalool oxides were significantly increased in the juice sacs of three pummelos artificially pollinated with the Citrus mangshanensis (MS) pollen. A novel cytochrome P450 78A7 gene (CitLO1) was significantly upregulated in the juice sacs of Huanong Red pummelo pollinated with MS pollen in comparison to that with open pollination. Compared to wild-type tobacco Bright-Yellow2 cells, transgenic cells overexpressing CitLO1 promoted a 3- to 4-fold more conversion of (-)-linalool to cis- and trans-linalool oxides. Overall, our results suggest that MS pollen has a xenia effect on pummelo fruit aroma quality, and CitLO1 is a linalool oxide synthase gene that played an important role in the xenia effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited , Private Bag 92169 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited , Private Bag 92169 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Shilin Chen
- Agricultural Bureau of Yichang District , Yiling 443310 , P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Qiaoming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|