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Windholtz S, Nioi C, Coulon J, Masneuf-Pomarede I. Bioprotection by non-Saccharomyces yeasts in oenology: Evaluation of O 2 consumption and impact on acetic acid bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 405:110338. [PMID: 37506548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Bioprotection by yeast addition is increasingly used in oenology as an alternative to sulfur dioxide (SO2). Recent studies have also shown that it is likely to consume dissolved O2. This ability could limit O2 for other microorganisms and the early oxidation of the grape must. However, the ability of yeasts to consume O2 in a context of bioprotection was poorly studied so far considering the high genetic diversity of non-Saccharomyces. The first aim of the present study was to perform an O2 consumption rate (OCR) screening of strains from a large multi species collection found in oenology. The results demonstrate significant inter and intra species diversity with regard to O2 consumption. In the must M. pulcherrima consumes O2 faster than Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then other studied non-Saccharomyces species. The O2 consumption was also evaluate in the context of a yeast mix used as industrial bioprotection (Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Torulaspora delbrueckii) in red must. These non-Saccharomyces yeasts were then showed to limit the growth of acetic acid bacteria, with a bioprotective effect comparable to that of the addition of sulfur dioxide. Laboratory experiment confirmed the negative impact of the non-Saccharomyces yeasts on Gluconobacter oxydans that may be related to O2 consumption. This study sheds new lights on the use of bioprotection as an alternative to SO2 and suggest the possibility to use O2 consumption measurements as a new criteria for non-Saccharomyces strain selection in a context of bioprotection application for the wine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Windholtz
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France.
| | - Claudia Nioi
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Joana Coulon
- BioLaffort, 11 Rue Aristide Bergès, 33270 Floirac, France
| | - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarede
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France
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2
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Galaz V, Franco W. Lachancea quebecensis a Novel Isolate for the Production of Craft Beer. Foods 2023; 12:3347. [PMID: 37761056 PMCID: PMC10529567 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are ubiquitously present in different natural sources. Some of these yeasts have interesting characteristics for the production of fermented food products. This study characterized Lachancea thermotolerans and L. quebecensis isolated from insects to determine their brewing potential. The yeasts were evaluated according to their fermentative potential in glucose and maltose-defined media and their resistance to ethanol and hop. Finally, craft beer was elaborated at a laboratory scale (10 L). The yeasts utilized glucose as the only carbon source and produced 3.25 ± 1.77, and 4.25 ± 1.06% (v/v), of ethanol for L. thermotolerans and quebecensis, respectively. While in the maltose-defined medium, ethanol content reached 3.25 ± 0.45, and 3.92 ± 0.36, respectively. The presence of alpha acids and ethanol affected the growth of L. quebecensis, which showed lower growth at 90 IBU and 8 ethanol% (v/v) mixtures. The craft beer brewed with L. quebecensis in monoculture experiments showed fruity flavors associated with ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. The ethanol content reached 3.50 ± 0.46% (v/v). The beer pH was 4.06 ± 0.20, with a lactic acid concentration of 1.21 ± 0.05 g/L. The sensory panel identified the beer as "fruity", "floral", "hoppy", "sweet", and "sour". To our knowledge, this is the first time L. quebecensis was reported as a potential candidate for sour beer production with reduced ethanol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Galaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Wendy Franco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocess, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ave. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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3
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Binati RL, Salvetti E, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Bašinskienė L, Čižeikienė D, Bolzonella D, Felis GE. Non-conventional yeasts for food and additives production in a circular economy perspective. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6380488. [PMID: 34601574 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast species have been spontaneously participating in food production for millennia, but the scope of applications was greatly expanded since their key role in beer and wine fermentations was clearly acknowledged. The workhorse for industry and scientific research has always been Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It occupies the largest share of the dynamic yeast market, that could further increase thanks to the better exploitation of other yeast species. Food-related 'non-conventional' yeasts (NCY) represent a treasure trove for bioprospecting, with their huge untapped potential related to a great diversity of metabolic capabilities linked to niche adaptations. They are at the crossroad of bioprocesses and biorefineries, characterized by low biosafety risk and produce food and additives, being also able to contribute to production of building blocks and energy recovered from the generated waste and by-products. Considering that the usual pattern for bioprocess development focuses on single strains or species, in this review we suggest that bioprospecting at the genus level could be very promising. Candida, Starmerella, Kluyveromyces and Lachancea were briefly reviewed as case studies, showing that a taxonomy- and genome-based rationale could open multiple possibilities to unlock the biotechnological potential of NCY bioresources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L Binati
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Ca' Vignal 2, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy
| | - Elisa Salvetti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Ca' Vignal 2, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy
| | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Loreta Bašinskienė
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų St. 19A, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Čižeikienė
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų St. 19A, 44249 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - David Bolzonella
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Ca' Vignal 2, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy
| | - Giovanna E Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Ca' Vignal 2, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy
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4
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Langdon QK, Peris D, Kyle B, Hittinger CT. sppIDer: A Species Identification Tool to Investigate Hybrid Genomes with High-Throughput Sequencing. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2835-2849. [PMID: 30184140 PMCID: PMC6231485 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomics era has expanded our knowledge about the diversity of the living world, yet harnessing high-throughput sequencing data to investigate alternative evolutionary trajectories, such as hybridization, is still challenging. Here we present sppIDer, a pipeline for the characterization of interspecies hybrids and pure species, that illuminates the complete composition of genomes. sppIDer maps short-read sequencing data to a combination genome built from reference genomes of several species of interest and assesses the genomic contribution and relative ploidy of each parental species, producing a series of colorful graphical outputs ready for publication. As a proof-of-concept, we use the genus Saccharomyces to detect and visualize both interspecies hybrids and pure strains, even with missing parental reference genomes. Through simulation, we show that sppIDer is robust to variable reference genome qualities and performs well with low-coverage data. We further demonstrate the power of this approach in plants, animals, and other fungi. sppIDer is robust to many different inputs and provides visually intuitive insight into genome composition that enables the rapid identification of species and their interspecies hybrids. sppIDer exists as a Docker image, which is a reusable, reproducible, transparent, and simple-to-run package that automates the pipeline and installation of the required dependencies (https://github.com/GLBRC/sppIDer; last accessed September 6, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn K Langdon
- Laboratory of Genetics, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - David Peris
- Laboratory of Genetics, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Brian Kyle
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Porter TJ, Divol B, Setati ME. Lachancea yeast species: Origin, biochemical characteristics and oenological significance. Food Res Int 2019; 119:378-389. [PMID: 30884668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Lachancea, first proposed in 2003, currently comprises 12 valid species, all found to have eight chromosomes. Lachancea spp. occupy a myriad of natural and anthropic habitats, and their geographic as well as ecological origin have been identified as key drivers in the genetic variations amongst strains of several of the species. Lachancea thermotolerans is the type species of the genus and also the most widely explored, especially for its role in fermentation environments. Indeed, L. thermotolerans is desired for its ability to acidify beer and wine through the production of lactic acid, and to enhance aroma and flavor through increased production of various compounds. Similarly, L. fermentati has been characterized for its potential contribution to the chemical composition of these beverages, albeit to a lesser extent, while other species have received little attention. Overall, members of the genus Lachancea form part of the microbiomes in many fermentation ecosystems and contribute directly or indirectly to the modulation of aroma and flavor of different products. The current review provides an overview of this genus, including the latest reports on the genetic and biochemical characteristics of member species, as well as their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Jade Porter
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Mathabatha Evodia Setati
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Vakirlis N, Sarilar V, Drillon G, Fleiss A, Agier N, Meyniel JP, Blanpain L, Carbone A, Devillers H, Dubois K, Gillet-Markowska A, Graziani S, Huu-Vang N, Poirel M, Reisser C, Schott J, Schacherer J, Lafontaine I, Llorente B, Neuvéglise C, Fischer G. Reconstruction of ancestral chromosome architecture and gene repertoire reveals principles of genome evolution in a model yeast genus. Genome Res 2016; 26:918-32. [PMID: 27247244 PMCID: PMC4937564 DOI: 10.1101/gr.204420.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing genome history is complex but necessary to reveal quantitative principles governing genome evolution. Such reconstruction requires recapitulating into a single evolutionary framework the evolution of genome architecture and gene repertoire. Here, we reconstructed the genome history of the genus Lachancea that appeared to cover a continuous evolutionary range from closely related to more diverged yeast species. Our approach integrated the generation of a high-quality genome data set; the development of AnChro, a new algorithm for reconstructing ancestral genome architecture; and a comprehensive analysis of gene repertoire evolution. We found that the ancestral genome of the genus Lachancea contained eight chromosomes and about 5173 protein-coding genes. Moreover, we characterized 24 horizontal gene transfers and 159 putative gene creation events that punctuated species diversification. We retraced all chromosomal rearrangements, including gene losses, gene duplications, chromosomal inversions and translocations at single gene resolution. Gene duplications outnumbered losses and balanced rearrangements with 1503, 929, and 423 events, respectively. Gene content variations between extant species are mainly driven by differential gene losses, while gene duplications remained globally constant in all lineages. Remarkably, we discovered that balanced chromosomal rearrangements could be responsible for up to 14% of all gene losses by disrupting genes at their breakpoints. Finally, we found that nonsynonymous substitutions reached fixation at a coordinated pace with chromosomal inversions, translocations, and duplications, but not deletions. Overall, we provide a granular view of genome evolution within an entire eukaryotic genus, linking gene content, chromosome rearrangements, and protein divergence into a single evolutionary framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vakirlis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Sarilar
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guénola Drillon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Aubin Fleiss
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Agier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Meyniel
- ISoft, Route de l'Orme, Parc "Les Algorithmes" Bâtiment Euclide, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Lou Blanpain
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alessandra Carbone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Devillers
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Kenny Dubois
- CRCM, CNRS, UMR7258, Inserm, U1068; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Gillet-Markowska
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Graziani
- ISoft, Route de l'Orme, Parc "Les Algorithmes" Bâtiment Euclide, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Nguyen Huu-Vang
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marion Poirel
- ISoft, Route de l'Orme, Parc "Les Algorithmes" Bâtiment Euclide, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Cyrielle Reisser
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7156, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jonathan Schott
- CRCM, CNRS, UMR7258, Inserm, U1068; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7156, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ingrid Lafontaine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Llorente
- CRCM, CNRS, UMR7258, Inserm, U1068; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Neuvéglise
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gilles Fischer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
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Robinson HA, Pinharanda A, Bensasson D. Summer temperature can predict the distribution of wild yeast populations. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1236-50. [PMID: 26941949 PMCID: PMC4761769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the best understood microbial eukaryote at the molecular and cellular level, yet its natural geographic distribution is unknown. Here we report the results of a field survey for S. cerevisiae,S. paradoxus and other budding yeast on oak trees in Europe. We show that yeast species differ in their geographic distributions, and investigated which ecological variables can predict the isolation rate of S. paradoxus, the most abundant species. We find a positive association between trunk girth and S. paradoxus abundance suggesting that older trees harbor more yeast. S. paradoxus isolation frequency is also associated with summer temperature, showing highest isolation rates at intermediate temperatures. Using our statistical model, we estimated a range of summer temperatures at which we expect high S. paradoxus isolation rates, and show that the geographic distribution predicted by this optimum temperature range is consistent with the worldwide distribution of sites where S. paradoxus has been isolated. Using laboratory estimates of optimal growth temperatures for S. cerevisiae relative to S. paradoxus, we also estimated an optimum range of summer temperatures for S. cerevisiae. The geographic distribution of these optimum temperatures is consistent with the locations where wild S. cerevisiae have been reported, and can explain why only human-associated S. cerevisiae strains are isolated at northernmost latitudes. Our results provide a starting point for targeted isolation of S. cerevisiae from natural habitats, which could lead to a better understanding of climate associations and natural history in this important model microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Pinharanda
- Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Douda Bensasson
- Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
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8
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Freel KC, Friedrich A, Sarilar V, Devillers H, Neuvéglise C, Schacherer J. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Intraspecific Analysis of the Yeast Species Lachancea quebecensis. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:733-41. [PMID: 26733577 PMCID: PMC4823976 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold standard in yeast population genomics has been the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the exploration of yeast species outside the Saccharomyces genus is essential to broaden the understanding of genome evolution. Here, we report the analyses of whole-genome sequences of nineisolates from the recently described yeast species Lachancea quebecensis. The genome of one isolate was assembled and annotated, and the intraspecific variability within L. quebecensis was surveyed by comparing the sequences from the eight other isolates to this reference sequence. Our study revealed that these strains harbor genomes with an average nucleotide diversity of π = 2 × 10−3 which is slightly lower, although on the same order of magnitude, as that previously determined for S. cerevisiae (π = 4 × 10−3). Our results show that even though these isolates were all obtained from a relatively isolated geographic location, the same ecological source, and represent a smaller sample size than is available for S. cerevisiae, the levels of divergence are similar to those observed in this model species. This divergence is essentially linked to the presence of two distinct clusters delineated according to geographic location. However, even with relatively similar ranges of genome divergence, L. quebecensis has an extremely low global phenotypic variance of 0.062 compared with 0.59 previously determined in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle C Freel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, UMR7156, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Friedrich
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, UMR7156, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Sarilar
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hugo Devillers
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cécile Neuvéglise
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, UMR7156, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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