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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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2
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Szalanczy AM, Fitzpatrick M, Beeson A, Bui T, Dyson C, Eller S, Landry J, Scott C, Grzybowski M, Klotz J, Geurts AM, Weiner JL, Redei EE, Solberg Woods LC. Chronic stress from adolescence to adulthood increases adiposity and anxiety in rats with decreased expression of Krtcap3. Front Genet 2024; 14:1247232. [PMID: 38323241 PMCID: PMC10844407 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1247232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously identified Keratinocyte-associated protein 3, Krtcap3, as a novel adiposity gene, but subsequently found that its impact on adiposity may depend on environmental stress. To more thoroughly understand the connection between Krtcap3, adiposity, and stress, we exposed wild-type (WT) and Krtcap3 knock-out (KO) rats to chronic stress then measured adiposity and behavioral outcomes. We found that KO rats displayed lower basal stress than WT rats under control conditions and exhibited metabolic and behavioral responses to chronic stress exposure. Specifically, stress-exposed KO rats gained more weight, consumed more food when socially isolated, and displayed more anxiety-like behaviors relative to control KO rats. Meanwhile, there were minimal differences between control and stressed WT rats. At study conclusion stress-exposed KO rats had increased corticosterone (CORT) relative to control KO rats with no differences between WT rats. In addition, KO rats, independent of prior stress exposure, had an increased CORT response to removal of their cage-mate (psychosocial stress), which was only seen in WT rats when exposed to chronic stress. Finally, we found differences in expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, Nr3c1, in the pituitary and colon between control and stress-exposed KO rats that were not present in WT rats. These data support that Krtcap3 expression affects stress response, potentially via interactions with Nr3c1, with downstream effects on adiposity and behavior. Future work is necessary to more thoroughly understand the role of Krtcap3 in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M. Szalanczy
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mackenzie Fitzpatrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Angela Beeson
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Trangdai Bui
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina Dyson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Seth Eller
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Julia Landry
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina Scott
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jason Klotz
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jeff L. Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Eva E. Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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3
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Anderson G. Melatonin, BAG-1 and cortisol circadian interactions in tumor pathogenesis and patterned immune responses. Explor Target Antitumor Ther 2023; 4:962-993. [PMID: 37970210 PMCID: PMC10645470 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated circadian rhythm is significantly associated with cancer risk, as is aging. Both aging and circadian dysregulation show suppressed pineal melatonin, which is indicated in many studies to be linked to cancer risk and progression. Another independently investigated aspect of the circadian rhythm is the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is linked to stress-associated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. CAR and HPA axis activity are primarily mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which drives patterned gene expression via binding to the promotors of glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-expressing genes. Recent data shows that the GR can be prevented from nuclear translocation by the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1), which translocates the GR to mitochondria, where it can have diverse effects. Melatonin also suppresses GR nuclear translocation by maintaining the GR in a complex with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Melatonin, directly and/or epigenetically, can upregulate BAG-1, suggesting that the dramatic 10-fold decrease in pineal melatonin from adolescence to the ninth decade of life will attenuate the capacity of night-time melatonin to modulate the effects of the early morning CAR. The interactions of pineal melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90 with the CAR are proposed to underpin how aging and circadian dysregulation are associated with cancer risk. This may be mediated via differential effects of melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90/GR in different cells of microenvironments across the body, from which tumors emerge. This provides a model of cancer pathogenesis that better integrates previously disparate bodies of data, including how immune cells are regulated by cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, at least partly via the cancer cell regulation of the tryptophan-melatonin pathway. This has a number of future research and treatment implications.
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Liu D, Tang F, Zhang L, Zhang JN, Zhao XL, Xu LY, Peng C, Ao H. Alpinia katsumadai Hayata Volatile Oil Is Effective in Treating 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Mucositis by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Modulating the GC/GR Pathway and the mPGES-1/PGE2/EP4 Pathways. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15156-15169. [PMID: 37800952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of AKHO on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Mouse body weight, diarrhea score, and H&E staining were applied to judge the therapeutic effect of AKHO. 16S rDNA and nontargeted metabolomics have been used to study the mechanism. WB, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry were adopted to validate possible mechanisms. The results demonstrated that AKHO significantly reduced diarrhea scores and intestinal damage induced by 5-FU in mice. AKHO lowered the serum levels of LD and DAO, and upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in the ileum. Also, AKHO upregulated the abundance of Lactobacillus in the gut and suppressed KEGG pathways such as cortisol synthesis and secretion and arachidonic acid metabolism. Further validation studies indicated that AKHO downregulated the expressions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and PGE2 receptor EP4, as well as upregulated the expression of glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), leading to improved intestinal epithelial barrier function. Taken together, AKHO elicited protective effects against 5-FU-induced mucositis by regulating the expressions of tight junction proteins via modulation of GC/GR and mPGES-1/PGE2/EP4 pathway, providing novel insights into the utilization and development of this pharmaceutical/food resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
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5
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Mázala-de-Oliveira T, Silva BT, Campello-Costa P, Carvalho VF. The Role of the Adrenal-Gut-Brain Axis on Comorbid Depressive Disorder Development in Diabetes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1504. [PMID: 37892186 PMCID: PMC10604999 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are more affected by depression than non-diabetics, and this is related to greater treatment resistance and associated with poorer outcomes. This increase in the prevalence of depression in diabetics is also related to hyperglycemia and hypercortisolism. In diabetics, the hyperactivity of the HPA axis occurs in parallel to gut dysbiosis, weakness of the intestinal permeability barrier, and high bacterial-product translocation into the bloodstream. Diabetes also induces an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression behaviors and neuroinflammation are exacerbated in diabetic mice. In this context, we propose here that hypercortisolism, in association with gut dysbiosis, leads to an exacerbation of hippocampal neuroinflammation, glutamatergic transmission, and neuronal apoptosis, leading to the development and aggravation of depression and to resistance to treatment of this mood disorder in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Mázala-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Bruna Teixeira Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
| | - Paula Campello-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.M.-d.-O.); (B.T.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação—INCT-NIM, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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6
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Szalanczy AM, Giorgio G, Goff E, Seshie O, Grzybowski M, Klotz J, Geurts AM, Redei EE, Solberg Woods LC. Changes in environmental stress over COVID-19 pandemic likely contributed to failure to replicate adiposity phenotype associated with Krtcap3. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:452-467. [PMID: 37458463 PMCID: PMC10642928 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00019.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified keratinocyte-associated protein 3, Krtcap3, as an obesity-related gene in female rats where a whole body Krtcap3 knockout (KO) led to increased adiposity compared to wild-type (WT) controls when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We sought to replicate this work to better understand the function of Krtcap3 but were unable to reproduce the adiposity phenotype. In the current work, WT female rats ate more compared to WT in the prior study, with corresponding increases in body weight and fat mass, while there were no changes in these measures in KO females between the studies. The prior study was conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, while the current study started after initial lockdown orders and was completed during the pandemic in a generally less stressful environment. We hypothesize that the environmental changes impacted stress levels and may explain the failure to replicate our results. Analysis of corticosterone (CORT) at euthanasia showed a significant study-by-genotype interaction where WT had significantly higher CORT relative to KO in study 1, with no differences in study 2. These data suggest that decreasing Krtcap3 expression may alter the environmental stress response to influence adiposity. We also found that KO rats in both studies, but not WT, experienced a dramatic increase in CORT after their cage mate was removed, suggesting a separate connection to social behavioral stress. Future work is necessary to confirm and elucidate the finer mechanisms of these relationships, but these data indicate the possibility of Krtcap3 as a novel stress gene.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity is linked to both genetics and environmental factors such as stress. Krtcap3 has previously been identified as a gene associated with adiposity, and our work here demonstrates that environmental stress may influence the role of Krtcap3 on both food intake and adiposity. Obesity is strongly influenced by stress in humans, so the identification of novel genes that link stress and obesity will greatly advance our understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M Szalanczy
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gina Giorgio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Emily Goff
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Osborne Seshie
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jason Klotz
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States
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Li S, Wu J, Cao N, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yang T, Miao Y, Pan L, Xiao H, Liu M, Sun C, Yao J, Xiao X. Jingfang granules ameliorate inflammation and immune disorders in mice exposed to low temperature and high humidity by restoring the dysregulation of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115050. [PMID: 37354813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic changes in global climate on human health have been extremely severe. The immune disorder caused by low temperature and high humidity (LTHH) have become a severe public health issue. Clinically, Jingfang granule (JF) has the effect of dispelling cold and eliminating dampness, and is widely used in the treatment of cold caused by wind and cold, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19 with cold-dampness stagnating in the lung pattern. Our study aims to elucidate the effect of JF on LTHH-induced immune disorders in mice as well as the underlying mechanisms. In this study, JF increased the spleen index, improved fecal character, repaired the intestinal barrier and alleviated intestinal inflammatory responses. Most importantly, JF ameliorated immune disorder in LTHH mice, which was manifested primarily by the significant increase in gdT, CD8+ Tcm, and CD8+ Tem cells, as well as the decrease in TH1, TH17, CD4+ Tem1, CD4+ Tem2, immature NK, mature NK cells, and M1-like macrophages. Interestingly, the JF treatment not only regulated the gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria, as well as up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacteria, but also ameliorated the metabolic disorders by reversing the levels of fecal metabolites to normality. The results of the correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association among gut microbiota, fecal metabolites and immune cells. In addition, JF inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in LTHH mice. In conclusion, our results suggested that JF alleviated inflammation and immune disorders in LTHH mice by restoring gut microbiota and fecal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jieyi Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ningning Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | | | - Tianye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China
| | - Yu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China
| | - Lihong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China
| | - He Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China
| | - Mingfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China.
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 276005, China; Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD., Linyi 273400, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Shukla PK, Rao RG, Meena AS, Giorgianni F, Lee SC, Raju P, Shashikanth N, Shekhar C, Beranova S, Balazs L, Tigyi G, Gosain A, Rao R. Paneth cell dysfunction in radiation injury and radio-mitigation by human α-defensin 5. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174140. [PMID: 37638013 PMCID: PMC10448521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mechanism underlying radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis is undefined. This study examined the effect of radiation on the intestinal Paneth cell α-defensin expression and its impact on microbiota composition and mucosal tissue injury and evaluated the radio-mitigative effect of human α-defensin 5 (HD5). Methods Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation, and Paneth cell α-defensin expression was evaluated by measuring α-defensin mRNA by RT-PCR and α-defensin peptide levels by mass spectrometry. Vascular-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin was measured to evaluate intestinal mucosal permeability and endotoxemia by measuring plasma lipopolysaccharide. HD5 was administered in a liquid diet 24 hours before or after irradiation. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Intestinal epithelial junctions were analyzed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and mucosal inflammatory response by cytokine expression. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by measuring plasma cytokine levels. Results Ionizing radiation reduced the Paneth cell α-defensin expression and depleted α-defensin peptides in the intestinal lumen. α-Defensin down-regulation was associated with the time-dependent alteration of gut microbiota composition, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia. Administration of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) in the diet 24 hours before irradiation (prophylactic) significantly blocked radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junction and adherens junction, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and mucosal inflammatory response. HD5, administered 24 hours after irradiation (treatment), reversed radiation-induced microbiota dysbiosis, tight junction and adherens junction disruption, and barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, HD5 treatment also prevents and reverses radiation-induced endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Conclusion These data demonstrate that radiation induces Paneth cell dysfunction in the intestine, and HD5 feeding prevents and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Shukla
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roshan G. Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Preeti Raju
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chandra Shekhar
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sarka Beranova
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Louisa Balazs
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ankush Gosain
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Szalanczy AM, Giorgio G, Goff E, Seshie O, Grzybowski M, Klotz J, Geurts AM, Redei EE, Solberg Woods LC. Changes in Environmental Stress over COVID-19 Pandemic Likely Contributed to Failure to Replicate Adiposity Phenotype Associated with Krtcap3. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.15.532439. [PMID: 36993361 PMCID: PMC10055176 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified Keratinocyte-associated protein 3, Krtcap3, as an obesity-related gene in female rats where a whole-body Krtcap3 knock-out (KO) led to increased adiposity compared to wild-type (WT) controls when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We sought to replicate this work to better understand the function of Krtcap3 but were unable to reproduce the adiposity phenotype. In the current work, WT female rats ate more compared to WT in the prior study, with corresponding increases in body weight and fat mass, while there were no changes in these measures in KO females between the studies. The prior study was conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, while the current study started after initial lock-down orders and was completed during the pandemic with a generally less stressful environment. We hypothesize that the environmental changes impacted stress levels and may explain the failure to replicate our results. Analysis of corticosterone (CORT) at euthanasia showed a significant study by genotype interaction where WT had significantly higher CORT relative to KO in Study 1, with no differences in Study 2. These data suggest that decreasing Krtcap3 expression may alter the environmental stress response to influence adiposity. We also found that KO rats in both studies, but not WT, experienced a dramatic increase in CORT after their cage mate was removed, suggesting a separate connection to social behavioral stress. Future work is necessary to confirm and elucidate the finer mechanisms of these relationships, but these data indicate the possibility of Krtcap3 as a novel stress gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria M Szalanczy
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - Gina Giorgio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - Emily Goff
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - Osborne Seshie
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jason Klotz
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC USA
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Zhou RX, Zhang YW, Cao MM, Liu CH, Rui YF, Li YJ. Linking the relation between gut microbiota and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:145-162. [PMID: 36912997 PMCID: PMC10010237 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-023-01415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, characterized by the low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. Glucocorticoid (GC) clinically acts as one of the anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and therapeutic drugs, whereas the long-term use of GC may cause rapid bone resorption, followed by prolonged and profound suppression of bone formation, resulting in the GC-induced OP (GIOP). GIOP ranks the first among secondary OP and is a pivotal risk for fracture, as well as high disability rate and mortality, at both societal and personal levels, vital costs. Gut microbiota (GM), known as the "second gene pool" of human body, is highly correlated with maintaining the bone mass and bone quality, and the relation between GM and bone metabolism has gradually become a research hotspot. Herein, combined with recent studies and based on the cross-linking relationship between GM and OP, this review is aimed to discuss the potential mechanisms of GM and its metabolites on the OP, as well as the moderating effects of GC on GM, thereby providing an emerging thought for prevention and treatment of GIOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing , Jiangsu, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Min Cao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing , Jiangsu, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cun-Hao Liu
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Feng Rui
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing , Jiangsu, China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Juan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Meena AS, Shukla PK, Rao R, Canelas C, Pierre JF, Rao R. TRPV6 deficiency attenuates stress and corticosterone-mediated exacerbation of alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093584. [PMID: 36817471 PMCID: PMC9929865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic stress is co-morbid with alcohol use disorder that feedback on one another, thus impeding recovery from both disorders. Stress and the stress hormone corticosterone aggravate alcohol-induced intestinal permeability and liver damage. However, the mechanisms involved in compounding tissue injury by stress/corticosterone and alcohol are poorly defined. Here we explored the involvement of the TRPV6 channel in stress (or corticosterone) 3and alcohol-induced intestinal epithelial permeability, microbiota dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation. Methods Chronic alcohol feeding was performed on adult wild-type and Trpv6-/- mice with or without corticosterone treatment or chronic restraint stress (CRS). The barrier function was determined by evaluating inulin permeability in vivo and assessing tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) integrity by immunofluorescence microscopy. The gut microbiota composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic analyses. Systemic responses were assessed by evaluating endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and liver damage. Results Corticosterone and CRS disrupted TJ and AJ, increased intestinal mucosal permeability, and caused endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and liver damage in wild-type but not Trpv6-/- mice. Corticosterone and CRS synergistically potentiated the alcohol-induced breakdown of intestinal epithelial junctions, mucosal barrier impairment, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and liver damage in wild-type but not Trpv6-/- mice. TRPV6 deficiency also blocked the effects of CRS and CRS-mediated potentiation of alcohol-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Conclusions These findings indicate an essential role of TRPV6 in stress, corticosterone, and alcohol-induced intestinal permeability, microbiota dysbiosis, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and liver injury. This study identifies TRPV6 as a potential therapeutic target for developing treatment strategies for stress and alcohol-associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar S. Meena
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Pradeep K. Shukla
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rupa Rao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Cherie Canelas
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Joseph F. Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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12
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Lu H. Narrative Review: Glucocorticoids in Alcoholic Hepatitis—Benefits, Side Effects, and Mechanisms. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:266-288. [PMID: 36278756 PMCID: PMC9589945 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the only first-line drugs recommended to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH), with limited short-term efficacy and significant side effects. In this review, I summarize the major benefits and side effects of GC therapy in sAH and the potential underlying mechanisms. The review of the literature and data mining clearly indicate that the hepatic signaling of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is markedly impaired in sAH patients. The impaired GR signaling causes hepatic down-regulation of genes essential for gluconeogenesis, lipid catabolism, cytoprotection, and anti-inflammation in sAH patients. The efficacy of GCs in sAH may be compromised by GC resistance and/or GC’s extrahepatic side effects, particularly the side effects of intestinal epithelial GR on gut permeability and inflammation in AH. Prednisolone, a major GC used for sAH, activates both the GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). When GC non-responsiveness occurs in sAH patients, the activation of MR by prednisolone might increase the risk of alcohol abuse, liver fibrosis, and acute kidney injury. To improve the GC therapy of sAH, the effort should be focused on developing the biomarker(s) for GC responsiveness, liver-targeting GR agonists, and strategies to overcome GC non-responsiveness and prevent alcohol relapse in sAH patients.
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Zafari N, Velayati M, Fahim M, Maftouh M, Pourali G, Khazaei M, Nassiri M, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Kiani MA, Avan A. Role of gut bacterial and non-bacterial microbiota in alcohol-associated liver disease: Molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic prospective. Life Sci 2022; 305:120760. [PMID: 35787997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that include: steatosis to alcohol-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology and potential underlying mechanisms for alcohol-associated liver disease are unclear. Moreover, the treatment of ALD remains a challenge. Intestinal microbiota include bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are now known to be important in the development of ALD. Alcohol consumption can change the gut microbiota and function leading to liver disease. Given the importance of interactions between intestinal microbiota, alcohol, and liver injury, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALD and explains how this can be translated into clinical management. We discuss the potential of utilizing the gut microbiota signature as a biomarker in ALD patients. Additionally, we present an overview of the prospect of modulating the intestinal microbiota for the management of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Zafari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Velayati
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fahim
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali Kiani
- Department of Pediatrics, Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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