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Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang J, Xia Q. A Novel Mouse Model of Liver Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury and its Differences to the Existing Model. J INVEST SURG 2015. [PMID: 26204139 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2014.983621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia of the cephalad lobes (70% of liver mass) is a frequently employed mouse hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model that does not involve outflow occlusion. This model produces results with relatively large variances. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel model of ischemia of the left lateral lobe (35% of liver mass) that involves temporarily occluding the blood supply to the cephalad lobes to expel blood followed by occlusion of both the inflow and outflow of the left lateral lobe, was developed. Mice in the 35% (novel) and 70% (existing) model groups were subjected to I/R injury, and biochemical and histological analyses of blood and liver samples were performed. Tissue oxygen partial pressure (tPO2) measurements in the ischemic lobes were also performed to determine whether the hepatic tissue was in a stable hypoxic state. Statistical analyses of the biochemical results, histological scores, and tPO2 levels were performed from which coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. RESULTS The CVs of the aminotransferase activities, histological scores, and tPO2 levels were much lower in the 35% group than those in the 70% group. The tPO2 measurements demonstrated that inflow occlusion in the 70% model did not result in a stable hypoxic state, even after the portal triads were ligated and severed, indicating that there was blood reflux from the vena cava, which would be responsible for the variations in results with the 70% I/R model. CONCLUSIONS The new 35% I/R model leads to reproducible results because both inflow and outflow of the ischemic lobe are occluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhang
- a Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ming Zhang
- a Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- a Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , China
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Shimada S, Fukai M, Wakayama K, Ishikawa T, Kobayashi N, Kimura T, Yamashita K, Kamiyama T, Shimamura T, Taketomi A, Todo S. Hydrogen sulfide augments survival signals in warm ischemia and reperfusion of the mouse liver. Surg Today 2014; 45:892-903. [PMID: 25362520 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ameliorates hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI), but the precise mechanism remains elusive. We investigated whether sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a soluble derivative of H2S, would ameliorate hepatic IRI, and if so, via what mechanism. METHODS Mice were subjected to partial warm ischemia for 75 min followed by reperfusion. Either NaHS or saline was administered intravenously 10 min before reperfusion. The liver and serum were collected 3, 6, and 24 h after reperfusion. RESULTS In the NaHS(-) group, severe IRI was apparent by the ALT leakage, tissue injury score, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation (higher plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-23, IL-17, and CD40L), whereas IRI was significantly ameliorated in the NaHS(+) group. These effects could be explained by the augmented nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and the resulting up-regulation of HO-1 and thioredoxin-1. Phosphorylation of the PDK-1/Akt/mTOR/p70S6k axis, which is known to mediate pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signals, was significantly augmented in the NaHS(+) group, with a higher rate of PCNA-positive cells thereafter. CONCLUSION NaHS ameliorated hepatic IRI by direct and indirect anti-oxidant activities by augmenting pro-survival, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory signals via mechanisms involving Nrf-2, and by accelerating hepatic regeneration via mechanisms involving Akt-p70S6k.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Shimada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Lou LX, Uemura T, Mani H, Yang C, Li W, Kadry Z, Zhang SSM. Endogenous signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is required for the protection of hepatocytes against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:1078-87. [PMID: 23836400 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Warm ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical problem during liver transplantation and liver resection. Warm ischemia also occurs during trauma and shock. However, there is still no safe and promising strategy for protecting the liver from I/R injury. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a major immediate response molecule for protecting cell survival. In this study, we first confirmed that a pharmacological STAT3 inhibitor, (E)-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydrophenyl)-N-(phenylmethyl)-2-propenamide (AG490), significantly reduced the survival of HepG2 cells, regardless of the serum condition. Furthermore, we created hepatocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice with the cyclization recombination-locus of X-over P1 (Cre-LoxP) system to study the mechanisms of STAT3 in liver I/R injury. We found that the alanine aminotransferase level was significantly higher in hepatocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice versus wild-type (WT) mice in a 70% liver I/R injury model. A histopathological examination showed that hepatocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice suffered more severe damage than WT mice despite similar numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the 2 groups. These results indicate that endogenous STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes is required for protection of the liver in vitro and in vivo against warm I/R injury. In conclusion, endogenous STAT3 plays an important role in protecting the liver against I/R injury, and STAT3-targeting therapy could be a therapeutic approach to combating liver I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Xi Lou
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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Kuncewitch M, Yang WL, Molmenti E, Nicastro J, Coppa GF, Wang P. Wnt agonist attenuates liver injury and improves survival after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Shock 2013; 39:3-10. [PMID: 23143067 DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182764fe8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is well characterized in stem cell biology and plays a critical role in liver development, regeneration, and homeostasis. We hypothesized that pharmacologic activation of Wnt signaling protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through its known proliferative and antiapoptotic properties. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 70% hepatic ischemia by microvascular clamping of the hilum of the left and median lobes of the liver for 90 min, followed by reperfusion. Wnt agonist (2-amino-4-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzylamino]-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine, 5 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle (20% dimethyl sulfoxide in saline) in 0.5 mL was injected i.p. 1 h before ischemia or infused i.v. over 30 min right after ischemia. Blood and tissue samples from the pretreated groups were collected 24 h after reperfusion, and a survival study was performed. Hepatic expression of β-catenin and its downstream target gene Axin2 were decreased after I/R, whereas Wnt agonist restored their expression to sham levels. Wnt agonist blunted I/R-induced elevations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase and significantly improved the microarchitecture of the liver. The cell proliferation determined by Ki67 immunostaining significantly increased with Wnt agonist treatment, and inflammatory cascades were dampened in Wnt agonist-treated animals, as demonstrated by attenuations in interleukin 6, myeloperoxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrotyrosine. Wnt agonist also significantly decreased the amount of apoptosis, as evidenced by decreases in both TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining as well as caspase 3 activity levels. Finally, the 10-day survival rate was increased from 27% in the vehicle group to 73% in the pretreated Wnt agonist group and 55% in the Wnt agonist postischemia treatment group. Thus, we propose that direct Wnt/β-catenin stimulation may represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of hepatic I/R.
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Lee EJS, Silva SMD, Simões MDJ, Montero EFDS. Effect of N-acetylcysteine in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury after 30% hepatectomy in mice. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:346-9. [PMID: 22534811 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine in liver remnant after hepatectomy associated to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. METHODS Male adult BALB/c mice, weighing 20-22 g were used. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg); received N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg, H-IR-NAC group) or vehicle (H-IR group). Surgical procedures were performed under 10X magnification. Partial hepatectomy (30%) was followed by ischemia-reperfusion injury (30 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion). Blood sample and liver tissue were removed before animal was euthanized. AST and ALT were evaluated in blood samples and histomorphological analyses were performed in remnant liver. Groups were compared by Mann-Whitney test, and it was considered significant when p<0.05. RESULTS Biochemical evaluations showed reduced levels of ALT in NAC group (H-IR-NAC=376 ± 127 U/l vs H-IR=636 ± 39 U/l, p=0.023). AST was similar (p=0.456). H-IR group showed hepatic tissue with preserved architecture, large area of steatosis, vascular congestion and rare mitogenic activity. NAC group showed hepatic tissue with small area of steatosis, vascular congestion and elevated mitogenic activity, evidenced by increased binuclear cells (H-IR-NAC=15.88 ± 0.52 vs H-IR=7.4 ± 0.37, p<0.001). CONCLUSION N-acetylcysteine promotes enzymatic and morphological protection against hepatectomy and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Jin Su Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Silva S, Carbonel A, Taha M, Simões M, Montero E. Proliferative Activity in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Hepatectomized Mice: Effect of N-Acetylcysteine. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:2321-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Selzner N, Liu H, Boehnert MU, Adeyi OA, Shalev I, Bartczak AM, Xue-Zhong M, Manuel J, Rotstein OD, McGilvray ID, Grant DR, Phillips MJ, Levy GA, Selzner M. FGL2/fibroleukin mediates hepatic reperfusion injury by induction of sinusoidal endothelial cell and hepatocyte apoptosis in mice. J Hepatol 2012; 56:153-9. [PMID: 21756857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) and hepatocyte death are early, TNF-α mediated events in ischemia and reperfusion of the liver (I/Rp). We previously reported that TNF-α induced liver injury is dependent on Fibrinogen like protein 2 (FGL2/Fibroleukin) and showed that FGL2 binding to its receptor, FcγRIIB, results in lymphocyte apoptosis. In this study we examine whether I/Rp is induced by specific binding of FGL2 to FcγRIIB expressed on SEC. METHODS Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion was induced in wild type (WT) mice and in mice with deletion or inhibition of FGL2 and FcRIIB. Liver injury was determined by AST release, necrosis and animal death. Apoptosis was evaluated with caspase 3 and TUNEL staining. RESULTS FGL2 deletion or inhibition resulted in decreased liver injury as determined by a marked reduction in both levels of AST and ALT and hepatocyte necrosis. Caspase 3 staining of SEC (12% vs. 75%) and hepatocytes (12% vs. 45%) as well as TUNEL staining of SEC (13% vs. 60%, p=0.02) and hepatocytes (18% vs. 70%, p=0.03), markers of apoptosis, were lower in Fgl2(-/-) compared to WT mice. In vitro incubation of SEC with FGL2 induced apoptosis of SEC from WT mice, but not FcγRIIB(-/-) mice. Deletion of FcγRIIB fully protected mice against SEC and hepatocyte death in vivo. Survival of mice deficient in either Fgl2(-/-) (80%) or FcγRIIB(-/-) (100%) was markedly increased compared to WT mice (10%) which were subjected to 75min of total hepatic ischemia (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS FGL2 binding to the FcγRIIB receptor expressed on SEC is a critical event in the initiation of the hepatic reperfusion injury cascade through induction of SEC and hepatocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Selzner
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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de Graaf W, Heger M, Spruijt O, Maas A, de Bruin K, Hoekstra R, Bennink RJ, van Gulik TM. Quantitative Assessment of Liver Function after Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Partial Hepatectomy in Rats. J Surg Res 2012; 172:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Marsman HA, Heger M, Kloek JJ, Nienhuis SL, ten Kate FJW, van Gulik TM. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce hepatic steatosis and consequently attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury following partial hepatectomy in rats. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43:984-90. [PMID: 21840275 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) treatment of experimental steatosis and the consequent effect on ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. BACKGROUND Fatty livers are more susceptible to IR injury and display decreased regenerative capacity. Consequently, restrictions exist for patients with fatty livers to undergo a major hepatectomy or to participate in living donor liver transplantation. Until recently, weight reduction constituted the only proven therapy for patients with fatty livers. METHODS Steatosis was induced by a 3-wk methionine/choline-deficient diet, followed by oral administration of omega-3 FAs (Omega-3), standard lipid solution (Lipid), or NaCl (Saline) during 2 wk. Control animals received a standard diet without treatment. Rats underwent partial (70%) hepatic IR combined with partial hepatectomy (PHx) of the non-ischemic lobes (30%) followed by 24-h reperfusion. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed mild (5-33%) macrovesicular steatosis in omega-3-treated animals vs. severe (>66%) macrovesicular steatosis in both Lipid and Saline groups. Following IR/PHx, omega-3-treated rats exhibited reduced serum ALT levels after 6- and 24-h reperfusion, a reduced hepatic TNF-α content, and an improved anti-oxidative capacity. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 treatment significantly reduces experimental hepatic steatosis and associated pathophysiological features, resulting in significantly reduced IR injury following PHx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A Marsman
- Department of Surgery (Surgical Laboratory), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Coriat R, Leconte M, Kavian N, Bedda S, Nicco C, Chereau C, Goulvestre C, Weill B, Laurent A, Batteux F. Mangafodipir protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27005. [PMID: 22073237 PMCID: PMC3206884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim Mangafodipir is a contrast agent used in magnetic resonance imaging that concentrates in the liver and displays pleiotropic antioxidant properties. Since reactive oxygen species are involved in ischemia-reperfusion damages, we hypothesized that the use of mangafodipir could prevent liver lesions in a mouse model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Mangafodipir (MnDPDP) was compared to ischemic preconditioning and intermittent inflow occlusion for the prevention of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse. Methods Mice were subjected to 70% hepatic ischemia (continuous ischemia) for 90 min. Thirty minutes before the ischemic period, either mangafodipir (10 mg/kg) or saline was injected intraperitoneally. Those experimental groups were compared with one group of mice preconditioned by 10 minutes' ischemia followed by 15 minutes' reperfusion, and one group with intermittent inflow occlusion. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury was evaluated by measurement of serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity, histologic analysis of the livers, and determination of hepatocyte apoptosis (cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activity). The effect of mangafodipir on the survival rate of mice was studied in a model of total hepatic ischemia. Results Mangafodipir prevented experimental hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injuries in the mouse as indicated by a reduction in serum ASAT activity (P<0.01), in liver tissue damages, in markers of apoptosis (P<0.01), and by higher rates of survival in treated than in untreated animals (P<0.001). The level of protection by mangafodipir was similar to that observed following intermittent inflow occlusion and higher than after ischemic preconditioning. Conclusions Mangafodipir is a potential new preventive treatment for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Coriat
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Service d'hépatogastroentérologie, Université Paris Descartes,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Mahaut Leconte
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'immunologie biologique Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Sassia Bedda
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Carole Nicco
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Chereau
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Claire Goulvestre
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'immunologie biologique Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Weill
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Batteux
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, EA1833 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'immunologie biologique Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Sun X, Imai M, Nowak-Machen M, Guckelberger O, Enjyoji K, Wu Y, Khalpey Z, Berberat P, Munasinghe J, Robson SC. Liver damage and systemic inflammatory responses are exacerbated by the genetic deletion of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:427-34. [PMID: 21656186 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with both local damage to the hepatic vasculature and systemic inflammatory responses. CD39 is the dominant vascular endothelial cell ectonucleotidase and rapidly hydrolyses both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate to adenosine monophosphate. These biochemical properties, in tandem with 5'-nucleotidases, generate adenosine and potentially illicit inflammatory vascular responses and thrombosis. We have evaluated the role of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Wildtype mice, Cd39-hemizygous mice (+/-) and matched Cd39-null mice (-/-); (n = 25 per group) underwent 45 min of total warm ischemia with full inflow occlusion necessitating partial hepatectomy. Soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDases) or adenosine/amrinone were administered to wildtype (n = 6) and Cd39-null mice (n = 6) in order to study protective effects in vivo. Parameters of liver injury, systemic inflammation, hepatic ATP determinations by P(31)-NMR and parameters of lung injury were obtained. All wildtype mice survived up to 7 days with minimal biochemical disturbances and minor evidence for injury. In contrast, 64% of Cd39+/- and 84% of Cd39-null mice required euthanasia or died within 4 h post-reperfusion with liver damage and systemic inflammation associated with hypercytokinemia. Hepatic ATP depletion was pronounced in Cd39-null mice posthepatic IRI. Soluble NTPDase or adenosine administration protected Cd39-deficient mice from acute reperfusion injury. We conclude that CD39 is protective in hepatic IRI preventing local injury and systemic inflammation in an adenosine dependent manner. Our data indicate that vascular CD39 expression has an essential protective role in hepatic IRI.
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Kanazawa H, Fujimoto Y, Teratani T, Iwasaki J, Kasahara N, Negishi K, Tsuruyama T, Uemoto S, Kobayashi E. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19195. [PMID: 21559442 PMCID: PMC3084802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with living donor liver transplantation impairs liver graft regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential cell therapeutic targets for liver disease. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of MSCs against hepatic I/R injury and hepatectomy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used a new rat model in which major hepatectomy with I/R injury was performed. Male Lewis rats were separated into two groups: an MSC group given MSCs after reperfusion as treatment, and a Control group given phosphate-buffered saline after reperfusion as placebo. The results of liver function tests, pathologic changes in the liver, and the remnant liver regeneration rate were assessed. The fate of transplanted MSCs in the luciferase-expressing rats was examined by in vivo luminescent imaging. The MSC group showed peak luciferase activity of transplanted MSCs in the remnant liver 24 h after reperfusion, after which luciferase activity gradually declined. The elevation of serum alanine transaminase levels was significantly reduced by MSC injection. Histopathological findings showed that vacuolar change was lower in the MSC group compared to the Control group. In addition, a significantly lower percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in the MSC group compared with the controls. Remnant liver regeneration rate was accelerated in the MSC group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that MSC transplantation provides trophic support to the I/R-injured liver by inhibiting hepatocellular apoptosis and by stimulating regeneration.
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Kanazawa H, Fujimoto Y, Teratani T, Iwasaki J, Kasahara N, Negishi K, Tsuruyama T, Uemoto S, Kobayashi E. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model. PLoS One 2011. [PMID: 21559442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.00 19195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with living donor liver transplantation impairs liver graft regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential cell therapeutic targets for liver disease. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of MSCs against hepatic I/R injury and hepatectomy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used a new rat model in which major hepatectomy with I/R injury was performed. Male Lewis rats were separated into two groups: an MSC group given MSCs after reperfusion as treatment, and a Control group given phosphate-buffered saline after reperfusion as placebo. The results of liver function tests, pathologic changes in the liver, and the remnant liver regeneration rate were assessed. The fate of transplanted MSCs in the luciferase-expressing rats was examined by in vivo luminescent imaging. The MSC group showed peak luciferase activity of transplanted MSCs in the remnant liver 24 h after reperfusion, after which luciferase activity gradually declined. The elevation of serum alanine transaminase levels was significantly reduced by MSC injection. Histopathological findings showed that vacuolar change was lower in the MSC group compared to the Control group. In addition, a significantly lower percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in the MSC group compared with the controls. Remnant liver regeneration rate was accelerated in the MSC group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that MSC transplantation provides trophic support to the I/R-injured liver by inhibiting hepatocellular apoptosis and by stimulating regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanazawa
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji City, Tochigi, Japan.
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Selzner M, Selzner N, Chen L, Borozan I, Sun J, Xue-Zhong M, Zhang J, McGilvray ID. Exaggerated up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent apoptosis in the older mouse liver following reperfusion injury: targeting liver protective strategies to patient age. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1594-604. [PMID: 19877208 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it is becoming increasingly common to accept livers from older donors for transplantation, old livers are more damaged by hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (HIRI) than young livers. We hypothesized that this age-related susceptibility to HIRI is due to increased hepatocellular apoptosis driven by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Young (6-week-old) and old (60-week-old) mice underwent 60 minutes of hepatic ischemia and increasing periods of reperfusion. TNFalpha was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver injury (enzyme release), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick-end labeling staining, cytochrome C release, and caspase activation), and necrosis (hematoxylin and eosin staining) were assessed. We assessed the impact of apoptosis by blocking TNFalpha production or effect (pentoxifylline and TNFalpha receptor knockout), inhibiting apoptotic pathways (caspase inhibition), or imposing a hepatic protective strategy [glucose infusion with ischemic preconditioning (Glc/PC)]. In comparison with young livers, old livers subjected to HIRI had more pronounced liver aspartate aminotransferase release (6200 versus 3900 U/L, P = 0.02), necrosis (45% versus 25%, P = 0.03), and apoptosis with increased 30-minute TNFalpha release (19.02 versus 10.62 pg/mg, P = 0.03). Eliminating TNFalpha production reversed the effect of age, as did inhibition of apoptotic pathways with caspase inhibition. Glc/PC of old mice attenuated TNFalpha release (9.56 versus 19.02 pg/mg, P = 0.001) and age-related exaggerated HIRI and improved survival (60% versus 0%). In conclusion, the age-related susceptibility to HIRI is driven by an exaggerated induction of TNFalpha-dependent hepatocellular apoptosis. Targeting the apoptotic cascade has implications for the older donor liver population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Selzner
- Division of Multiorgan Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Nagai S, Asoh S, Kobayashi Y, Shidara Y, Mori T, Suzuki M, Moriyama Y, Ohta S. Protection of hepatic cells from apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury by protein therapeutics. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:133-42. [PMID: 17300709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Apoptosis is involved in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. The protein FNK, constructed from an anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), exhibits the stronger anticell death activity. We evaluated the effect of FNK on apoptosis after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion, using FNK-overexpressing transgenic mice and the HIV/Tat protein-transduction-domain (PTD) that mediates the introduction of FNK into cells when fused with FNK (PTD-FNK). METHODS Mice were given hepatic ischemic insult for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h. FNK overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. PTD-FNK was intraperitoneally injected into wild mice 3 h before the insult. Liver injury was determined by the caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and hematoxylin-eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP- digoxigenin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) stainings. RESULTS In FNK-transgenic mice, FNK overexpression inhibited the activation of caspase 3/caspase 3-like activity and DNA fragmentation caused by the injury. In wild mice preinjected with PTD-FNK, PTD-FNK significantly inhibited the caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, reduced the area of liver vacuolization, and protected hepatic cells surrounding blood vessels, irrespective of central or portal veins, from the ischemia/reperfusion damage. CONCLUSIONS FNK inhibits apoptotic death due to the ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our results provide the reasonable expectation of therapeutic protein PTD-FNK for clinical applications, such as transplantation, to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Duenschede F, Westermann S, Riegler N, Miesner I, Erbes K, Ewald P, Kircher A, Schaefer H, Schneider J, Schad A, Dutkowski P, Kiemer AK, Junginger T. Different protection mechanisms after pretreatment with glycine or alpha-lipoic acid in a rat model of warm hepatic ischemia. Eur Surg Res 2006; 38:503-12. [PMID: 17028433 DOI: 10.1159/000096061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Alpha-lipoic (LA) acid pretreatment has previously been described to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) after warm liver ischemia, whereas glycine pretreatment has been shown to be protective mostly in models of cold hepatic ischemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycine decreases IRI after warm hepatic ischemia. Furthermore we investigated whether doses of LA other than those used previously are also protective against IRI after warm hepatic ischemia. METHODS Selective liver ischemia was maintained over a period of 90 min. In long-term as well as short-term experiments we studied IRI in several groups comparing animal survival as the pivotal endpoint. RESULTS Animal survival was improved by glycine and 5,000 micromol LA, whereas all animals died within 3 days after pretreatment with 50 micromol LA. In the glycine group we observed a tendency towards decreased apoptosis-related cell death measured by the activity of caspase-3 in liver tissue and the percentage of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes in comparison to the untreated group. Serum alpha-glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, and caspase-3 activity as well as the percentage of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes and the percentage of liver necrosis were only significantly decreased by 5,000 micromol LA pretreatment. Liver tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were reduced only in the glycine group whereas TNFalpha was increased in the untreated as well as the LA group. Levels of TNFalpha mRNA were upregulated in both the glycine- and LA-pretreated groups. CONCLUSION Our data show that increased animal survival by glycine was accompanied by a reduced TNFalpha content in liver tissue. Protection by glycine is likely to result from a reduction in adverse TNFalpha effects. Administration of high-dose LA on the other hand led to a significant reduction in necrosis- and apoptosis-related cell death in IRI of the liver without a reduction in liver TNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Duenschede
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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van Veen SQ, Dinant S, van Vliet AK, van Gulik TM. Alkaline phosphatase reduces hepatic and pulmonary injury in liver ischaemia -- reperfusion combined with partial resection. Br J Surg 2006; 93:448-56. [PMID: 16491472 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharides mediate inflammation in liver ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and partial liver resection (PHX). Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BIAP) detoxifies lipopolysaccharides by dephosphorylation and reduces inflammation in models of sepsis. This study examined the protective effects of BIAP administration in models of partial (70 per cent) liver I/R with or without partial resection of all non-ischaemic lobes during ischaemia (30 per cent). METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: I/R + BIAP, I/R + saline, I/R + PHX + BIAP and I/R + PHX + saline, PHX only or sham laparotomy only. A single dose of BIAP (0.5 units/g) or vehicle (saline) was administered 5 min before reperfusion. Inflammatory response, and hepatic and pulmonary injury were assessed during 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS I/R, with or without PHX, increased all markers of inflammation, and hepatic and pulmonary damage (P < 0.050 versus sham operation). I/R + PHX significantly increased release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and hepatic neutrophil influx compared with I/R only (P < 0.050). BIAP treatment decreased hepatic wet/dry ratios, neutrophil influx and histopathological damage after I/R with or without PHX (P < 0.050), and also AST, ALT and interleukin (IL)-6 production after I/R + PHX (P < 0.050). BIAP treatment reduced the neutrophil influx after I/R, and pulmonary histopathological injury was decreased after I/R with or without PHX. CONCLUSION BIAP attenuates hepatic and pulmonary injury after partial liver I/R and PHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q van Veen
- Department of Surgery (Surgical Laboratory), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Kanoria S, Glantzounis G, Jalan R, Davies NA, Seifalian AM, Williams R, Davidson BR. A model to study total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc 2005; 36:2586-9. [PMID: 15621096 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most experimental animal models for studying hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) involve partial or segmental ischemia of the liver or a portocaval shunt procedure to avoid mesenteric congestion. However, these do not reflect the global ischemia that occurs during liver transplantation. A rabbit model of total hepatic ischemia without a portocaval shunt is described. METHODS Twenty male New Zealand white rabbits (3.5 +/- 0.3 kg) were allocated to four groups: group 1 (n = 5), sham-operated; group 2 (n = 5), 20-minute total hepatic ischemia; group 3 (n = 5), 25-minute total hepatic ischemia; and group 4 (n = 5), 30-minute total hepatic ischemia. Total hepatic ischemia was induced by occluding the portal inflow vessels (portal vein and artery) with an atraumatic vascular loop and were measurements taken for 2 hours during reperfusion. RESULTS A total hepatic ischemia of 30 minutes caused severe liver injury resulting in cardiac arrest at 2 hours of reperfusion in all five animals due to metabolic acidosis. Twenty minutes of total ischemia was tolerated and did not produce significant liver injury. Twenty-five minutes of total ischemia was tolerated but at 2 hours of reperfusion, resulted in significant liver injury (68 +/- 41, 283.0 +/- 20.5, and 835.2 +/- 52.7 U/L) compared with the sham-operated group (serum ALT, 25.4 +/- 2.7; serum AST, 47.4 +/- 3.0; serum LDH, 307.6 +/- 44.4 U/L; P < .003). CONCLUSIONS Rabbits can tolerate 25 minutes of total hepatic ischemia without a portosystemic shunt. This 25-minute ischemia model simulates operative conditions during liver transplantation and will be valuable in studies modulating IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanoria
- Hepato-biliary and Liver Transplant Unit, Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
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19
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Watanabe T, Kubota S, Nagaya M, Ozaki S, Nagafuchi H, Akashi K, Taira Y, Tsukikawa S, Oowada S, Nakano S. The role of HMGB-1 on the development of necrosis during hepatic ischemia and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. J Surg Res 2005; 124:59-66. [PMID: 15734480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group 1 (HMGB-1) is a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. The release of HMGB-1 is delayed compared to other proinflammatory cytokines that mediate shock and tissue injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of HMGB-1 levels in response to hepatic ischemia, hepatic I/R injury, and the relationship between changes in HMGB-1 and other cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three murine models were employed: our robust model of segmental hepatic warm ischemia (SHWI), a model of partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (PHIRI), and a model of total hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (THIRI). Over a 48-h period following ischemic insult and reperfusion using these models, serum HMGB-1 concentrations, concentrations of HMGB-1 in ischemic and nonischemic lobes, and serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were determined in mice. An anti-HMGB-1 antibody treatment was used in SHWI and THIRI to evaluate what aspects of response to ischemia and reperfusion were potentially mediated by HMGB-1. RESULTS Hepatic HMGB-1 tissue concentrations exhibited biphasic changes in SHWI mice, which were increased in the ischemic lobes relative to nonischemic lobes at 12 h but decreased relative to nonischemic lobes at 24 h after ischemic insult. These results suggested that HMGB-1 was released into the systemic circulation by necrotic cells over the first 12 h but this process may be complete by 24 h postischemia. By 6 to 12 h after SHWI, serum TNF-alpha began to increase significantly and continued to increase for 18 h, followed by a sudden decline. Similarly, serum IL-6 increased over 1-3 h after SHWI and then decreased over the next 6 h. Treatment with an anti-HMGB-1 antibody significantly prolonged survival time in SHWI and THIRI. CONCLUSIONS HMGB-1 plays a significant role in the response to hepatic ischemia and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study demonstrated a time-dependent production of HMGB-1 following hepatic warm ischemia in mice. The inherent HMGB-1 in ischemic areas was exhausted and HMGB-1 may be released by necrotic cells. HMGB-1 activation is involved in immediate proinflammatory stress response to I/R and anti-HMGB-1 antibody treatment remarkably improved survival. We demonstrated that systemic HMGB-1 accumulation was measured at an earlier phase of the hepatic ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury model than LPS-induced endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Watanabe
- Department of General Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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20
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Matsumoto T, Efron PA, Tsujimoto H, Tschoeke SK, Ungaro R, Fujita S, Foley DP, Hemming A, Moldawer LL. Splenic transposition is superior to caudal shunt as a model of murine total hepatic ischemia. J Transl Med 2005; 85:90-8. [PMID: 15558060 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine total hepatic ischemia (THI) followed by reperfusion without shunting of the portal vein induces significant lethality in rodents due to intestinal congestion. Two methods have been promulgated to study THI and reperfusion in mice without intestinal congestion: subcutaneous splenic transposition which creates a portosystemic shunt via epigastric vessels, and a caudal shunt with 30% hepatectomy, which creates a portosystemic shunt via the small remnant of remaining caudal lobe. We compared outcome, inflammatory response and hepatic injury due to THI and reperfusion in these two models. Female C57BL/6 mice underwent ST, caudal shunt or no surgery prior to having 30 min of total hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Survival, surgical complications, serum AST/ALT and IL-6 were determined. Apoptotic and necrotic hepatocytes were identified by morphological criteria. Complication rates for the ST and caudal shunt procedures were 6.7 and 20%, respectively. Subsequent mortality rates following THI and 60 min reperfusion were 5.9 and 50% in mice with ST and caudal shunt, respectively. Both groups had elevated serum AST/ALT concentrations. However, in mice undergoing caudal shunt, AST/ALT levels were also significantly increased even without THI. The number of apoptotic hepatocytes after THI and reperfusion in mice following caudal shunt was significantly higher compared with those of ST (P<0.001). Both ST and caudal shunt can be used in models of THI and reperfusion to prevent significant lethality due to intestinal congestion. However, ST is a simple, safe and suitable model, whereas caudal shunt requires manipulation of the liver, and is associated with significant hepatic injury and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0286, USA
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21
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Abstract
Fatty liver, formerly associated predominantly with excessive alcohol intake, is now also recognized as a complication of obesity and an important precursor state to more severe forms of liver pathology including ischemia/reperfusion injury. No standard protocol for treating fatty liver exists at this time. We therefore examined the effects of 10 days of interleukin 6 (IL-6) injection in 3 murine models of fatty liver: leptin deficient ob/ob mice, ethanol-fed mice, and mice fed a high-fat diet. In all 3 models, IL-6 injection decreased steatosis and normalized serum aminotransferase. The beneficial effects of IL-6 treatment in vivo resulted in part from an increase in mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acid and an increase in hepatic export of triglyceride and cholesterol. However, administration of IL-6 to isolated cultured steatotic hepatocytes failed to decrease lipid contents, suggesting that the beneficial effects of IL-6 in vivo do not result from its effects on hepatocytes alone. IL-6 treatment increased hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and decreased liver and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Finally, 10 days of treatment with IL-6 prevented the susceptibility of fatty livers to warm ischemia/reperfusion injury. In conclusion, long-term IL-6 administration ameliorates fatty livers and protects against warm ischemia/reperfusion fatty liver injury, suggesting the therapeutic potential of IL-6 in treating human fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Contreras JL, Vilatoba M, Eckstein C, Bilbao G, Anthony Thompson J, Eckhoff DE. Caspase-8 and caspase-3 small interfering RNA decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury to the liver in mice. Surgery 2004; 136:390-400. [PMID: 15300206 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury) of the liver remains a significant problem during liver surgery and transplantation. I/R injury is associated with liver apoptosis, which is mediated by death receptors such as Fas and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and/or mitochondrial dysfunction induced by cellular stress. Caspase-8 is presumed to be the apex of the death-mediated apoptosis pathway, whereas caspase-3 belongs to the "effector" proteases in the apoptosis cascade. Synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specifically suppress gene expression by RNA interference. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of caspase-8 and caspase-3 siRNA in a murine model of liver I/R injury. METHODS In C57BL/6 mice, 45% or 70% of the liver mass was clamped for 90 minutes. For survival analysis, total hepatic ischemia was induced for 45 minutes. In vivo delivery of siRNA was performed via the portal vein by high-volume injection (0.5 nmol of siRNA in 1 mL containing 10% lipiodol) 60 minutes before ischemia. As a control, animals received either vehicle or non-sense siRNA (siRNA-scrambled). RESULTS Liver uptake of siRNA was analyzed in transgenic mice who express beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) (C57BL/6J-TgN(MTn-LacZ)204Bri) after administration of siRNA-LacZ. A 3- to 4-fold decrease in beta-gal activity was accomplished at 0.5 nmol. No significant change in beta-gal activity was demonstrated in mice receiving non-sense siRNA. Immunohistochemical studies found that 60% of the liver cells efficiently took up siRNA. Significant reduction in serum aspartate transaminase was found in animals treated with siRNA caspase-8 or caspase-3 compared with siRNA-scrambed or vehicle-treated controls. More than a 60% reduction in caspase-8 and caspase-3 gene expression and activities was accomplished after siRNA administration. Animals treated with siRNA presented lower infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and better preservation of the liver architecture compared with controls. All of the control mice subjected to total liver ischemia died within 5 days. In contrast, 30% of the animals given siRNA caspase-8 and 50% of those treated with siRNA caspase-3 survived indefinitely (>30 days). CONCLUSIONS Small interfering RNA targeted to caspase-8 and caspase-3 provided significant protection against I/R injury to the liver. This approach could be therapeutic in liver transplantation and other conditions associated with I/R injury to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Contreras
- Division of Transplantation and Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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23
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Kang KJ, Jang JH, Lim TJ, Kang Y, Park KK, Lee IS, Clavien PA. Optimal cycle of intermittent portal triad clamping during liver resection in the murine liver. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:794-801. [PMID: 15162475 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We designed this experimental study to determine the optimal cycle for intermittent inflow occlusion during liver resection. A cycle of intermittent clamping (IC) for 15 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion for 5 minutes during liver resection is currently the most popular protocol used by experienced liver centers. As each period of reperfusion is associated with bleeding, longer periods of clamping would be advantageous. However, the longest safe duration of successive ischemia is unknown. Three groups of mice were subjected to a total liver ischemic period for 90 minutes; 2 groups underwent IC for 15 or 30 minutes, respectively, followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion, while the control group was subjected to continuous inflow occlusion only. The degree of tissue injury was assessed using biochemical and histological markers, as well as animal survival. While serious injury was observed in the continuous clamping group, both IC groups were associated with minimal injury, including lesser degrees of apoptosis and necrosis. All animals survived in the IC groups, while all animals died following 90 minutes of continuous inflow occlusion. In conclusion, intermittent portal pedicle clamping with 15- or 30-minute cycles is highly protective. A period of 30 minutes clamping should be preferred, since this would decrease the amount of blood loss associated with each cycle. This data should be confirmed in humans, and may represent a change in the current practice of hepatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koo-Jeong Kang
- Department of Surgery, TMR Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
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Schauer RJ, Gerbes AL, Vonier D, Meissner H, Michl P, Leiderer R, Schildberg FW, Messmer K, Bilzer M. Glutathione protects the rat liver against reperfusion injury after prolonged warm ischemia. Ann Surg 2004; 239:220-31. [PMID: 14745330 PMCID: PMC1356215 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000110321.64275.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of postischemic intravenous infusion of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) to protect the liver from reperfusion injury following prolonged warm ischemia. BACKGROUND DATA The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated Kupffer cells (KC) and leukocytes causes reperfusion injury of the liver after warm ischemia. Therefore, safe and cost-effective antioxidant strategies would appear a promising approach to prevent hepatic reperfusion injury during liver resection, but need to be developed. METHODS Livers of male Lewis rats were subjected to 60, 90, or 120 minutes of normothermic ischemia. During a 120 minutes reperfusion period either GSH (50, 100 or 200 micromol/h/kg; n= 6-8) or saline (n= 8) was continuously administered via the jugular vein. RESULTS Postischemic GSH treatment significantly prevented necrotic injury to hepatocytes as indicated by a 50-60% reduction of serum ALT and AST. After 1 hour of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion apoptotic hepatocytes were rare (0.50 +/- 0.10%; mean +/- SD) and not different in GSH-treated animals (0.65 +/- 0.20%). GSH (200 micromol GSH/h/kg) improved survival following 2 hours of ischemia (6 of 9 versus 3 of 9 rats; P < 0.05). Intravital fluorescence microscopy revealed a nearly complete restoration of sinusoidal blood flow. This was paralleled by a reduction of leukocyte adherence to sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules. Intravenous GSH administration resulted in a 10- to 40-fold increase of plasma GSH levels, whereas intracellular GSH contents were unaffected. Plasma concentrations of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased up to 5-fold in GSH-treated animals suggesting counteraction of the vascular oxidant stress produced by activated KC. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous GSH administration during reperfusion of ischemic livers prevents reperfusion injury in rats. Because GSH is well tolerable also in man, this novel approach could be introduced to human liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf J Schauer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Grosshadern, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS While ischemic preconditioning confers significant protection against subsequent prolonged periods of ischemia, the mechanisms triggering protection remain speculative. We hypothesize that a sub-lethal oxidative stress during ischemic preconditioning induces defense mechanisms preventing subsequent lethal injury. METHODS We used mouse models of partial and total hepatic ischemia for 75 min. Ischemic preconditioning consisted of 10-min ischemia and 15-min reperfusion prior to the prolonged ischemic insult. RESULTS Tissue levels of peroxides increased about three times after 10 min of ischemia and normalized within 15 min of reperfusion. This limited oxidative stress during ischemic preconditioning prevented the negative effects of subsequent prolonged ischemia as assessed by AST-levels, TUNEL-staining of hepatocytes and animal survival. N-Acetylcysteine inhibited the mild oxidative burst of ischemic preconditioning, and fully reversed the protective effects of preconditioning. The protective role of a sub-lethal oxidative stress was supported by the benefit of delivery of an H2O2-analog through the portal vein prior to a long ischemic insult. This challenge conferred similar protection as ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the mild burst of oxidative stress generated during ischemic preconditioning triggers protective mechanisms against subsequent, otherwise lethal, ischemic injury. The pathway possibly includes enhancement of natural anti-oxidative stress mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Rüdiger
- Laboratory for Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Eckhoff DE, Bilbao G, Frenette L, Thompson JA, Contreras JL. 17-Beta-estradiol protects the liver against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury and is associated with increased serum nitric oxide and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Surgery 2002; 132:302-9. [PMID: 12219027 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.125718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury) to the liver can occur in low-flow states associated with trauma and shock and surgical procedures such as liver transplantation. Recent studies have shown that the administration of the female sex hormone 17-beta-estradiol after trauma-hemorrhage in animals restores depressed cardiac, hepatocellular, and immune functions. In this study we evaluated the effects of 17-beta-estradiol on I/R injury to the liver. METHODS The medial lobe of the liver in normal male C57BL/6 mice was clamped at its base for 90 minutes. 17-Beta-estradiol was given 1 hour before I/R injury at 40 and 4000 microg/kg intraperitoneally. Biochemical analysis was performed, and liver biopsy specimens were obtained at 24 hours. RESULTS A dose-dependent reduction in aspartate aminotransferase level was observed in animals (n = 8) given estradiol (243 +/- 23 IU/L) compared with saline-treated animals (902 +/- 42 IU/L, P <.001). The majority (90%) of the cytoprotective effect of estradiol was reverted by ICI 182,780 (a potent estrogen receptor antagonist). A significant increase in serum nitric oxide (NO) level was observed in animals given estradiol compared with controls; the effect was reversed by ICI 182,780 and N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (an inhibitor of NO synthesis). A reduction in serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was observed after injury in animals given estradiol compared with controls (30.2 +/- 11.1 vs 75.8 +/- 17.2 pg/mL, P <.001). Estradiol treatment significantly reduced liver necrosis, disintegration of hepatic cords, and neutrophil infiltration in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Estradiol administration significantly reduced injury after I/R to the liver, an effect that is mainly receptor-mediated and is associated with increased serum NO, decreased TNF-alpha, and decreased number of neutrophils in liver biopsy specimens. Estrogen therapy may be important in clinical conditions associated with I/R injury to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin E Eckhoff
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare protection of the liver by ischemic preconditioning and intermittent inflow occlusion in a mouse model of prolonged periods of ischemia. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Preconditioning (short ischemic stress prior to a prolonged period of ischemia) and intermittent inflow occlusion protect the liver against reperfusion injury. This is the first study comparing these two modalities with continuous inflow occlusion (control). METHODS Mice were subjected to 75 or 120 minutes of 70% hepatic ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Each ischemic period was evaluated using three different protocols: continuous ischemia (control), preconditioning (10 minutes ischemia and 15 minutes reperfusion) prior to the prolonged ischemic insult, and intermittent clamping (cycles of 15 minutes ischemia and 5 minutes reperfusion). Organ injury was evaluated using serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hematoxylin and eosin staining, and specific markers of apoptosis (cytochrome C release, caspase 3 activity, and TUNEL staining). Animal survival was determined using a model of total hepatic ischemia. RESULTS Intermittent inflow occlusion and ischemic preconditioning were both protective against ischemic insults of 75 and 120 minutes compared with controls (continuous ischemia only). Protection against 75 minutes of ischemia was comparable in the intermittent clamping and the ischemic preconditioning group, whereas intermittent clamping was superior at 120 minutes of ischemia. One hundred percent animal survival was observed after 75 minutes of total hepatic ischemia using both protective protocols, whereas all animals subjected to continuous ischemia died after surgery. After 120 minutes of ischemia, intermittent inflow occlusion was associated with better animal survival (71%) compared with preconditioning (14%). CONCLUSIONS Preconditioning and intermittent clamping are both protective against prolonged periods of ischemia. In the clinical setting, preconditioning is superior for ischemic periods of up to 75 minutes because it is not associated with blood loss during transection of the liver. However, for prolonged ischemic insults exceeding 75 minutes, intermittent clamping is superior to preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Rüdiger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Apoptosis is a key mechanism of reperfusion injury in the ischemic liver. The apoptotic pathway is highly regulated by anti-apoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2. We evaluated the effect of Bcl-2 overexpression on apoptosis and the activation of the apoptotic cascade after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS Ninety minutes of ischemia and reperfusion was performed in Bcl-2 transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Bcl-2 overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Liver injury was determined by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Tunel test and the activation of the apoptotic cascade and animal survival. RESULTS Bcl-2 overexpression was present in all hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells in transgenic mice. Bcl-2 overexpression resulted in significant decreased AST levels after ischemic injury, and complete inhibition of apoptosis. After 90 min of total hepatic ischemia all control mice died, while four transgenic mice survived permanently. Bcl-2 overexpression was associated with inhibition of caspase 3 activation after reperfusion and increased baseline levels of cytoplasmic cytochrome c, caspase 3, and a reduction of Bcl-x(L) production. CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 overexpression protects against ischemic injury by inhibiting apoptosis. Extensive overproduction of Bcl-2 is associated with a compensatory increase of baseline levels of cytoplasmic cytochrome c and caspase 3, and a deletion of Bcl-x(L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Selzner
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Apoptosis of hepatocytes is a central feature of ischemic injury in the liver. The aim of this study was to identify extracellular inducers of apoptosis in the murine ischemic liver. METHODS Involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and Fas signaling was evaluated using various knockout mice (TNF-receptor 1 [TNF-R1]-/-, Fas[lpr]-/-, and Fas ligand[gld]-/-) and wild-type mice pretreated with pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha synthesis. RESULTS Expression of TNF-alpha was increased after ischemia and reperfusion in wild-type mice and TNF-R1-deficient mice when compared with sham-operated animals. Pentoxifylline prevented up-regulation of TNF-alpha expression. Inhibition of TNF-alpha resulted in significant decrease of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and prolonged animal survival. Markers of apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining, cytochrome C release, and caspase 3 activity) were consistently decreased, and animal survival was prolonged after blocking TNF-alpha. In contrast, inhibition of Fas signaling did not alter parameters of tissue injury or apoptosis, and animal survival remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS We identify TNF-alpha as a crucial inducer of apoptotic cell death in the ischemic liver. A role for Fas could not be identified. These findings may lead to novel strategies to prevent ischemic injury of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Rüdiger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Robson SC, Enjyoji K, Goepfert C, Imai M, Kaczmarek E, Lin Y, Sévigny J, Warny M. Modulation of extracellular nucleotide-mediated signaling by CD39/nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chen YX, Sato M, Abe Y, Kito K, Watanabe Y, Tokui K, Kashu Y, Yamamoto T, Kohtani T, Nakata Y, Kawachi K. Protective effect of an antineutrophil antibody, Urge-8, on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in a new hepatic ischemia model. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2318-9. [PMID: 11120181 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y X Chen
- Department of Surgery II, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
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32
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Abstract
A short period of ischemia and reperfusion, called ischemic preconditioning, protects various tissues against subsequent sustained ischemic insults. We previously showed that apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells is a critical mechanism of injury in the ischemic liver. Because caspases, calpains, and Bcl-2 have a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis, we hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning protects by inhibition of apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase and calpain activities and up-regulation of Bcl-2. A preconditioning period of 10 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion maximally protected livers subjected to prolonged ischemia. After reperfusion, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were reduced up to 3-fold in preconditioned animals. All animals subjected to 75 minutes of ischemia died, whereas all those who received ischemic preconditioning survived. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, assessed by in situ TUNEL assay and DNA fragmentation by gel electrophoresis, was dramatically reduced with preconditioning. Caspase activity, measured by poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteolysis and a specific caspase-3 fluorometric assay, was inhibited by ischemic preconditioning. The antiapoptotic mechanism did not involve calpain-like activity or Bcl-2 expression because levels were similar in control and preconditioned livers. In conclusion, ischemic preconditioning confers dramatic protection against prolonged ischemia via inhibition of apoptosis through down-regulation of caspase 3 activity, independent of calpain-like activity or Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Yadav
- Hepatobiliary and Transplant Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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Abstract
The effects of ischemia on the regenerative capacity of the liver after major tissue loss remain unclear. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to confer protection in models of normothermic ischemia and reperfusion injury and to initiate hepatocyte proliferation after major hepatectomy. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ischemia on the regenerative capacity of the liver and evaluated the role of IL-6 in reducing reperfusion injury and enhancing hepatic proliferation in models combining ischemia and major hepatectomy. Rats subjected to 70% hepatectomy and 30 minutes of hepatic ischemia showed significantly reduced regenerative capacity (mitotic index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and regenerated liver weight) when compared with animals subjected to hepatectomy alone. Pretreatment of animals subjected to hepatectomy and ischemia with recombinant interleukin-6 (rIL-6) completely restored each parameter of regeneration to levels comparable with those of animals subjected to hepatectomy only. Similar results were obtained in IL-6 deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. IL-6(-/-) mice exposed to ischemia and hepatectomy showed impaired hepatic regeneration when compared with wild-type mice subjected to the same experimental conditions. The use of rIL-6 completely corrected each parameter of regeneration showing the specificity of IL-6 in this type of injury. The impact of IL-6 on animal survival was studied in a model combining 45 minutes of ischemia and 68% hepatectomy. Five of 7 (71%) animals pretreated with rIL-6 survived permanently, whereas all control animals died within 3 days of surgery (P =.02, Fisher's exact test). In conclusion, the study shows that ischemia dramatically impairs the regenerative capacity of the liver. IL-6 appears to be a key protective molecule in reducing injury and promoting regeneration following combined ischemia and major tissue loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Selzner
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Yadav SS, Howell DN, Steeber DA, Harland RC, Tedder TF, Clavien PA. P-Selectin mediates reperfusion injury through neutrophil and platelet sequestration in the warm ischemic mouse liver. Hepatology 1999; 29:1494-502. [PMID: 10216134 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic damage following ischemia-reperfusion injury involves polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and platelet sequestration, however the mechanisms of adhesion remain elusive. In this study, using gene-targeted deficient mice, we evaluated P-selectin and its contribution to PMN and platelet adhesion in hepatic damage. In an in vivo warm ischemia model, hepatic injury was assessed by serum transaminase levels, survival, PMN adhesion by histological analysis, and platelet sequestration by immunostaining. Serum transaminase levels were strikingly reduced (by up to threefold) in the P-selectin deficient mice, particularly at 90 minutes of ischemia, when compared with wild-type controls. PMN adhesion and platelet sequestration was also significantly decreased in P-selectin deficient mice following 90 minutes of partial ischemia. Animal survival was significantly improved after 75 minutes of total hepatic ischemia in P-selectin deficient mice when compared with wild-type mice. Survival was also achieved after 90 minutes of ischemia in the mutant mice whereas none of the wild-type animals survived. These data show that P-selectin plays a critical role in PMN and platelet adhesion following ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Yadav
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Yadav SS, Howell DN, Gao W, Steeber DA, Harland RC, Clavien PA. L-selectin and ICAM-1 mediate reperfusion injury and neutrophil adhesion in the warm ischemic mouse liver. Am J Physiol 1998; 275:G1341-52. [PMID: 9843771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.6.g1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes recruited during ischemia-reperfusion to the liver are important mediators of injury. However, the mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion and the role of adhesion receptors in hepatic vasculature remain elusive. L-selectin may critically contribute to injury, priming adhesion for later action of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Paired experiments were performed using mutant mice (L-selectin -/-, ICAM-1 -/-, and L-selectin/ICAM-1 -/-) and wild-type mice (C57BL/6) to investigate leukocyte adhesion in the ischemic liver. Leukocyte adhesion and infiltration were assessed histologically. Aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly reduced (2- to 3-fold) in mutant vs. wild-type mice in most groups but most significantly after 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia. Leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced in all mutant mice. Areas of microcirculatory failure, visualized by intravital microscopy, were prevalent in wild-type but virtually absent in L-selectin-deficient mice. After total hepatic ischemia for 75 or 90 min, survival was better in mutant L-selectin and L-selectin/ICAM-1 mice vs. wild-type mice and ICAM-1 mutants. In conclusion, L-selectin is critical in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Poor sinusoidal perfusion due to leukocyte adhesion and clot formation is a factor of injury and appears to involve L-selectin and ICAM-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Yadav
- Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplant Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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