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Lyousfi N, Legrifi I, Ennahli N, Blenzar A, Amiri S, Laasli SE, Handaq N, Belabess Z, Ait Barka E, Lahlali R. Evaluating Food Additives Based on Organic and Inorganic Salts as Antifungal Agents against Monilinia fructigena and Maintaining Postharvest Quality of Apple Fruit. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:762. [PMID: 37504750 PMCID: PMC10381578 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of commonly used food additives was evaluated for their antifungal activity against the brown rot disease of fruits caused by the fungal pathogen Monilinia fructigena, which is one of the most economically important agents, causing important damage to pome fruits, such as pears and apples. The radial mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen was assessed in PDA amended with different concentrations (0.5, 2, 2.5, and 5%) of each additive. The results underlined that most of the additives displayed a significant inhibition of mycelial growth, with the extent of inhibition varying depending on the specific additive and concentration used. Five food additives showed high inhibition rates (above 88%), of which sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, copper sulphate, and sodium hydroxide were the most effective, whereas ammonium carbonate, magnesium chlorite, and citric acid were the least effective. Interestingly, the coatings containing sodium bicarbonate, copper sulphate, and ammonium bicarbonate significantly reduced the incidence of brown rot disease in apples, but other additives were not effective, such as ammonium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. The anhydrous sodium sulphate used at a concentration of 2%, was found to be one of the least effective additives, with a reduction rate of 20%. Subsequently, food additives showing good growth inhibition rates and reduction in disease severity were then tested in semi-commercial trials at temperatures of 4 °C and 22 °C. The results indicated that these additives demonstrate effectiveness in controlling M. fructigena at specific concentrations, and lower temperatures (4 °C) can improve the efficiency of the control measures. In addition, the selected food additives exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against M. fructigena, suggesting their application as a promising alternative for managing brown rot disease in apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lyousfi
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknès 11201, Morocco
| | - Ikram Legrifi
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Nabil Ennahli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
| | - Abdelali Blenzar
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknès 11201, Morocco
| | - Said Amiri
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
| | - Nadia Handaq
- Equipe de Recherche, Valorization et Protection des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie d'Environnement et Developpement Durable, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Tétouan, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan BP 209 Martil, Martil 93150, Morocco
| | - Zineb Belabess
- Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Meknes, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Km 13, Route Haj Kaddour, BP.578, Meknes 50001, Morocco
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et BioProtection des Plantes-EA 4707-USC INRAe1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole National d'Agriculture de Meknès, Km 10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Weldon WA, McGhee GC, Jones LA, Stockwell VO. Taxonomic Reclassification of the Fungal Pathogen Causing Dry Berry Disease of Caneberries into the Division Ascomycota as Monilinia rubi. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2788-2796. [PMID: 35442057 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2618-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As molecular genetic techniques improve and sequence data becomes available for more fungal species, taxonomic classifications historically based upon growth morphology alone are being revisited and occasionally reclassified. Herein, we present such an instance for the fungal pathogen that causes dry berry disease of caneberries. The organism was previously described as the basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia rubi based upon the pathogen's production of Rhizoctonia-like angular branching hyphae. Utilizing molecular genetic techniques unavailable when the pathogen was first characterized in 1959, three housekeeping gene regions (ITS, β-tubulin, and G3PDH) were sequenced across 13 contemporary dry berry isolates, as well as the original 1959 R. rubi type strain, CBS382.59. The resulting neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenies for single and multilocus sequences provide strong evidence that the dry berry pathogen was misclassified. This data, in addition to revisiting in vivo macroscopic and microscopic growth morphology, again comparing contemporary dry berry isolates to the CBS382.59 type strain, suggests that the causal organism is a new species within the genus Monilinia that we propose be classified as Monilinia rubi. A transition from designation as a basidiomycete fungus to an ascomycete fungus could have implications on chemical management decisions, as well as the assumptions made about cell structure and the pathogen's putative life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayle C McGhee
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
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Vasić M, Vico I, Jurick WM, Duduk B, Duduk N. The dual nature of Lambertella corni-maris as an apple fruit pathogen and antagonist of Monilinia spp. Mycol Prog 2022; 21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Leng J, Yu L, Dai Y, Leng Y, Wang C, Chen Z, Wisniewski M, Wu X, Liu J, Sui Y. Recent advances in research on biocontrol of postharvest fungal decay in apples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10607-10620. [PMID: 35608023 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apple is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions and is a popular fruit worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a variety of postharvest fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia spp., and Alternaria spp. Decays resulting from fungal infections severely reduce apple quality and marketable yield. Biological control utilizing bacterial and fungal antagonists is an eco-friendly and effective method of managing postharvest decay in horticultural crops. In the current review, research on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage postharvest decay in apple is presented. The mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed. Recent research on the apple microbiome and its relationship to disease management is highlighted, and the use of additives and physical treatments to enhance biocontrol efficacy of BCAs is reviewed. Biological control is a critical component of an integrated management system for the sustainable approaches to apple production. Additional research will be required to explore the feasibility of developing beneficial microbial consortia and novel antimicrobial compounds derived from BCAs for postharvest disease management, as well as genetic approaches, such as the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
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Rosati M, Schiavon G, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia polystroma on Apple in Italy. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3761. [PMID: 34096771 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0548-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown rot is a common apple disease in Italy, caused by Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa and M. fructigena (Martini et al. 2013). In September 2020, in a 'Jeromine' apple orchard under integrated pest management located in Scarnafigi (44°39'N, 7°33'E, north-western of Italy), fruits (8.6%) showing brown to blackish firm lesions (6.0 to 8.0 cm diameter) were observed. In some fruits, rots were covered by yellowish stromata. Two isolates (MPI1; MPI2) were obtained from two symptomatic apples and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 7 days at 25°C in 12-h light/12-h dark regime. A white-to-greyish mycelium with slightly undulate margins and irregular, black stromata developed on PDA after 12 days incubation. Conidia, observed in branched monilioid chains, (Suppl. Fig. 1) were one-celled, globose, limoniform, hyaline, 38 to 58 μm (mean: 48) × 20 to 44 μm (mean: 33). Based on morphology, the isolates were tentatively identified as Monilinia polystroma (G.C.M. Leeuwen) Kohn. A polymerase chain reaction with primers ITS1 and ITS4 was performed on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene. The sequenced amplicons (435 bp - 445 bp; GenBank Accession No. MW600854; MW600855) showed 100% identity to the reference isolate of M. polystroma (HQ846944) and to other isolates from apples (AM937114; JX315717) and plum (GU067539). The ITS region of M. polystroma had five nucleotides to distinguish it from the closest species M. fructigena (Zhu et al. 2016; MH862738) (Suppl. Fig. 2). The pathogenicity of both isolates was tested on mature 'Jeromine' apples (10.1% total soluble solids). Three replicates of six apples per isolate were surface disinfected with 1% NaClO. A mycelial plug (5 mm) from colony grown on PDA was inserted using a cork borer into a hole (6 mm) in each fruit (Vasić et al. 2016). Apples inoculated with sterile PDA plugs were used as control. Fruits were placed at 22 ± 1 °C, 85% relative humidity and 12 h light/12 h dark regime. Lesion size was measured after 3, 6 and 9 days of incubation. All inoculated fruits developed typical brown rot symptoms 6 days after inoculation and yellowish stromata appeared on the surface; control fruit remained healthy (Suppl. Fig. 3). The virulence of both isolates was statistically similar (Suppl. Table 1). M. polystroma was reisolated from all inoculated fruits and confirmed by molecular methods. This is the first report of M. polystroma on apple in Italy. M. polystroma was previously reported on apple in Hungary (Petróczy et al. 2009), on apricot in Switzerland (Hilber-Bodmer et al. 2012), on peach and pear in Italy (Martini et al. 2014; 2015), on plum in China (Zhu et al. 2016), and on apple in Serbia (Vasić et al. 2018). The emergence of this pathogen for pome and stone fruit production in Europe stimulates to study its biology and epidemiology, and its fitness and management, as compared to the other endemic Monilinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rosati
- University of Turin, 9314, DISAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, Piemonte, Italy;
| | - Giada Schiavon
- University of Turin, 9314, DISAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Torino, Piemonte, Italy;
| | | | - Davide Spadaro
- University of Torino, DISAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy, 10095
- University of Torino, AGROINNOVA, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy, 10095;
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Matrose NA, Obikeze K, Belay ZA, Caleb OJ. Plant extracts and other natural compounds as alternatives for post-harvest management of fruit fungal pathogens: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vall-Llaura N, Giné-Bordonaba J, Usall J, Larrigaudière C, Teixidó N, Torres R. Ethylene biosynthesis and response factors are differentially modulated during the interaction of peach petals with Monilinia laxa or Monilinia fructicola. Plant Sci 2020; 299:110599. [PMID: 32900437 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia spp. may infect stone fruit at any growth stage, although susceptibility to brown rot depends on both host properties and climatological conditions. This said, no studies deciphering the host response in the interaction between peach blossoms and Monilinia spp. are yet available. This study presents an in-depth characterization of the role of ethylene in the interaction of 'Merrill O'Henry' peach petals (Prunus persica (L.) Batch) with Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola. We investigated the physiological responses of the host and the fungi to the application of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as well as the molecular patterns associated with the biosynthetic and ethylene-dependent responses during the interaction of both Monilinia species with the host. The incidence of both species was differentially affected by 1-MCP and ethylene; M. laxa was favoured by the enhanced host ethylene production associated with the treatments whereas M. fructicola reduced its infection capacity. Such differences were host-dependent as treatments did not affect growth or colony morphology of Monilinia spp. Besides, host ethylene production was altered in M. laxa inoculated petals, either by the fungus or the host itself. Molecular analysis revealed some important ERFs that could be involved in the different ability of both species to activate a cascade response of peach petals against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vall-Llaura
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Josep Usall
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Christian Larrigaudière
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Neus Teixidó
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Rosario Torres
- XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Pires S, Espeso EA, Baró-Montel N, Torres R, Melgarejo P, De Cal A. Labeling of Monilinia fructicola with GFP and Its Validation for Studies on Host-Pathogen Interactions in Stone and Pome Fruit. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E1033. [PMID: 31835779 PMCID: PMC6947648 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare in vivo the infection process of Monilinia fructicola on nectarines and apples using confocal microscopy it is necessary to transform a pathogenic strain with a construct expressing a fluorescent chromophore such as GFP. Thus, germinated conidia of the pathogen were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the plasmid pPK2-hphgfp that allowed the expression of a fluorescent Hph-GFP chimera. The transformants were selected according to their resistance to hygromycin B, provided by the constitutive expression of the hph-gfp gene driven by the glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase promoter of Aspergillus nidulans. The presence of T-DNA construct in the genomic DNA was confirmed by PCR using a range of specific primers. Subsequent PCR-mediated analyses proved integration of the transgene at a different genomic location in each transformant and the existence of structural reorganizations at these insertion points. The expression of Hph-GFP in three independent M. fructicola transformants was monitored by immunodetection and epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. The Atd9-M. fructicola transformant displayed no morphological defects and showed growth and pathogenic characteristics similar to the wild type. Microscopy analysis of the Atd9 transformant evidenced that nectarine infection by M. fructicola was at least three times faster than on apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Pires
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (P.M.)
| | - Eduardo Antonio Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Baró-Montel
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnologic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (N.B.-M.); (R.T.)
| | - Rosario Torres
- IRTA, XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnologic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain; (N.B.-M.); (R.T.)
| | - Paloma Melgarejo
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonieta De Cal
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-P.); (P.M.)
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Abate D, Pastore C, Gerin D, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Rotolo C, Pollastro S, Faretra F. Characterization of Monilinia spp. Populations on Stone Fruit in South Italy. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1708-1717. [PMID: 30125154 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-17-1314-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia spp. are responsible for brown rot decay of stone and pome fruit in the field as well as in postharvest. Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena are considered indigenous to Europe, while M. fructicola is a quarantine pathogen in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization area included in the A2 List. In Italy, it was first reported in 2009 in Piedmont (northern Italy) and rapidly spread to central Italy. We carried out a monitoring program on the occurrence of Monilinia spp. in southern Italy and a comparative characterization of the three main fungal pathogens. Molecular assays based on direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR for molecular identification of Monilinia spp. from rotted fruit were set up, validated, and applied in a monitoring program. Of the tested 519 isolates from 26 orchards, 388 (74.8%) were identified as M. fructicola, 118 (22.7%) as M. laxa, 10 (1.9%) as M. fructigena, and 3 (0.6%) were M. polystroma. M. fructicola colonies grew faster and had a higher optimal temperature for growth (26°C) than M. laxa (23°C) and M. fructigena (20°C). No relevant difference in virulence could be observed on artificially inoculated apricot, cherry, and peach fruit. The fungal species showed different responses to fungicides, because M. fructicola was more sensitive than M. laxa, especially to cyflufenamid, and M. fructigena revealed a lower sensitivity to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (boscalid, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad) and quinone outside inhibitors (mandestrobin). In summary, the two species M. fructicola and M. polystroma were first detected in southern Italy where M. fructicola has largely displaced the two indigenous pathogens M. laxa and M. fructigena; the relative proportions of the three pathogens in orchards should be considered when defining the management of brown rot of stone fruit due to differences in their responses to fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Pastore
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R M De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Rotolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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