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Shahid M, Azfaralariff A, Tufail M, Hussain Khan N, Abdulkareem Najm A, Firasat S, Zubair M, Fazry S, Law D. Screening of high-risk deleterious missense variations in the CYP1B1 gene implicated in the pathogenesis of primary congenital glaucoma: A comprehensive in silico approach. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14132. [PMID: 36518267 PMCID: PMC9744154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is the most common subtype of glaucoma caused by defects in the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene. It is developing among infants in more than 80% of cases who exhibit impairments in the anterior chamber angle and the trabecular meshwork. Thus, a comprehensive in silico approach was performed to evaluate the effect of high-risk deleterious missense variations in the CYP1B1 gene. Material and methods All the information for CYP1B1 missense variants was retrieved from the dbSNP database. Seven different tools, namely: SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, and Predict-SNP, were used for functional annotation, and two packages, which were I-Mutant 2.0 and MUpro, were used to predict the effect of the variants on protein stability. A phylogenetic conservation analysis using deleterious variants was performed by the ConSurf server. The 3D structures of the wild-type and mutants were generated using the I-TASSER tool, and a 50 ns molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) was executed using the GROMACS webserver to determine the stability of mutants compared to the native protein. Co-expression, protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and pathway analyses were additionally performed for the CYP1B1 in-depth study. Results All the retrieved data from the dbSNP database was subjected to functional, structural, and phylogenetic analysis. From the conducted analyses, a total of 19 high-risk variants (P52L, G61E, G90R, P118L, E173K, D291G, Y349D, G365W, G365R, R368H, R368C, D374N, N423Y, D430E, P442A, R444Q, F445L, R469W, and C470Y) were screened out that were considered to be deleterious to the CYP1B1 gene. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the variants occurred in highly conserved regions. The MD simulation analysis exhibited that all mutants' average root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were higher compared to the wild-type protein, which could potentially cause CYP1B1 protein dysfunction, leading to the severity of the disease. Moreover, it has been discovered that CYP1A1, VCAN, HSD17B1, HSD17B2, and AKR1C3 are highly co-expressed and interact with CYP1B1. Besides, the CYP1B1 protein is primarily involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, chemical carcinogenesis, the retinal metabolic process, and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways, demonstrating its multifaceted and important roles. Discussion This is the first comprehensive study that adds essential information to the ongoing efforts to understand the crucial role of genetic signatures in the development of PCG and will be useful for more targeted gene-disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azfaralariff
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmed Abdulkareem Najm
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabika Firasat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki Campus, Pattoki, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shazrul Fazry
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,Tasik Chini Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Douglas Law
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN Putra Nilai, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Ava S, Demirtaş AA, Karahan M, Erdem S, Oral D, Keklikçi U. Genetic analysis of patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:2565-2574. [PMID: 33745036 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the common gene mutation in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) in the Southeast region of Turkey via genetic analysis and to evaluate whether there were other gene mutations in these patients. METHODS A total of 25 patients with PCG were included in this study. We performed sequence analysis including all exons of cytochrome p450 1B1 (CYP1B1), myocilin (MYOC), forkhead box C1 (FOXC1), and paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2) genes of the obtained samples. Further, we analyzed the results using the Nextgen analysis program. RESULTS The CYP1B1 gene mutation was detected in 20 (80%) of 25 patients, and FOXC1 gene mutation was detected in one (4%) patient. The mutation site of nine (45%) of the 20 CYP1B1 genes was found in the second exon. The pathogenic variant (p.Gly61Glu) was observed in 12 (60%) patients (in the first and second exons); the mutation type of six (50%) of these patients was homozygous. The mutation site of one patient with FOXC1 gene mutation was found to be in the first exon; its pathogenic variant was p.Met400lle. The mutation type in this gene was observed to be heterozygous. Lastly, there were no mutations in the MYOC, FOXC1, and PITX2 genes in combination with the CYP1B1 gene mutation. CONCLUSION The most common cause of PCG in our region is the CYP1B1 gene mutation, and the most frequent pathogenic variant is c.182G > A (p.Gly61Glu). We also determined that the CYP1B1 gene mutation was alone and did not occur with other gene mutations (MYOC, FOXC1, and PITX2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ava
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Atılım Armağan Demirtaş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mine Karahan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Oral
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Uğur Keklikçi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a rare glaucoma type that develops in early infantile period and contributes to an elevated pressure on ocular cavity. Variants in CYP1B1 gene are the most encountered in PCG cases. The prevalence of PCG is relatively high among Arabs, however its genetic epidemiology remains understudied. This study aims to systematically identify all reported PCG disease-causing variants in the Arab population and investigate their potential genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS We searched four different databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus) from the time of inception until July 2020. Broad search terms were used to capture all possible information about the genetic epidemiology of PCG among Arabs. RESULTS We identified a total of 77 disease-causing variants in 361 patients and 88 families; of these, 33 were unique to Arabs. Sixty-nine variants were identified in the CYP1B1 gene, five variants were in the MYOC gene and single variants were reported in NTF4, FOXC1, and WDR36 genes. The most common reported variant was the c.182 G > A in the CYP1B1 gene. All identified variants were from ten Arab Countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia, Iraq, Algeria, and Mauritania). We identified 44 shared variants with other ethnicities demonstrated a distinctive genotype-phenotype correlation. Consanguinity was observed in the majority of Arab PCG patients, ranging from 45% to 100%. CONCLUSION PCG causing variants were identified in 10 Arab countries, which were mostly detected in the CYB1P1 gene. Arab patients with PCG seem to have distinctive genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jemmeih
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha. Qatar
| | - Shaza Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha. Qatar
| | - Sarah Okashah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha. Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha. Qatar
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Gupta V, Somarajan BI, Walia GK, Kaur J, Kumar S, Gupta S, Chaurasia AK, Gupta D, Kaushik A, Mehta A, Gupta V, Sharma A. Role of CYP1B1, p.E229K and p.R368H mutations among 120 families with sporadic juvenile onset open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 256:355-362. [PMID: 29168043 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Chouiter L, Nadifi S. Analysis of CYP1B1 Gene Mutations in Patients with Primary Congenital Glaucoma. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:205-214. [PMID: 29142762 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is the most common type of infantile glaucoma, yet it remains a relatively rare disease, because the disease is often transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. However, PCG occurs up to 10 times more frequently in certain ethnic and geographical groups where consanguineous relationships are common. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of mutations in the cytochrome P450 1B1 gene ( CYP1B1 ) in patients with PCG among different populations around the world from 2011 until May 2016. We referred to the electronic databases, such as Medline, Clinicalkey, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, to search for articles that were published in this area. Nineteen records were included in this qualitative synthesis. CYP1B1 mutations were assessed in 1,220 patients with PCG and identified in 41.6% of them. According to these studies, 99 mutations including 60 novel mutations were found. Nonsignificant difference in the sex ratio has been reported. This current review shows that consanguinity plays an important role in the PCG pathogenesis and transmission; however, sporadic mutations have been found in some cases. A difference in penetrance was highlighted by some mutations. The CYP1B1 mutations were mostly found in the Middle East and the Maghreb with a rate of 64.8 and 54.4%, respectively, followed by Europe (34.7%), Asia (21.3%), and finally the United States (14.9%). Founder mutations in different geographical areas have been discovered. For instance, the p.Gly61Glu, p.Arg390His, p.Gly61Glu, c.4,339delG, p.E387Lys, and p.Val320Leu were considered founder mutations for Iran/Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Lebanon, Morocco, Europe, and Vietnam/South Korea, respectively. Many common mutations in different countries were found, such as in Morocco, where its mutations were similar to seven other countries. These findings suggest that the ethnic differences and the geographical distribution of PCG give us a large CYP1B1 mutation pattern. Genetic tests looking for founder and common mutations should be the first step in genetic screening for patients with PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chouiter
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sellama Nadifi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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de Melo MB, Mandal AK, Tavares IM, Ali MH, Kabra M, de Vasconcellos JPC, Senthil S, Sallum JMF, Kaur I, Betinjane AJ, Moura CR, Paula JS, Costa KA, Sarfarazi M, Paolera MD, Finzi S, Ferraz VEF, Costa VP, Belfort R, Chakrabarti S. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in CYP1B1-Associated Primary Congenital Glaucoma Patients Representing Two Large Cohorts from India and Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127147. [PMID: 25978063 PMCID: PMC4433271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), occurs due to the developmental defects in the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber angle in children. PCG exhibits genetic heterogeneity and the CYP1B1 gene has been widely implicated worldwide. Despite the diverse mutation spectra, the clinical implications of these mutations are yet unclear. The present study attempted to delineate the clinical profile of PCG in the background of CYP1B1 mutations from a large cohort of 901 subjects from India (n=601) and Brazil (n=300). METHODS Genotype-phenotype correlations was undertaken on clinically well characterized PCG cases from India (n=301) and Brazil (n=150) to assess the contributions of CYP1B1 mutation on a set of demographic and clinical parameters. The demographic (gender, and history of consanguinity) and quantitative clinical (presenting intraocular pressure [IOP] and corneal diameter [CD]) parameters were considered as binary and continuous variables, respectively, for PCG patients in the background of the overall mutation spectra and also with respect to the prevalent mutations in India (R368H) and Brazil (4340delG). All these variables were fitted in a multivariate logistic regression model using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) using the R software (version 2.14.1). RESULTS The overall mutation spectrum were similar across the Indian and Brazilian PCG cases, despite significantly higher number of homozygous mutations in the former (p=0.024) and compound heterozygous mutations in the later (p=0.012). A wide allelic heterogeneity was observed and only 6 mutations were infrequently shared between these two populations. The adjusted ORs for the binary (demographic) and continuous (clinical) variables did not indicate any susceptibility to the observed mutations (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a lack of genotype-phenotype correlation of the demographic and clinical traits to CYP1B1 mutations in PCG at presentation. However, the susceptibility of these mutations to the long-term progression of these traits are yet to be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anil K. Mandal
- Jasti V Ramanamma Childrens Eye Care Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ivan M. Tavares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mohammed Hasnat Ali
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Meha Kabra
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sirisha Senthil
- Jasti V Ramanamma Childrens Eye Care Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Alberto J. Betinjane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jayter S. Paula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karita A. Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mansoor Sarfarazi
- Molecular Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Surgical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Della Paolera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo, School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Finzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor E. F. Ferraz
- Genetics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vital P. Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Subhabrata Chakrabarti
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Cardoso MS, Anjos R, Vieira L, Ferreira C, Xavier A, Brito C. CYP1B1 Gene Analysis and Phenotypic Correlation in Portuguese Children with Primary Congenital Glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015; 25:474-7. [DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence of CYP1B1 mutations in Portuguese children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and to study the possible correlations between the mutation status and clinical features of the disease. Methods DNA sequencing analysis of the CYP1B1 gene was used to screen 21 children with PCG followed on Paediatric Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics consultations at D. Estefania's Hospital (Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Portugal). The effect of mutations on the phenotype of the patients was also assessed. Presence and type of mutations in CYP1B1 gene, age at diagnosis, bilaterality, age at first surgery, postoperative intraocular pressure and corneal diameter, final visual acuity, number of surgical reinterventions, and number of antiglaucoma medications required postoperatively were noted. Results Mutations in the CYP1B1 gene in 6 patients (28.57%) were detected, all compound heterozygotes. Seven types of mutations were identified: c.182G>A, c.317C>A, c.535delG, c.1064_1076del, c.1159G>A, c.1310C>T, and c.1390dupT. All patients with these mutations developed bilateral PCG, whereas in the group without mutations only 7 (46.67%) showed bilateral disease. Age at diagnosis was lower in the group of patients with these mutations (0.0 ± 0.00 vs 4.5 ± 2.63 months, p<0.01). In the remaining variables (age at first surgery, postoperative intraocular pressure and corneal diameter, final visual acuity, number of surgical reinterventions and antiglaucoma medications required postoperatively), no significant differences between the groups were detected (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions This study is the first to report the variety of mutations in the CYP1B1 gene in a group of Portuguese children with PCG and to describe 2 new mutations. Genetic analysis of PCG must be carried out, although it has not yet been possible to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation, with the exception of bilaterality and early age at diagnosis.
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Berraho A, Serrou A, Fritez N, El Annas A, Bencherifa F, Gaboun F, Hilal L. Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Moroccan Patients With Primary Congenital Glaucoma: . J Glaucoma 2015; 24:297-305. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e31829f99b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Al-Haddad C, Abdulaal M, Badra R, Barikian A, Noureddine B, Farra C. Genotype/Phenotype Correlation in Primary Congenital Glaucoma Patients in the Lebanese Population: A Pilot Study. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 37:31-6. [PMID: 24940937 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.924015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) varies among geographic regions and ethnic groups. The frequency of PCG in Lebanon and identification of disease-causing mutations have not been studied previously. PURPOSE To investigate the role of Cytochrome P1B1 (CYP1B1) gene and Myocillin (MYOC) gene mutations in PCG in the Lebanese population and study possible genotype/phenotype correlations. METHODS Patients with unilateral or bilateral PCG diagnosed at the American University of Beirut Medical Center and their first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) were screened for CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations. Demographic and phenotypic characteristics were recorded. Phenotypic characteristics pertaining to disease severity and outcomes were compared. RESULTS Eighteen Lebanese families (66 subjects) with at least one member affected with PCG were included in this study. Mutations in the CYP1B1 gene were detected in 6 families (33%). Five previously described mutations (p.R444Q; p.E229K; p.R469W; p.G61E; p.M1T) and one new single nucleotide deletion were identified (1793delC). Patients in whom CYP1B1 mutations were detected tended to have a more severe phenotype as evidenced by earlier age at diagnosis, higher rate of bilateral disease, and higher number of glaucoma surgeries than those in whom no CYP1B1 mutations were present. MYOC gene mutations were not detected in any patients. CONCLUSION The rate of CYP1B1 mutations in Lebanese patients with PCG is lower than that reported in other Arab and Middle Eastern populations and suggests other genes are responsible for PCG in the remainder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Al-Haddad
- a Department of Ophthalmology , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon , and
| | - Marwan Abdulaal
- a Department of Ophthalmology , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon , and
| | - Rebecca Badra
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Anita Barikian
- a Department of Ophthalmology , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon , and
| | - Bahaa Noureddine
- a Department of Ophthalmology , American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon , and
| | - Chantal Farra
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
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Moore DB, Tomkins O, Ben-Zion I. A Review of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in the Developing World. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:278-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Faiq M, Sharma R, Dada R, Mohanty K, Saluja D, Dada T. Genetic, Biochemical and Clinical Insights into Primary Congenital Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2013; 7:66-84. [PMID: 26997785 PMCID: PMC4741182 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible form of optic neuropathy in which the optic nerve suffers damage in a characteristic manner with optic nerve cupping and retinal ganglion cell death. Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is an idiopathic irreversible childhood blinding disorder which manifests at birth or within the first year of life. PCG presents with a classical triad of symptoms (viz epiphora, photophobia and blepharospasm) though there are many additional symptoms, including large eye ball and hazy cornea. The only anatomical anomaly found in PCG is trabecular meshwork (TM) dysgenesis. PCG is an inheritable disease with established genetic etiology. It transmits through autosomal recessive mode. A number of cases are sporadic also. Mutations in many genes have been found to be causative in PCG and many are yet to be found. Mutations in cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) gene have been found to be the predominant cause of PCG. Other genes that have been implicated in PCG etiology are myocilin, Forkhead-related transcription factor C1 (FOXC1) and latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (LTBP2). Mutations in these genes have been reported from many parts of the world. In addition to this, mitochondrial genome mutations are also thought to be involved in its pathogenesis. There appears to be some mechanism involving more than one genetic factor. In this review, we will discuss the various clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects of PCG. We emphasize that etiology of PCG does not lie in a single gene or genetic factor. Research needs to be oriented into a direction where gene-gene interactions, ocular embryology, ophthalmic metabolism and systemic oxidative status need to be studied in order to understand this disorder. We also accentuate the need for ophthalmic genetic facilities in all ophthalmology setups. How to cite this article: Faiq M, Sharma R, Dada R, Mohanty K, Saluja D, Dada T. Genetic, Biochemical and Clinical Insights into Primary Congenital Glaucoma. J Current Glau Prac 2013;7(2):66-84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Faiq
- Pursuing Doctorate, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Reetika Sharma
- Resident, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Additional Professor, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Mohanty
- Pursuing Doctorate, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Professor, Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr BR Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Additional Professor, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Shawky RM, Elsayed NS, Ibrahim DS, Seifeldin NS. Profile of genetic disorders prevalent in northeast region of Cairo, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Li N, Zhou Y, Du L, Wei M, Chen X. Overview of Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene mutations in patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:572-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is an autosomal recessive disorder in children due to the abnormal development of the trabecular meshwork and the anterior chamber angle. With an onset at birth to early infancy, PCG is highly prevalent in inbred populations and consanguinity is strongly associated with the disease. Gene mapping of PCG-affected families has identified three chromosomal loci, GLC3A, GLC3B and GLC3C, of which, the CYP1B1 gene on GLC3A harbors mutations in PCG. The mutation spectra of CYP1B1 vary widely across different populations but are well structured based on geographic and haplotype backgrounds. Structural and functional studies on CYP1B1 have suggested its potential role in the development and onset of glaucomatous symptoms. A new locus (GLC3D) harboring the LTBP2 gene has been characterized in developmental glaucoma but its role in classical cases of PCG is yet to be understood. In this review, we provide insight into PCG pathogenesis and the potential role of CYP1B1 in the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranpreet Kaur
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
In recent years, noteworthy gains have been made in unravelling the genetic contribution to some complex ocular diseases, principally age-related macular degeneration. Yet, a relatively poor understanding of the genetic aetiology for many other heritable blinding diseases, such as glaucoma, keratoconus and myopia, remains. Genetic isolates, populations with varying degrees of geographical or cultural seclusion, provide an effective means for investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in human diseases. This is particularly true for rare diseases in which founded alleles can be rapidly driven to a high frequency due to restriction of gene flow in the population. Recent success in complex gene mapping has resulted from the widened linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the genome of genetically isolated populations. An improved understanding of the predisposing genetic risk factors allows for enhanced screening modalities and paves the foundations for the translation of genomic technology into the clinic. This review focuses on the role population isolates have had in the investigation of genes underlying complex eye diseases and discusses their likely usefulness given the expansion of large-scale case-control association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, elbourne, Australia
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Choudhary D, Jansson I, Sarfarazi M, Schenkman JB. Characterization of the biochemical and structural phenotypes of four CYP1B1 mutations observed in individuals with primary congenital glaucoma. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:665-76. [PMID: 18622259 DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282ff5a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the biochemical and physical properties of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) mutants, test our hypothesis that primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)-causing mutants have altered metabolic activity, and correlate these to structural changes in the molecule. METHODS CYP1B1.1 cDNA was mutated to four forms found in individuals with the PCG phenotype, Y81N, E229K, A330F, and R368H. Expression and stability of the mutant hemoproteins and their ability to metabolize beta-estradiol, arachidonic acid, and retinoids, were determined. Alterations in mutant properties were related to structural changes by in silico examination, on the basis of the CYP1A2 crystal structure. RESULTS CYP1B1 mutations strongly affected the stability, ease of heterologous expression, and enzymatic properties of the protein. These were related to the location of the amino acid substitutions in the CYP1B1 structure. Three of the mutations involve residues located on the surface of CYP1B1, Y81N, and E229K near the distal surface, and R368H near the proximal surface. The former two substitutions, Y81N and E229K, caused greatly reduced stability at 4 degrees C. Y81N severely inhibited all substrate turnover, but E229K only inhibited arachidonate turnover and exhibited minimal effect on efficiency of retinoid metabolism and estradiol metabolism. The R368H mutation is relatively conservative, affecting charge-pairing with the deeper-located D374, but it severely inhibited metabolism of all substrates tested, and, like Y81N, expression of the enzyme is less facile than CYP1B1wt. The A330F mutation replaces a small alanine by a bulky phenylalanine in the enzyme active site and had major impact on substrate binding, turnover, uncoupling, and metabolite pattern. CONCLUSION Consistent with the hypothesis, these PCG-related mutations cause identifiable structural changes negatively impacting CYP1B1 biochemistry and stability.
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