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Gschwendtner E, Lotov K, Muggli P, Wing M, Agnello R, Ahdida CC, Amoedo Goncalves MC, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Arnesano JM, Bachmann A, Barrientos D, Batsch F, Bencini V, Bergamaschi M, Blanchard P, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Damerau H, Davut C, Demeter G, Dexter AC, Doebert S, Elverson FA, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev V, Fonseca R, Furno I, Gessner S, Gorn A, Granados E, Granetzny M, Graubner T, Grulke O, Guran ED, Hafych V, Hartin A, Henderson J, Hüther M, Kedves M, Keeble F, Khudiakov V, Kim S, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Martinez Calderon M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Moody J, Moon K, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Nechaeva T, Nowak E, Pakuza C, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Pepitone K, Perera A, Pucek J, Pukhov A, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Scaachi A, Schmitz O, Senes E, Silva F, Silva L, Stollberg C, Sublet A, Swain C, Topaloudis A, Torrado N, Tuev P, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov V, Vieira J, Vincke H, Weidl M, Welsch C, Wendt M, Wiwattananon P, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Wyler S, Xia G, Yarygova V, Zepp M, Zevi Della Porta G. The AWAKE Run 2 Programme and Beyond. Symmetry (Basel) 2022; 14:1680. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. The use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5–1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments.
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Verra L, Zevi Della Porta G, Pucek J, Nechaeva T, Wyler S, Bergamaschi M, Senes E, Guran E, Moody JT, Kedves MÁ, Gschwendtner E, Muggli P, Agnello R, Ahdida CC, Goncalves MCA, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Arnesano JM, Bachmann AM, Barrientos D, Batsch F, Bencini V, Blanchard P, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Davut C, Demeter G, Dexter AC, Doebert S, Elverson FA, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev V, Fonseca R, Furno I, Gorn A, Granados E, Granetzny M, Graubner T, Grulke O, Hafych V, Henderson J, Hüther M, Khudiakov V, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov K, Martinez Calderon M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Moon K, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Nowak E, Pakuza C, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Pepitone K, Perera A, Pukhov A, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Schmitz O, Silva F, Silva L, Stollberg C, Sublet A, Swain C, Topaloudis A, Torrado N, Tuev P, Velotti F, Verzilov V, Vieira J, Weidl M, Welsch C, Wendt M, Wing M, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Xia G, Yarygova V, Zepp M. Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:024802. [PMID: 35867433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing reproducibility and control are at the level of a small fraction of the modulation period. With this seeding method, we independently control the amplitude of the seed wakefields with the charge of the electron bunch and the growth rate of SM with the charge of the proton bunch. Seeding leads to larger growth of the wakefields than in the instability case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R Agnello
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Y Andrebe
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Apsimon
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - R Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | | | - A-M Bachmann
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | - F Batsch
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - V Bencini
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - P Blanchard
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P N Burrows
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - M Chung
- UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - C Davut
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - G Demeter
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A C Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - J Farmer
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - A Fasoli
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - R Fonseca
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Furno
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - M Granetzny
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Graubner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
- Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - V Hafych
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - J Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- Accelerator Science and Technology Centre, ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - M Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - V Khudiakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S-Y Kim
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - F Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - M Krupa
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - L Liang
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - S Liu
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | - N Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | | | - K Moon
- UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - M Moreira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E Nowak
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - C Pakuza
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - K Pepitone
- Angstrom Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Perera
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - A Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R L Ramjiawan
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - S Rey
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - O Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Silva
- INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Stollberg
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Sublet
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - C Swain
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - N Torrado
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Weidl
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - C Welsch
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - M Wendt
- CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - M Wing
- UCL, London WC1 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J Wolfenden
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Xia
- Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - V Yarygova
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - M Zepp
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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3
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Braunmüller F, Nechaeva T, Adli E, Agnello R, Aladi M, Andrebe Y, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Baistrukov MA, Batsch F, Bergamaschi M, Blanchard P, Burrows PN, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke DA, Damerau H, Davut C, Demeter G, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Djotyan GP, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fasoli A, Fedosseev VN, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Furno I, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Goddard B, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Granetzny M, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Hafych V, Hartin A, Helm A, Henderson JR, Howling A, Hüther M, Jacquier R, Jolly S, Kargapolov IY, Kedves MÁ, Keeble F, Kelisani MD, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Li Y, Liang L, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Moody JT, Morales Guzmán PI, Moreira M, Muggli P, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pucek J, Pukhov A, Ráczkevi B, Ramjiawan RL, Rey S, Ruhl H, Saberi H, Schmitz O, Senes E, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Spitsyn RI, Tuev PV, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Welsch CP, Williamson B, Wing M, Wolfenden J, Woolley B, Xia G, Zepp M, Zevi Della Porta G. Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:264801. [PMID: 33449727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.264801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative charge per microbunch observed after 10 m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also increases or decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradients adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Nechaeva
- Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - E Adli
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Agnello
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Aladi
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Y Andrebe
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - R Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A-M Bachmann
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M A Baistrukov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - F Batsch
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - P Blanchard
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P N Burrows
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - M Chung
- UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - C Davut
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - G Demeter
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L H Deubner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - G P Djotyan
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - J Farmer
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Fasoli
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - R Fiorito
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R A Fonseca
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - I Furno
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - S Gessner
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | - A A Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - M Granetzny
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - V Hafych
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - A Helm
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Accelerator Science and Technology Centre, ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom
| | - A Howling
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - R Jacquier
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - I Yu Kargapolov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M Á Kedves
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - S-Y Kim
- UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - F Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Y Li
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - L Liang
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S Liu
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | - N Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K V Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M Martyanov
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - V A Minakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J T Moody
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - M Moreira
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Muggli
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - F Peña Asmus
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Perera
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A Petrenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Pucek
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - A Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Ráczkevi
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R L Ramjiawan
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Rey
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Ruhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - O Schmitz
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - E Senes
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- John Adams Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - L O Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R I Spitsyn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P V Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - L Verra
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusáo Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C P Welsch
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Williamson
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Wing
- UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Wolfenden
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Xia
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Zepp
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Gschwendtner E, Turner M, Adli E, Ahuja A, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Batsch F, Bracco C, Braunmüller F, Burger S, Burt G, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke D, Damerau H, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fedosseev VN, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Goddard B, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Grulke O, Hartin A, Helm A, Henderson JR, Hüther M, Ibison M, Jolly S, Keeble F, Kelisani MD, Kim SY, Kraus F, Krupa M, Lefevre T, Li Y, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Minakov VA, Molendijk JC, Moody JT, Moreira M, Muggli P, Panuganti H, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pukhov A, Rey S, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Sosedkin AP, Tuev PV, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Welsch CP, Wendt M, Williamson B, Wing M, Woolley B, Xia G. Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20180418. [PMID: 31230571 PMCID: PMC6602911 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Directions in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Adli
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - O. Apsimon
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | - R. Apsimon
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | - A.-M. Bachmann
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F. Batsch
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - G. Burt
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - B. Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A. Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - J. Farmer
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - R. Fiorito
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R. A. Fonseca
- ISCTE - Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. A. Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - O. Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - A. Helm
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. R. Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M. Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - M. Ibison
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - F. Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Y. Li
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | - S. Liu
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | - N. Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K. V. Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M. Martyanov
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | - V. A. Minakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - J. T. Moody
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - M. Moreira
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Muggli
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - F. Peña Asmus
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Perera
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A. Petrenko
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S. Rey
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - L. O. Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. P. Sosedkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P. V. Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - L. Verra
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J. Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. P. Welsch
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - B. Williamson
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | | | | | - G. Xia
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
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5
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Adli E, Ahuja A, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Barrientos D, Barros MM, Batkiewicz J, Batsch F, Bauche J, Berglyd Olsen VK, Bernardini M, Biskup B, Boccardi A, Bogey T, Bohl T, Bracco C, Braunmüller F, Burger S, Burt G, Bustamante S, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Cascella M, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke D, Damerau H, Deacon L, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fedosseev VN, Fior G, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Guerrero A, Hansen J, Helm A, Henderson JR, Hessler C, Hofle W, Hüther M, Ibison M, Jensen L, Jolly S, Keeble F, Kim SY, Kraus F, Lefevre T, LeGodec G, Li Y, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Maricalva Brun L, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Mitchell J, Molendijk JC, Mompo R, Moody JT, Moreira M, Muggli P, Mutin C, Öz E, Ozturk E, Pasquino C, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Pepitone K, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pitman S, Plyushchev G, Pukhov A, Rey S, Rieger K, Ruhl H, Schmidt JS, Shalimova IA, Shaposhnikova E, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Soby L, Sosedkin AP, Speroni R, Spitsyn RI, Tuev PV, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Vincke H, Welsch CP, Williamson B, Wing M, Woolley B, Xia G. Experimental Observation of Proton Bunch Modulation in a Plasma at Varying Plasma Densities. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:054802. [PMID: 30822008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.054802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a long, relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma. The bunch exits the plasma with a periodic density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects. We show that the modulation is seeded by a relativistic ionization front created using an intense laser pulse copropagating with the proton bunch. The modulation extends over the length of the proton bunch following the seed point. By varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude, we show that the modulation frequency scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density, i.e., it is equal to the plasma frequency, as expected from theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adli
- University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Ahuja
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Apsimon
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - R Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A-M Bachmann
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - F Batsch
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - T Bogey
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Bohl
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - F Braunmüller
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | - G Burt
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - M Chung
- UNIST, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - D Cooke
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | | | - L Deacon
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - L H Deubner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - A Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Farmer
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - G Fior
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - R Fiorito
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R A Fonseca
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - A A Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
- Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - A Helm
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - W Hofle
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - M Ibison
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - S Jolly
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - F Keeble
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - S-Y Kim
- UNIST, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - F Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Y Li
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - S Liu
- TRIUMF, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - N Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K V Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - M Martyanov
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - V A Minakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Mitchell
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Mompo
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J T Moody
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - M Moreira
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Muggli
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - C Mutin
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Öz
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - F Peña Asmus
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | - A Perera
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A Petrenko
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Pitman
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Rey
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Rieger
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - H Ruhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - I A Shalimova
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - L O Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Soby
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A P Sosedkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - R I Spitsyn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P V Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - L Verra
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - C P Welsch
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Williamson
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - M Wing
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Xia
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
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6
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Turner M, Adli E, Ahuja A, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Barros Marin M, Barrientos D, Batsch F, Batkiewicz J, Bauche J, Berglyd Olsen VK, Bernardini M, Biskup B, Boccardi A, Bogey T, Bohl T, Bracco C, Braunmüller F, Burger S, Burt G, Bustamante S, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Cascella M, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke D, Damerau H, Deacon L, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fedosseev VN, Fior G, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Guerrero A, Hansen J, Helm A, Henderson JR, Hessler C, Hofle W, Hüther M, Ibison M, Jensen L, Jolly S, Keeble F, Kim SY, Kraus F, Lefevre T, LeGodec G, Li Y, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Maricalva Brun L, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Mitchell J, Molendijk JC, Mompo R, Moody JT, Moreira M, Muggli P, Öz E, Ozturk E, Mutin C, Pasquino C, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Pepitone K, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pitman S, Plyushchev G, Pukhov A, Rey S, Rieger K, Ruhl H, Schmidt JS, Shalimova IA, Shaposhnikova E, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Soby L, Sosedkin AP, Speroni R, Spitsyn RI, Tuev PV, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Vincke H, Welsch CP, Williamson B, Wing M, Woolley B, Xia G. Experimental Observation of Plasma Wakefield Growth Driven by the Seeded Self-Modulation of a Proton Bunch. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:054801. [PMID: 30822039 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.054801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We measure the effects of transverse wakefields driven by a relativistic proton bunch in plasma with densities of 2.1×10^{14} and 7.7×10^{14} electrons/cm^{3}. We show that these wakefields periodically defocus the proton bunch itself, consistently with the development of the seeded self-modulation process. We show that the defocusing increases both along the bunch and along the plasma by using time resolved and time-integrated measurements of the proton bunch transverse distribution. We evaluate the transverse wakefield amplitudes and show that they exceed their seed value (<15 MV/m) and reach over 300 MV/m. All these results confirm the development of the seeded self-modulation process, a necessary condition for external injection of low energy and acceleration of electrons to multi-GeV energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Adli
- University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Ahuja
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Apsimon
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - R Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A-M Bachmann
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - F Batsch
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T Bogey
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Bohl
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - F Braunmüller
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | - G Burt
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - M Chung
- UNIST, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - D Cooke
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | | | - L Deacon
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - L H Deubner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - A Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Farmer
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - G Fior
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - R Fiorito
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R A Fonseca
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - A A Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
- Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - A Helm
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - W Hofle
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - M Ibison
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - S Jolly
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - F Keeble
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - S-Y Kim
- UNIST, 44919 Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - F Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Y Li
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - S Liu
- TRIUMF, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - N Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K V Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - M Martyanov
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - V A Minakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Mitchell
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Mompo
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J T Moody
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - M Moreira
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Muggli
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - E Öz
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | | | - C Mutin
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - F Peña Asmus
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
- Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | - A Perera
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A Petrenko
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Pitman
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - G Plyushchev
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Plasma Center, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Rey
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Rieger
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, 80805 Munich, Germany
| | - H Ruhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - I A Shalimova
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - L O Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Soby
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A P Sosedkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - R I Spitsyn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P V Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - L Verra
- CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - C P Welsch
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Williamson
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - M Wing
- UCL, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Xia
- University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cockcroft Institute, WA4 4AD Daresbury, United Kingdom
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7
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Pukhov A, Farmer JP. Stable Particle Acceleration in Coaxial Plasma Channels. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:264801. [PMID: 30636146 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.264801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The attainable transformer ratio in plasma accelerators is limited by instabilities. Using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate that these can be controlled using a hollow plasma channel with a coaxial plasma filament. The driver scatters electrons from the filament, and the slow pinch of the ions leads to a strong chirp of the effective betatron frequency, preventing beam breakup. We demonstrate the monoenergetic acceleration of an electron bunch to 20 GeV over 4.4 m, achieving a transformer ratio of 10, an energy efficiency of 40%, and an emittance of 1.8 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pukhov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düssseldorf, Germany
| | - John P Farmer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düssseldorf, Germany
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8
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Adli E, Ahuja A, Apsimon O, Apsimon R, Bachmann AM, Barrientos D, Batsch F, Bauche J, Berglyd Olsen VK, Bernardini M, Bohl T, Bracco C, Braunmüller F, Burt G, Buttenschön B, Caldwell A, Cascella M, Chappell J, Chevallay E, Chung M, Cooke D, Damerau H, Deacon L, Deubner LH, Dexter A, Doebert S, Farmer J, Fedosseev VN, Fiorito R, Fonseca RA, Friebel F, Garolfi L, Gessner S, Gorgisyan I, Gorn AA, Granados E, Grulke O, Gschwendtner E, Hansen J, Helm A, Henderson JR, Hüther M, Ibison M, Jensen L, Jolly S, Keeble F, Kim SY, Kraus F, Li Y, Liu S, Lopes N, Lotov KV, Maricalva Brun L, Martyanov M, Mazzoni S, Medina Godoy D, Minakov VA, Mitchell J, Molendijk JC, Moody JT, Moreira M, Muggli P, Öz E, Pasquino C, Pardons A, Peña Asmus F, Pepitone K, Perera A, Petrenko A, Pitman S, Pukhov A, Rey S, Rieger K, Ruhl H, Schmidt JS, Shalimova IA, Sherwood P, Silva LO, Soby L, Sosedkin AP, Speroni R, Spitsyn RI, Tuev PV, Turner M, Velotti F, Verra L, Verzilov VA, Vieira J, Welsch CP, Williamson B, Wing M, Woolley B, Xia G. Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch. Nature 2018; 561:363-367. [PMID: 30188496 PMCID: PMC6786972 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
High-energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. To increase the energy of the particles or to reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration1–5, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields (so called ‘wakefields’), is one such promising acceleration technique. Experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse6–9 or electron bunch10,11 traversing a plasma can drive electric fields of tens of gigavolts per metre and above—well beyond those achieved in conventional radio-frequency accelerators (about 0.1 gigavolt per metre). However, the low stored energy of laser pulses and electron bunches means that multiple acceleration stages are needed to reach very high particle energies5,12. The use of proton bunches is compelling because they have the potential to drive wakefields and to accelerate electrons to high energy in a single acceleration stage13. Long, thin proton bunches can be used because they undergo a process called self-modulation14–16, a particle–plasma interaction that splits the bunch longitudinally into a series of high-density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) experiment at CERN17–19 uses high-intensity proton bunches—in which each proton has an energy of 400 gigaelectronvolts, resulting in a total bunch energy of 19 kilojoules—to drive a wakefield in a ten-metre-long plasma. Electron bunches are then injected into this wakefield. Here we present measurements of electrons accelerated up to two gigaelectronvolts at the AWAKE experiment, in a demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Measurements were conducted under various plasma conditions and the acceleration was found to be consistent and reliable. The potential for this scheme to produce very high-energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage20 means that our results are an important step towards the development of future high-energy particle accelerators21,22. Electron acceleration to very high energies is achieved in a single step by injecting electrons into a ‘wake’ of charge created in a 10-metre-long plasma by speeding long proton bunches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adli
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - O Apsimon
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | - R Apsimon
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - A-M Bachmann
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany.,Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - F Batsch
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany.,Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - T Bohl
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - G Burt
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - B Buttenschön
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Caldwell
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L H Deubner
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Dexter
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - J Farmer
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - R Fiorito
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R A Fonseca
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitéario de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - A A Gorn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - O Grulke
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Greifswald, Germany.,Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - A Helm
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Henderson
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M Hüther
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ibison
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - F Kraus
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Y Li
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | - S Liu
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N Lopes
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - K V Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - M Martyanov
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - V A Minakov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Mitchell
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - J T Moody
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - M Moreira
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Muggli
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - E Öz
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - F Peña Asmus
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany.,Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - A Perera
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Petrenko
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Pitman
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - A Pukhov
- Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Rey
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Rieger
- Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
| | - H Ruhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - I A Shalimova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - L O Silva
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Soby
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A P Sosedkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - R I Spitsyn
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P V Tuev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - L Verra
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C P Welsch
- Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.,University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Williamson
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
| | | | | | - G Xia
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
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9
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Gross M, Engel J, Good J, Huck H, Isaev I, Koss G, Krasilnikov M, Lishilin O, Loisch G, Renier Y, Rublack T, Stephan F, Brinkmann R, Martinez de la Ossa A, Osterhoff J, Malyutin D, Richter D, Mehrling T, Khojoyan M, Schroeder CB, Grüner F. Observation of the Self-Modulation Instability via Time-Resolved Measurements. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:144802. [PMID: 29694120 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.144802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-modulation of an electron beam in a plasma has been observed. The propagation of a long (several plasma wavelengths) electron bunch in an overdense plasma resulted in the production of multiple bunches via the self-modulation instability. Using a combination of a radio-frequency deflector and a dipole spectrometer, the time and energy structure of the self-modulated beam was measured. The longitudinal phase space measurement showed the modulation of a long electron bunch into three bunches with an approximately 200 keV/c amplitude momentum modulation. Demonstrating this effect is a breakthrough for proton-driven plasma accelerator schemes aiming to utilize the same physical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gross
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Good
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - H Huck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - I Isaev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G Koss
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Krasilnikov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - O Lishilin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G Loisch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Y Renier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Rublack
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - F Stephan
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Brinkmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Martinez de la Ossa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Osterhoff
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Malyutin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien & Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Richter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien & Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Mehrling
- Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Khojoyan
- LLR (Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet), CNRS and Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau UMR7638, France
| | - C B Schroeder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Grüner
- Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Lotov KV, Sosedkin AP, Petrenko AV. Long-term evolution of broken wakefields in finite-radius plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:194801. [PMID: 24877943 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.194801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel effect of fast heating and charging a finite-radius plasma is discovered in the context of plasma wakefield acceleration. As the plasma wave breaks, most of its energy is transferred to plasma electrons. The electrons gain substantial transverse momentum and escape the plasma radially, which gives rise to a strong charge-separation electric field and azimuthal magnetic field around the plasma. The slowly varying field structure is preserved for hundreds of wakefield periods and contains (together with hot electrons) up to 80% of the initial wakefield energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Lotov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A P Sosedkin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Petrenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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11
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Fang Y, Yakimenko VE, Babzien M, Fedurin M, Kusche KP, Malone R, Vieira J, Mori WB, Muggli P. Seeding of self-modulation instability of a long electron bunch in a plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:045001. [PMID: 24580460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that a relativistic electron bunch shaped with a sharp rising edge drives plasma wakefields with one to seven periods along the bunch as the plasma density is increased. The plasma density is varied in the 10(15)-10(17) cm(-3) range. The wakefields generation is observed after the plasma as a periodic modulation of the correlated energy spectrum of the incoming bunch. We choose a low bunch charge of 50 pC for optimum visibility of the modulation at all plasma densities. The longitudinal wakefields creating the modulation are in the MV/m range and are indirect evidence of the generation of transverse wakefields that can seed the self-modulation instability, although the instability does not grow significantly over the short plasma length (2 cm). We show that the seeding provides a phase reference for the wakefields, a necessary condition for the deterministic external injection of a witness bunch in an accelerator. This electron work supports the concept of similar experiments in the future, e.g., SMI experiments using long bunches of relativistic protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - V E Yakimenko
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - M Babzien
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Fedurin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - K P Kusche
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Malone
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Muggli
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA and Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The effects of plasma ion motion in self-modulated plasma-based accelerators are examined. An analytical model describing ion motion in the narrow beam limit is developed and confirmed through multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that the ion motion can lead to the early saturation of the self-modulation instability and to the suppression of the accelerating gradients. This can reduce the total energy that can be transformed into kinetic energy of accelerated particles. For the parameters of future proton-driven plasma accelerator experiments, the ion dynamics can have a strong impact. Possible methods to mitigate the effects of the ion motion in future experiments are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vieira
- GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal.
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13
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Schroeder CB, Benedetti C, Esarey E, Grüner FJ, Leemans WP. Coupled beam hose and self-modulation instabilities in overdense plasma. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 86:026402. [PMID: 23005864 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.026402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transverse stability of the drive beam is critical to plasma wakefield accelerators. A long, relativistic particle beam propagating in an overdense plasma is subject to beam envelope modulation and centroid displacement (hosing) instabilities. Coupled equations for the beam centroid and envelope are derived and solved. It is shown that the hosing growth rate is comparable to self-modulation, and coupling of the self-modulation enhances beam hosing and induces harmonic content. Large amounts of hosing significantly alters the structure of the plasma wakefields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Schroeder
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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