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Chen X, Yin J, Xu Y, Qiu Z, Liu J, Chen X. Effect of selective inhibition or activation of PGE2 EP1 receptor on glomerulosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2887-2895. [PMID: 32700746 PMCID: PMC7453572 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of the kidney via its four receptors. A previous study has suggested that a defect in the PGE2 receptor 1 (EP1) gene markedly suppressed the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and extracellular matrix aggregation. Therefore, the present study aimed to adopt a pharmacological method of specifically suppressing or activating the EP1 receptor to further verify and demonstrate these results. The EP1 receptor antagonist SC-19220 and EP1 receptor agonist 17-phenyl-trinor-PGE2 ethyl amide (17-pt-PGE2) were selectively used to treat five-sixths nephrectomy renal fibrosis model mice and TGF-β1-stimulated MCs. An Alpha screen PGE2 assay kit, flow cytometry, western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques were adopted to perform in vivo and in vitro experiments. The present results suggested that compared with the control group, the selective EP1 receptor antagonist SC-19220 improved renal function, markedly reduced the plasma blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels (P<0.05) and alleviated glomerulosclerosis (P<0.05). By contrast, the EP1 receptor agonist 17-pt-PGE2 aggravated renal dysfunction and glomerulosclerosis (P<0.05). To verify the renal protection mechanisms mediated by suppression of the EP1 receptor, the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins, including chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), were further evaluated histologically. The expression of GRP78, TRPC1 and PERK in the antagonist treatment group were markedly downregulated (P<0.05), whereas those in the agonist treatment group were upregulated (P<0.05). The present in vitro experiments demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the EP1 receptor antagonist suppressed the expression of GRP78, TRPC1 and PERK (P<0.05), reduced the production of PGE2 (P<0.05) and decreased the MC apoptosis rate (P<0.05), thus alleviating TGF-β1-stimulated MC injury. Consequently, consistent with previous results, selectively antagonizing the EP1 receptor improved renal function and mitigated glomerulosclerosis, and its potential mechanism might be associated with the suppression of ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Yuyin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Guduru R, Mangina NSVMR, Sridhar B, Karunakar GV. Gold-catalyzed formation of aryl-fused pyrazolooxazepines via intramolecular regioselective 7-exo-dig cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2809-2817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient gold-catalyzed method was developed for the formation of aryl-fused pyrazolooxazepines from ortho-O-propargyl aryl pyrazoles via 7-exo-dig cyclization in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Guduru
- Division of Fluoro and Agrochemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - N. S. V. M. Rao Mangina
- Division of Fluoro and Agrochemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | | | - Galla V. Karunakar
- Division of Fluoro and Agrochemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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3
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Pyter LM, McKim DB, Husain Y, Calero H, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF, Marucha PT, Engeland CG. Effects of dermal wounding on distal primary tumor immunobiology in mice. J Surg Res 2017; 221:328-335. [PMID: 29229147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before primary oral tumors are treated, various prophylactic procedures that require tissue repair are often necessary (e.g. biopsies, tooth extractions, radiation, and tracheotomies). Wound healing and tumor growth harness similar immune/inflammatory mechanisms. Our previous work indicates that tumors impair wound healing, although the extent to which tissue repair conversely influences tumor growth is poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that dermal wound healing exacerbates primary tumor growth and influences tumor immunobiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female, immunocompetent mice were inoculated subcutaneously with murine oral cancer cells (AT-84) to induce flank tumors. Half of the mice received dermal excisional wounds (4 × 3.5 mm diameter) on their dorsum 16 days later, whereas the skin of controls remained intact. Tumor and blood tissues were harvested 1 and 5 days post wounding, and tumor myeloid cell populations and inflammatory gene expression were measured. Circulating myeloid cells, cytokines, and corticosterone were also quantified. RESULTS Wounding increased tumor mass, early tumor infiltration of macrophages, and tumor inflammatory gene expression. While wounding attenuated tumor growth-induced increases in circulating myeloid cells, no effects of wounding on circulating cytokine/endocrine measures were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that modest skin immune/inflammatory processes can enhance distal tumor growth and alter innate tumor immunity. The implication for this work is that, in the presence of a tumor, the benefits of tissue-damaging procedures that occur clinically must be weighed against the potential consequences for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yasmin Husain
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Humberto Calero
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John F Sheridan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Phillip T Marucha
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Linz BML, Neely CJ, Kartchner LB, Mendoza AE, Khoury AL, Truax A, Sempowski G, Eitas T, Brickey J, Ting JPY, Cairns BA, Maile R. Innate Immune Cell Recovery Is Positively Regulated by NLRP12 during Emergency Hematopoiesis. J Immunol 2017; 198:2426-2433. [PMID: 28159904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With enhanced concerns of terrorist attacks, dual exposure to radiation and thermal combined injury (RCI) has become a real threat with devastating immunosuppression. NLRP12, a member of the NOD-like receptor family, is expressed in myeloid and bone marrow cells and was implicated as a checkpoint regulator of inflammatory cytokines, as well as an inflammasome activator. We show that NLRP12 has a profound impact on hematopoietic recovery during RCI by serving as a checkpoint of TNF signaling and preventing hematopoietic apoptosis. Using a mouse model of RCI, increased NLRP12 expression was detected in target tissues. Nlrp12-/- mice exhibited significantly greater mortality, an inability to fight bacterial infection, heightened levels of proinflammatory cytokines, overt granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cell apoptosis, and failure to reconstitute peripheral myeloid populations. Anti-TNF Ab administration improved peripheral immune recovery. These data suggest that NLRP12 is essential for survival after RCI by regulating myelopoiesis and immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M L Linz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Crystal J Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Laurel B Kartchner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - April E Mendoza
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amal L Khoury
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Agnieszka Truax
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Timothy Eitas
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Host Defense Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - June Brickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bruce A Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; .,Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Masood A, Yi M, Lau M, Belcastro R, Li J, Kantores C, Pace-Asciak CR, Jankov RP, Tanswell AK. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition partially protects against 60% O2 -mediated lung injury in neonatal rats. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:991-1002. [PMID: 24273102 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Use of the anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia has been curtailed, and no alternative anti-inflammatory agents are approved for this use. Our objective was to use a neonatal rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to determine if an highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, 5,5-dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)4-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2(5H)-furanone (DFU; 10 µg/g body weight), could prevent inflammatory cell influx and protect against lung injury. METHODS Neonatal rats exposed to air or 60% O2 for 14 days from birth either received daily i.p. injections of (i) vehicle or DFU or (ii) vehicle or an EP(1) receptor antagonist, SC-19220. RESULTS DFU attenuated the lung macrophage and neutrophil influx, prevented interstitial thickening and prevented the loss of peripheral blood vessels induced by 60% O2 , but did not protect against the variance in alveolar diameter induced by 60% O2 . Exposure to 60% O2 caused both an increase in lung prostaglandin E2 content and a reduction in lung mesenchymal cell mass which was reversed by DFU. Prostaglandin E2 binding to the EP(1) receptor inhibited DNA synthesis in cultures of lung fibroblasts in a dose dependent fashion. Treatment with SC-19220 attenuated the reduction in lung mesenchymal mass observed following exposure of rat pups to 60% O2 . CONCLUSIONS An highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor is an effective anti-inflammatory substitute for dexamethasone for preventing phagocyte influx into the neonatal lung during 60% O2 -mediated lung injury, and can modify the severity of that injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Masood
- Lung Biology Programme, Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wikstrom ME, Khong A, Fleming P, Kuns R, Hertzog PJ, Frazer IH, Andoniou CE, Hill GR, Degli-Esposti MA. The early monocytic response to cytomegalovirus infection is MyD88 dependent but occurs independently of common inflammatory cytokine signals. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:409-19. [PMID: 24166710 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus latently infects myeloid cells; however, the acute effects of the virus on this cell subset are poorly characterised. We demonstrate that systemic cytomegalovirus infection induced rapid activation of monocytes in the bone marrow, characterised by upregulation of CD69, CD11c, Ly6C and M-CSF receptor. Activated bone marrow monocytes were more sensitive to M-CSF and less sensitive to granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor in vitro, resulting in the generation of more macrophages and fewer dendritic cells, respectively. Monocyte activation was also observed in the periphery and resulted in significant accumulation of monocytes in the spleen. MyD88 expression was required within the haematopoietic compartment to initiate monocyte activation and recruitment. However, monocytes lacking MyD88 were activated and recruited in the presence of MyD88-sufficient cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras, indicating that once initiated, the process was MyD88 independent. Interestingly, we found that monocyte activation occurred in the absence of the common inflammatory cytokines, namely type I interferons (IFNs), IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome adaptor protein, ASC. We also excluded a role for the chemokine-like protein MCK-2 (m131/129) expressed by murine CMV. Taken together, these results challenge the notion that a single inflammatory cytokine mediates activation and recruitment of monocytes in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wikstrom
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Noel G, Wang Q, Osterburg A, Schwemberger S, James L, Haar L, Giacalone N, Thomas I, Ogle C. A ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor reverses burn-induced inflammatory defects. Shock 2010; 34:535-44. [PMID: 20386495 DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181e14f78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immature myeloid cells have been implicated as a source of postburn inflammation, and the appearance of these cells correlates with enhanced upregulation of hematopoiesis. The role of proliferative cells in postburn immune changes has not been directly tested. Gemcitabine, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, has been shown to deplete proliferative immature myeloid cells in tumor models while sparing mature cells, leading to restored lymphocyte function and tumor regression. We treated burn mice at postburn day 6 (PBD6) with 120 mg/kg gemcitabine. On PBD8, splenocytes were taken and stimulated with LPS, peptidoglycan, or concanavalin A. The blood and spleen cell populations were enumerated by flow cytometry or automated cell counter. In addition, mice treated with gemcitabine were given LPS or infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa at PBD8, and mortality was monitored. Gemcitabine depleted burn-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inflammatory monocytes without affecting mature F4/80 macrophages. This was accompanied by reduced TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10 production by burn splenocytes. Burn splenocytes stimulated with mitogens exhibited increased nitric oxide production relative to sham mice. In vivo treatment of burn mice with gemcitabine blocked these burn-induced changes without damaging lymphocyte function. Treatment of burn mice with gemcitabine ameliorated burn-induced susceptibility to LPS and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the liver and lung. Finally, gemcitabine treatment blocked the protective effect of burn injury upon P. aeruginosa infection. Our report shows that proliferative cells are major drivers of postburn immune changes and provides evidence that implicates immature myeloid cells in these processes.
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8
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Bohannon JK, Cui W, Toliver-Kinsky T. Endogenous Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand levels are not altered in mice after a severe burn and infection. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:47. [PMID: 19715582 PMCID: PMC2744912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hemopoietic cytokine and dendritic cell (DC) growth factor that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into DCs. We have previously found that treatment of severely burned mice with recombinant Flt3L significantly enhances DC production and bacterial clearance from infected burn wounds, and increases global immune cell activation and survival in response to a burn wound infection. These significant benefits of Flt3L treatment after burn injury have prompted the question of whether or not severe burn injury induces deficits in endogenous Flt3L levels that could affect DCs and subsequent responses to infection. Results To address this, male BALB/c mice received a 30% total body surface area scald burn. Blood, spleens, and wound-draining lymph nodes were harvested at various time-points after injury. Some mice received a wound inoculation with P. aeruginosa. Murine Flt3L and G-CSF levels were measured by ELISA. Burn injury had no significant effect on Flt3L levels at any post-burn time-point examined compared to normal Flt3L levels in the sera, spleen, or lymph nodes. Additionally, Flt3L levels in the sera, spleen, and lymph nodes were not significantly altered when wounds were inoculated on the day of burn injury or at post-burn time points examined. Alternatively, levels of G-CSF were increased in response to burn injury and burn wound infection. Additionally, DC numbers and functions were not altered following burn injury alone. There was no significant difference between the number of DCs in the spleens of sham-injured mice and mice at 5 days after burn injury. When naïve T cells from sham-injured mice were co-cultured with DCs from either sham- or burn-injured mice, IFN-γ production was similar, however, IFN-γ levels produced by T cells harvested from burn-injured mice were significantly lower than those produced by T cells from sham mice, regardless of which DC group, sham or burn, was used in the coculture. Conclusion These data suggest that the beneficial effects of Flt3L treatments after burn injury are not due to correction of a burn-associated Flt3L deficiency but rather, are likely due to supplementary stimulation of DC production and immune responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Trauma induces a profound immunological dysfunction. This is characterised by an early state of hyperinflammation, followed by a phase of immunosuppression with increased susceptibility to infection and multiple organ failure. Therapeutic strategies directed at restoring immune homeostasis after traumatic injuries have largely failed in translation from "bench to bedside". The present review illustrates the role of biological modifiers of the posttraumatic immune response by portraying different modalities of therapeutic immune modulation. The emphasis is placed on anti-inflammatory (steroids) and immune-stimulatory (interferon) pharmacological strategies and modified resuscitative strategies, as well as more unconventional immunomodulatory approaches, such as immunonutrition.
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10
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Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY, Al-Waili T, Al-Waili A, Al-Waili H. Modulation of prostaglandin activity, part 1: prostaglandin inhibition in the management of nonrheumatologic diseases: immunologic and hematologic aspects. Adv Ther 2007; 24:189-222. [PMID: 17526477 DOI: 10.1007/bf02850008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are active biologic substances that are involved in a wide range of physiologic processes; when their production is out of balance, they are factors in the pathogenesis of illness. Modulation of PGs by inhibition or stimulation is promising for the management of various conditions. PG inhibitors are widely used to relieve pain and inflammation in patients with rheumatologic disease. Interest in the use of PG inhibitors to prevent cancer and cardiovascular events is growing. More than 27 y ago, investigators found that PG depresses antibody production in vivo; reduces serum iron, hemoglobin, and leukoid series in bone marrow during acute and chronic blood loss; reduces albumin during antigenic stimulation; suppresses hypercalcemia after bleeding; and reduces fasting blood sugar and hyperglycemia after ether anesthesia and bleeding. Chronic conditions that produce large quantities of PGs are associated with immunosuppression and secondary anemia. Investigators in the present study hypothesized (1) that the overproduction of PGs is responsible for immunosuppression and secondary anemia in conditions associated with increased PG synthesis, such as pathologic inflammation, malignancy, trauma, and injury, and (2) that PG inhibitors reverse immunosuppression and secondary anemia, thereby enhancing the immune response. This is supported by many reports that show the immunosuppressive effects of PGs and their role in the immunosuppression associated with pathologic inflammation, burns, trauma, and tumors. Inhibition of PGs can be achieved through the use of synthetic medicines and natural products. This article reviews the effects of PGs and inhibition of increased synthesis of PGs on the lymphoid system, hematologic indices, and bone marrow elements in trauma, injury, burns, and tumors. The Medline database (1966-2006) was used in this study. Investigators in the present study and others have provided evidence that shows the involvement of PGs in immunosuppression and secondary anemia, as well as the efficacy of inhibited overproduction of PGs in many pathologic conditions other than rheumatologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noori S Al-Waili
- Al-Waili's Charitable Foundation for Science and Trading, New York City, NY, USA.
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Muthu K, Deng J, Romano F, He LK, Gamelli R, Shankar R, Jones SB. Thermal injury and sepsis modulates beta-adrenergic receptors and cAMP responses in monocyte-committed bone marrow cells. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:129-38. [PMID: 15955567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that adrenergic stimulation enhances monocytopoiesis following experimental burn injury and sepsis (BI/S). In the present work we measured beta-adrenergic receptor number and affinity in bone marrow committed monocyte progenitor cells (CD59(+)) following BI/S. We find that BI/S treatment significantly decreased monocyte progenitor cell beta-adrenergic receptors but significantly increased receptor binding affinity and isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production. CD14 expression in macrophages derived in vitro from CD59(+) cells following BI/S was significantly increased by epinephrine and this change was blocked by beta(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist. PCR analysis suggests the presence of beta(2)- but not beta(1)-adrenergic receptors. Enhanced adrenergic receptor signaling in CD59(+) bone marrow cells following BI/S may be important in macrophage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuzhali Muthu
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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Yan Z, Stapleton PP, Freeman TA, Fuortes M, Daly JM. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in response to endotoxin after trauma is dependent on MAPK and NF-kappaB mechanisms. Cell Immunol 2005; 232:116-26. [PMID: 15890324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production is important in cellular immune suppression and in affecting the potential development of sepsis after trauma. We hypothesized that macrophage PGE2 production after trauma is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Mice were subjected to trauma and splenic macrophages isolated 7 days later. Macrophages from traumatized mice showed increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA, protein expression, and PGE2 production compared with controls. Increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 kinase was observed in macrophages from traumatized mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of MAPK blocked trauma-induced COX-2 expression, and PGE2 production. Trauma macrophages showed increased IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NF-kappaB binding to DNA. Inhibiting IkappaBalpha blocked trauma-induced NF-kappaB activity, COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. This suggests that trauma-induced PGE2 production is mediated through MAPK and NF-kappaB activation and offers potential for modifying the macrophages' responses following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Yan
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Surgery, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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13
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Steidl U, Bork S, Schaub S, Selbach O, Seres J, Aivado M, Schroeder T, Rohr UP, Fenk R, Kliszewski S, Maercker C, Neubert P, Bornstein SR, Haas HL, Kobbe G, Tenen DG, Haas R, Kronenwett R. Primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells express functionally active receptors of neuromediators. Blood 2004; 104:81-8. [PMID: 15016651 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, overlapping molecular phenotypes of hematopoietic and neuropoietic cells were described in mice. Here, we examined primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells applying specialized cDNA arrays, real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis focusing on genes involved in neurobiologic functions. We found expression of vesicle fusion and motility genes, ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, receptor kinases and phosphatases, and, most interestingly, mRNA as well as protein expression of G protein–coupled receptors of neuromediators (corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 [CRH 1] and CRH 2 receptors, orexin/hypocretin 1 and 2 receptors, GABAB receptor, adenosine A2B receptor, opioid κ1 and μ1 receptors, and 5-HT 1F receptor). As shown by 2-color immunofluorescence, the protein expression of these receptors was higher in the more immature CD38dim than in the CD38bright subset within the CD34+ population, and completely absent in fully differentiated blood cells, suggesting that those receptors play a role in developmentally early CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. The intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in CD34+ cells was diminished significantly upon stimulation of either CRH or orexin receptors, indicating that those are functionally active and coupled to inhibitory G proteins in human hematopoietic cells. In conclusion, these findings suggest a molecular interrelation of neuronal and hematopoietic signaling mechanisms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Davis KA, Santaniello JM, He LK, Muthu K, Sen S, Jones SB, Gamelli RL, Shankar R. Burn injury and pulmonary sepsis: development of a clinically relevant model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 56:272-8. [PMID: 14960967 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000108995.64133.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improvements in the early resuscitation of the critically injured, mortality from multiple organ failure has remained stable, with the lung often the first organ to fail. Early intubation and mechanical ventilation predispose patients to the development of pneumonia and respiratory failure. Our objective was to establish a murine model of combined injury, consisting of burn/trauma and pulmonary sepsis with reproducible end-organ responses and mortality. METHODS Male B6D2F1 mice were divided into four groups: burn/infection (BI), burn (B), infection (I), and sham (S). Burned animals had a full-thickness 15% dorsal scald burn. BI and I groups were inoculated intratracheally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3-5 x 103 colony-forming units). S and B animals received saline intratracheally. All animals were resuscitated with 2 mL of intraperitoneal saline. Mortality was recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Bacterial sepsis was confirmed by tissue Gram's stain of the lungs and positive organ and blood cultures for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Femoral bone marrow cells were collected at 72 hours from surviving animals. Clonogenic potential was assessed by response to macrophage (M) colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage (GM) CSF in a soft agar assay and the data were represented as colonies per femur. Isolated alveolar macrophages and whole lung tissue were assayed for levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. RESULTS Mortality at 72 hours was 30% in BI, 12% in I, and <10% in B and S groups. Pneumonia was documented in all infected animals at 24 hours by Gram's stain and positive tissue cultures for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Systemic sepsis as confirmed by blood, and remote organ cultures was seen in BI animals only. Significantly increased responsiveness to M-CSF stimulations was noted in all groups (BI, 8,291 +/- 1,402 colonies/femur; B, 6,357 +/- 806 colonies/femur; and I, 8,054 +/- 1,112 colonies/femur; p < 0.05) relative to sham (3,369 +/- 883 colonies/femur, p < 0.05). Maximal responsiveness to GM-CSF stimulation was noted in the BI group (11,932 +/- 982 colonies/femur, p < 0.05), and similar GM responsiveness was noted in all other groups (B, 7,135 +/- 548 colonies/femur; I, 7,023 +/- 810 colonies/femur; and S, 6,829 +/- 1,439 colonies/femur). Alveolar macrophage release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 increased in all animals, but the magnitude of increase was not proportional to the strength of the inciting stimulus. CONCLUSION Although minimal perturbations were seen after burn or pulmonary infection alone, the combined insult of burn and pulmonary sepsis resulted in statistically significant hematopoietic changes with increased monocytopoiesis. Only the combined injury resulted in systemic sepsis and significantly increased mortality. We have developed a clinically relevant model of trauma and pulmonary sepsis that will allow further clarification of the inflammatory response after injury and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Kang JS, Jeon YJ, Park SK, Yang KH, Kim HM. Protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and inhibition of interleukin-1β and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by silymarin. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:175-81. [PMID: 14667940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is known to have hepatoprotective and anticarcinogenic effects. Recently, anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is attracting an increasing attention, but the mechanism of this effect is not fully understood. Here, we report that silymarin protected mice against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. In this model of sepsis, silymarin improved the rate of survival of LPS-treated mice from 6 to 38%. To further investigate the mechanism responsible for anti-septic effect of silymarin, we examined the inhibitory effect of silymarin on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in macrophages. Silymarin dose-dependently suppressed the LPS-induced production of IL-1beta and PGE2 in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Consistent with these results, the mRNA expression of IL-1beta and cyclooxygenase-2 was also completely blocked by silymarin in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the LPS-induced DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel was also inhibited by silymarin in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that silymarin has a protective effect against endotoxin-induced sepsis, and suggest that this is mediated, at least in part, by the inhibitory effect of silymarin on the production of IL-1beta and PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soon Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon, South Korea
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von Aulock S, Boneberg EM, Diterich I, Hartung T. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) treatment primes for increased ex vivo inducible prostanoid release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:754-9. [PMID: 14610236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether anti-inflammatory effects of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) are mediated via prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) induction. In a double-blind crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers received 300 microg of filgrastim or saline 1 week apart. This was repeated after oral administration of 50 mg of flurbiprofen 1 h before injection. The increase in neutrophilic granulocytes initiated by G-CSF was augmented significantly by flurbiprofen. Lipopolysaccharide-induced PGE(2) and thromboxane (TxB(2)) release were increased 8 h after G-CSF treatment. This increase was abrogated by flurbiprofen. However, flurbiprofen did not affect G-CSF-mediated decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma release. Of the volunteers treated with G-CSF, eight reported side effects (headache and bone pain) against none in the saline group. When flurbiprofen was given before injection, one volunteer each reported side effects in the G-CSF and in the saline group. These data show that G-CSF primes for increased PGE(2) and TxB(2) release. Cyclooxygenase inhibition counteracts neither the hematopoietic nor the anti-inflammatory activity of G-CSF but reduces side effects.
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de Silva KI, Daud AN, Deng J, Jones SB, Gamelli RL, Shankar R. Prostaglandin E2 mediates growth arrest in NFS-60 cells by down-regulating interleukin-6 receptor expression. Biochem J 2003; 370:315-21. [PMID: 12429018 PMCID: PMC1223156 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2002] [Revised: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a potent myeloid mitogen, and the immunosuppressive prostanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are elevated following thermal injury and sepsis. We have previously demonstrated that bone marrow myeloid commitment shifts toward monocytopoiesis and away from granulocytopoiesis during thermal injury and sepsis and that PGE2 plays a central role in this alteration. Here we investigated whether PGE2 can modulate IL-6-stimulated growth in the promyelocytic cell line, NFS-60, by down-regulating IL-6 receptor (IL-6r) expression. Exposure of NFS-60 cells to PGE2 suppressed IL-6-stimulated proliferation as well as IL-6r expression. Receptor down-regulation is functionally significant since IL-6-induced signal transduction through activators of transcription (STAT)-3 is also decreased. Down-regulation of IL-6r correlated with the ability of PGE2 to arrest cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. PGE2 appears to signal through EP2 receptors. Butaprost (EP2 agonist) but not sulprostone (EP3 agonist) inhibited IL-6-stimulated proliferation. In addition, an EP2 antagonist (AH6809) alleviated the anti-proliferative effects of PGE2. NFS-60 cells express predominantly EP2 and EP4 receptors. While PGE2 down-regulated both the IL-6r protein and mRNA expression, it had no influence on EP2 or EP4 mRNA expression. The present study demonstrates that PGE2 is a potent down-regulator of IL-6r expression and thus may provide a mechanistic explanation for the granulocytopenia seen in thermal injury and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudika I de Silva
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the lineage specific essential regulator of neutrophil progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, has been thought to be impaired in the setting of burn infection. The ability to directly measure murine G-CSF allows the further delineation of the G-CSF response in a clinically relevant model of thermal injury and infection. METHODS We used a commercially available solid phase enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay to quantify G-CSF production after burn wound infection in mice. Bone marrow cells, splenic cells, and serum were obtained from BDF1 mice on day 3 after a 15% total body surface area full-thickness scald burn with or without Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection. G-CSF production of bone marrow cells or splenic cells and the serum level of G-CSF were measured. A clonogenic assay of bone marrow and spleen granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells as well as blood leukocyte counts were also performed. RESULTS After burn sepsis, we noted that G-CSF production of the bone marrow and spleen was significantly increased; the numbers of progenitor cells in bone marrow and spleen were markedly enhanced; serum values of G-CSF were 14 times greater than control values; serum colony-stimulating activity was greater than in control mice; and total blood leukocyte counts were significantly depressed. CONCLUSION These findings support the notion that granulocytopoietic failure after burn sepsis is not significantly related to defective endogenous G-CSF synthesis. More likely, hyporesponsiveness of granulocyte progenitor cells to G-CSF, changes in the relative balance of granulocyte versus monocyte progenitors within the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell compartment, and enhanced release of monocyte lineage specific growth factors are the critical elements responsible for burn infection-induced hematopoietic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gamelli
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Burn & Shock-Trauma Institute, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Cioffi
- Department of Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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