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Cease AJ. How Nutrients Mediate the Impacts of Global Change on Locust Outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 2024; 69:527-550. [PMID: 38270985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Locusts are grasshoppers that can migrate en masse and devastate food security. Plant nutrient content is a key variable influencing population dynamics, but the relationship is not straightforward. For an herbivore, plant quality depends not only on the balance of nutrients and antinutrients in plant tissues, which is influenced by land use and climate change, but also on the nutritional state and demands of the herbivore, as well as its capacity to extract nutrients from host plants. In contrast to the concept of a positive relationship between nitrogen or protein concentration and herbivore performance, a five-decade review of lab and field studies indicates that equating plant N to plant quality is misleading because grasshoppers respond negatively or neutrally to increasing plant N just as often as they respond positively. For locusts specifically, low-N environments are actually beneficial because they supply high energy rates that support migration. Therefore, intensive land use, such as continuous grazing or cropping, and elevated ambient CO2 levels that decrease the protein:carbohydrate ratios of plants are predicted to broadly promote locust outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, and Global Locust Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
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Brosemann J, Overson R, Cease AJ, Millerwise S, Le Gall M. Nutrient supply and accessibility in plants: effect of protein and carbohydrates on Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera) preference and performance. Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1110518. [PMID: 38469479 PMCID: PMC10926423 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to predictions from nitrogen limitation theory, recent studies have shown that herbivorous migratory insects tend to be carbohydrate (not protein) limited, likely due to increased energy demands, leading them to preferentially feed on high carbohydrate plants. However, additional factors such as mechanical and chemical defenses can also influence host plant choice and nutrient accessibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of plant protein and carbohydrate availability on plant selection and performance for a migratory generalist herbivore, the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. We manipulated the protein and carbohydrate content of seedling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by increasing the protein:carbohydrate ratio using nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and manipulated the physical structure of the plants by grinding and breaking down cell walls after drying the plants. Using a full factorial design, we ran both choice and no-choice experiments to measure preference and performance. We confirmed locust preference for plants with a lower protein-carbohydrate ratio (unfertilized plants). Unlike previous studies with mature wild grass species, we found that intact plants supported better performance than dried and ground plants, suggesting that cell wall removal may only improve performance for tougher or more carbohydrate-rich plants. These results add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that several migratory herbivorous species perform better on plants with a lower protein:carbohydrate ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Brosemann
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rick Overson
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sydney Millerwise
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Marion Le Gall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Talal S, Parmar S, Osgood GM, Harrison JF, Cease AJ. High carbohydrate consumption increases lipid storage and promotes migratory flight in locusts. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286717. [PMID: 36655788 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Migration allows animals to track favorable environments and avoid harmful conditions. However, migration is energetically costly, so migrating animals must prepare themselves by increasing their energy stores. Despite the importance of locust migratory swarms, we still understand little about the physiology of locust migration. During long-distance flight, locusts rely on lipid oxidation, despite the fact that lipids are relatively rare in their leaf-based diets. Therefore, locusts and other insect herbivores synthesize and store lipid from ingested carbohydrates, which are also important for initial flight. These data suggest that diets high in carbohydrate should increase lipid stores and the capacity for migratory flight in locusts. As predicted, locust lipid stores and flight performance increased with an increase in the relative carbohydrate content in their food. However, locust flight termination was not associated with complete lipid depletion. We propose potential testable mechanisms that might explain how macronutrient consumption can affect flight endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Talal
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shivam Parmar
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Osgood
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Chapuis M, Leménager N, Piou C, Roumet P, Marche H, Centanni J, Estienne C, Ecarnot M, Vasseur F, Violle C, Kazakou E. Domestication provides durum wheat with protection from locust herbivory. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9741. [PMID: 36694552 PMCID: PMC9843534 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower plant resistance to herbivores following domestication has been suggested as the main cause for higher feeding damage in crops than in wild progenitors. While herbivore compensatory feeding has also been proposed as a possible mechanism for raised damage in crops with low nutritional quality, predictions regarding the effects of plant domestication on nutritional quality for herbivores remain unclear. In particular, data on primary metabolites, even major macronutrients, measured in the organs consumed by herbivores, are scarce. In this study, we used a collection of 10 accessions of wild ancestors and 10 accessions of modern progenies of Triticum turgidum to examine whether feeding damage and selectivity by nymphs of Locusta migratoria primarily depended on five leaf traits related to structural resistance or nutrient profiles. Our results unexpectedly showed that locusts favored wild ancestors over domesticated accessions and that leaf toughness and nitrogen and soluble protein contents increased with the domestication process. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between soluble protein and digestible carbohydrates was found to poorly meet the specific requirements of the herbivore, in all wheat accessions, both wild and modern. The increase in leaf structural resistance to herbivores in domesticated tetraploid wheat accessions suggested that resource allocation trade-offs between growth and herbivory resistance may have been disrupted by domestication in the vegetative organs of this species. Since domestication did not result in a loss of nutritional quality in the leaves of the tetraploid wheat, our results rather provides evidence for a role of the content of plants in nonnutritive nitrogenous secondary compounds, possibly deterrent or toxic, at least for grasshopper herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Pierre Chapuis
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Leménager
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Cyril Piou
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Roumet
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Héloïse Marche
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Julia Centanni
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Christophe Estienne
- CIRAD, CBGPMontpellierFrance,CBGP, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, IRD, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Martin Ecarnot
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Elena Kazakou
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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Youngblood JP, Cease AJ, Talal S, Copa F, Medina HE, Rojas JE, Trumper EV, Angilletta MJ, Harrison JF. Climate change expected to improve digestive rate and trigger range expansion in outbreaking locusts. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Fernando Copa
- Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz Bolivia
| | | | - Julio E. Rojas
- Departamento de Campañas Fitosanitarios Dirección de Protección Vegetal, SENAVE Paraguay
| | | | | | - Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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Zheng S, Chen R, Wang L, Pan S, Liu W, Zhu X, Gao X, Luo J, Cui J. Effect of Metabolic Changes in Aphis gossypii-Damaged Cotton Plants on Oviposition Preference and Larval Development of Subsequent Helicoverpa armigera. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:9584-9595. [PMID: 35861328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aphis gossypii and Helicoverpa armigera are two important agricultural pests in cotton plants. However, whether early colonization of A. gossypii affects subsequent H. armigera is unknown. We implemented ecological experiments to reveal that A. gossypii-damaged cotton plants [Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt] had a significant avoidance effect on the oviposition preference of H. armigera adults. However, A. gossypii-damaged cotton plants (non-Bt) increased the weight and pupation rate and reduced the mortality of H. armigera larvae. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that 13 and 9 genes were significantly upregulated to be involved in salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, and SA and IAA contents were significantly increased, respectively. However, 15 genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were significantly downregulated as a result of the antagonism of SA and JA. Moreover, there was significant upregulation in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis of l-histidine, fructose, maltotetraose, melezitose, lecithin, stearidonic acid, and mannitol, in which metabolites were confirmed to promote the growth and development of H. armigera. Our study is a reference for investigating the evolutionary relationships and provides insights into implementing effective insect biocontrol between H. armigera and A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
| | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Sénégal (retired)
| | - Mamadou Diallo
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Sénégal (retired)
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA
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Kaspari M, Joern A, Welti EAR. How and why grasshopper community maturation rates are slowing on a North American tall grass prairie. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210510. [PMID: 35078328 PMCID: PMC8790374 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate growth rates have been changing in the Anthropocene. We examine rates of seasonal maturation in a grasshopper community that has been declining annually greater than 2% a year over 34 years. As this grassland has experienced a 1°C increase in temperature, higher plant biomass and lower nutrient densities, the community is maturing more slowly. Community maturation had a nutritional component: declining in years/watersheds with lower plant nitrogen. The effects of fire frequency were consistent with effects of plant nitrogen. Principal components analysis also suggests associated changes in species composition-declines in the densities of grass feeders were associated with declines in community maturation rates. We conclude that slowed maturation rates-a trend counteracted by frequent burning-likely contribute to long-term decline of this dominant herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaspari
- Geographical Ecology Group, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Anthony Joern
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ellen A. R. Welti
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
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Talal S, Cease A, Farington R, Medina HE, Rojas J, Harrison J. High carbohydrate diet ingestion increases post-meal lipid synthesis and drives respiratory exchange ratios above 1. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.240010. [PMID: 33536308 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.240010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Locusts have been reported to elevate metabolic rate in response to high carbohydrate diets; this conclusion was based on metabolic rates calculated from CO2 production, a common practice for insects. However, respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2 production divided by O2 consumption) can rise above 1 as a result of de novo lipid synthesis, providing an alternative possible explanation of the prior findings. We studied the relationship between macronutrient ingestion, RER and lipid synthesis using South American locusts (Schistocerca cancellata) reared on artificial diets varying in protein:carbohydrate (p:c) ratio. RER increased and rose above 1 as dietary p:c ratio decreased. Lipid accumulation rates were strongly positively correlated with dietary carbohydrate content and ingestion. RERs above 1 were only observed for animals without food in the respirometry chamber, suggesting that hormonal changes after a meal may drive lipid synthesis. Schistocerca cancellata does not elevate metabolic rate on low p:c diets; in fact, the opposite trend was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Arianne Cease
- School of Life Sciences, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Ruth Farington
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Julio Rojas
- Departamento de Campañas Fitosanitarias, Dirección de Protección Vegetal, SENAVE, Paraguay
| | - Jon Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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