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Hu Z, Breeze B, Walker M, Faulques E, Sloan J, Lloyd-Hughes J. Spectroscopic Insights into the Influence of Filling Carbon Nanotubes with Atomic Nanowires for Photophysical and Photochemical Applications. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2023; 6:2883-2893. [PMID: 36875181 PMCID: PMC9972344 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Studying the optical performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled with guest materials can reveal the fundamental photochemical nature of ultrathin one-dimensional (1D) nanosystems, which are attractive for applications including photocatalysis. Here, we report comprehensive spectroscopic studies of how infiltrated HgTe nanowires (NWs) alter the optical properties of small-diameter (d t < 1 nm) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in different environments: isolated in solution, suspended in a gelatin matrix, and heavily bundled in network-like thin films. Temperature-dependent Raman and photoluminescence measurements revealed that the HgTe NW filling can alter the stiffness of SWCNTs and therefore modify their vibrational and optical modes. Results from optical absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the semiconducting HgTe NWs did not provide substantial charge transfer to or from the SWCNTs. Transient absorption spectroscopy further highlighted that the filling-induced nanotube distortion can alter the temporal evolution of excitons and their transient spectra. In contrast to previous studies on functionalized CNTs, where electronic or chemical doping often drove changes to the optical spectra, we highlight structural distortion as playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Hu
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Breeze
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Walker
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Faulques
- Institut
des Matriaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, CNRS,
University of Nantes, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Jeremy Sloan
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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2
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Birkmeier K, Hertel T, Hartschuh A. Probing the ultrafast dynamics of excitons in single semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6290. [PMID: 36271091 PMCID: PMC9586955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitonic states govern the optical spectra of low-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials and their dynamics are key for a wide range of applications, such as in solar energy harvesting and lighting. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes emerged as particularly rich model systems for one-dimensional nanomaterials and as such have been investigated intensively in the past. The exciton decay dynamics in nanotubes has been studied mainly by transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Since different transitions are monitored with these two techniques, developing a comprehensive model to reconcile different data sets, however, turned out to be a challenge and remarkably, a uniform description seems to remain elusive. In this work, we investigate the exciton decay dynamics in single carbon nanotubes using transient interferometric scattering and time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy with few-exciton detection sensitivity and formulate a unified microscopic model by combining unimolecular exciton decay and ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation on a time-scale down to 200 fs. Excitonic states govern the optical response of low-dimensional nanomaterials and are key for a wide range of applications. Here, the authors investigate the exciton decay dynamics in single carbon nanotubes with few-exciton detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Birkmeier
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,TOPTICA Photonics AG, Lochhamer Schlag 19, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and CeNS, LMU Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Hofmann J. Corrections to reaction-diffusion dynamics above the upper critical dimension. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:024127. [PMID: 35291187 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.024127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reaction-diffusion models are common in many areas of statistical physics, where they describe the late-time dynamics of chemical reactions. Using a Bose gas representation, which maps the real-time dynamics of the reactants to the imaginary-time evolution of an interacting Bose gas, we consider corrections to the late-time scaling of k-particle annihilation processes kA→∅ above the upper critical dimension, where mean-field theory sets the leading order. We establish that the leading corrections are not given by a small renormalization of the reaction rate due to k-particle memory effects, but instead set by higher-order correlation functions that capture memory effects of subclusters of reactants. Drawing on methods developed for ultracold quantum gases and nuclear physics, we compute these corrections exactly for various annihilation processes with k>2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofmann
- Department of Physics, Gothenburg University, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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4
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Lloyd-Hughes J, Oppeneer PM, Pereira Dos Santos T, Schleife A, Meng S, Sentef MA, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A, Radu I, Murnane M, Shi X, Kapteyn H, Stadtmüller B, Dani KM, da Jornada FH, Prinz E, Aeschlimann M, Milot RL, Burdanova M, Boland J, Cocker T, Hegmann F. The 2021 ultrafast spectroscopic probes of condensed matter roadmap. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:353001. [PMID: 33951618 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfe21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 60 years since the invention of the laser, the scientific community has developed numerous fields of research based on these bright, coherent light sources, including the areas of imaging, spectroscopy, materials processing and communications. Ultrafast spectroscopy and imaging techniques are at the forefront of research into the light-matter interaction at the shortest times accessible to experiments, ranging from a few attoseconds to nanoseconds. Light pulses provide a crucial probe of the dynamical motion of charges, spins, and atoms on picosecond, femtosecond, and down to attosecond timescales, none of which are accessible even with the fastest electronic devices. Furthermore, strong light pulses can drive materials into unusual phases, with exotic properties. In this roadmap we describe the current state-of-the-art in experimental and theoretical studies of condensed matter using ultrafast probes. In each contribution, the authors also use their extensive knowledge to highlight challenges and predict future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lloyd-Hughes
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - P M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, PO Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - A Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - S Meng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - M A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, United States of America
| | - I Radu
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
- Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - X Shi
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - H Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - B Stadtmüller
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - K M Dani
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - F H da Jornada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States of America
| | - E Prinz
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - M Aeschlimann
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M Burdanova
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - J Boland
- Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T Cocker
- Michigan State University, United States of America
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Zhu J, German R, Senkovskiy BV, Haberer D, Fischer FR, Grüneis A, van Loosdrecht PHM. Exciton and phonon dynamics in highly aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering. Nanoscale 2018; 10:17975-17982. [PMID: 30226260 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The opening of a band gap in graphene nanoribbons induces novel optical and electronic properties, strongly enhancing their application potential in nanoscale devices. Knowledge of the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics are essential for developing and optimizing device designs and functionality. Here we report on the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics in surface aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. On the anti-Stokes side we observe an optically induced increase of the scattering intensity of the Raman active optical phonons which we assign to changes in the optical phonon populations. The optical phonon population decays with a lifetime of ∼2 ps, indicating an efficient optical-acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. On the Stokes side we observe a substantial decrease of the phonon peak intensities which we relate to the dynamics of the optically induced exciton population. The exciton population shows a multi-exponential relaxation on the hundreds of ps time scale and is independent of the excitation intensity, indicating that exciton-exciton annihilation processes are not important and the exsistence of dark and trapped exciton states. Our results shed light on the optically induced phonon and exciton dynamics in surface aligned armchair graphene nanoribbons and demonstrate that time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy is a powerful method for exploring quasi-particle dynamics in low dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Physics institute 2, University of Cologne, 50937, Germany.
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6
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Smelyanskiy VN, Venturelli D, Perdomo-Ortiz A, Knysh S, Dykman MI. Quantum Annealing via Environment-Mediated Quantum Diffusion. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:066802. [PMID: 28234537 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.066802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show that quantum diffusion near a quantum critical point can provide an efficient mechanism of quantum annealing. It is based on the diffusion-mediated recombination of excitations in open systems far from thermal equilibrium. We find that, for an Ising spin chain coupled to a bosonic bath and driven by a monotonically decreasing transverse field, excitation diffusion sharply slows down below the quantum critical region. This leads to spatial correlations and effective freezing of the excitation density. Still, obtaining an approximate solution of an optimization problem via the diffusion-mediated quantum annealing can be faster than via closed-system quantum annealing or Glauber dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Venturelli
- USRA Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS), Mountain View, California 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA
| | - Alejandro Perdomo-Ortiz
- USRA Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS), Mountain View, California 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA
| | - Sergey Knysh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 269-1, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA
- Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies Inc., 7701 Greenbelt Road, Suite 400, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770, USA
| | - Mark I Dykman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-2320, USA
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7
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Soavi G, Dal Conte S, Manzoni C, Viola D, Narita A, Hu Y, Feng X, Hohenester U, Molinari E, Prezzi D, Müllen K, Cerullo G. Exciton-exciton annihilation and biexciton stimulated emission in graphene nanoribbons. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11010. [PMID: 26984281 PMCID: PMC4800436 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons display extraordinary optical properties due to one-dimensional quantum-confinement, such as width-dependent bandgap and strong electron–hole interactions, responsible for the formation of excitons with extremely high binding energies. Here we use femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to explore the ultrafast optical properties of ultranarrow, structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons as a function of the excitation fluence, and the impact of enhanced Coulomb interaction on their excited states dynamics. We show that in the high-excitation regime biexcitons are formed by nonlinear exciton–exciton annihilation, and that they radiatively recombine via stimulated emission. We obtain a biexciton binding energy of ≈250 meV, in very good agreement with theoretical results from quantum Monte Carlo simulations. These observations pave the way for the application of graphene nanoribbons in photonics and optoelectronics. Graphene nanoribbons confine electrons to just one dimension and this gives rise to strong electron–hole interactions. Here, the authors investigate the creation and recombination of biexcitons in these structures by ultrafast optical pulses using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Soavi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Dal Conte
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Cristian Manzoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Viola
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hohenester
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy.,Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, via G. Campi 213/a, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, via G. Campi 213/a, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.,Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
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8
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van Horssen M, Garrahan JP. Open quantum reaction-diffusion dynamics: Absorbing states and relaxation. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:032132. [PMID: 25871079 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider an extension of classical stochastic reaction-diffusion (RD) dynamics to open quantum systems. We study a class of models of hard-core particles on a one-dimensional lattice whose dynamics is generated by a quantum master operator. Particle hopping is coherent while reactions, such as pair annihilation or pair coalescence, are dissipative. These are quantum open generalizations of the A+A→⌀ and A+A→A classical RD models. We characterize the relaxation of the state towards the stationary regime via a decomposition of the system Hilbert space into transient and recurrent subspaces. We provide a complete classification of the structure of the recurrent subspace (and the nonequilibrium steady states) in terms of the dark states associated to the quantum master operator and its general spectral properties. We also show that, in one dimension, relaxation towards these absorbing dark states is slower than that predicted by a mean-field analysis due to fluctuation effects, in analogy with what occurs in classical RD systems. Numerical simulations of small systems suggest that the decay of the density in one dimension, in both the open quantum A+A→⌀ and A+A→A systems, behaves asymptotically as t-b with 1/2<b<1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn van Horssen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P Garrahan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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9
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Engdahl NB, Benson DA, Bolster D. Predicting the enhancement of mixing-driven reactions in nonuniform flows using measures of flow topology. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:051001. [PMID: 25493728 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability for reactive constituents to mix is often the key limiting factor for the completion of reactions across a huge range of scales in a variety of media. In flowing systems, deformation and shear enhance mixing by bringing constituents into closer proximity, thus increasing reaction potential. Accurately quantifying this enhanced mixing is key to predicting reactions and typically is done by observing or simulating scalar transport. To eliminate this computationally expensive step, we use a Lagrangian stochastic framework to derive the enhancement to reaction potential by calculating the collocation probability of particle pairs in a heterogeneous flow field accounting for deformations. We relate the enhanced reaction potential to three well known flow topology metrics and demonstrate that it is best correlated to (and asymptotically linear with) one: the largest eigenvalue of the (right) Cauchy-Green tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Engdahl
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David A Benson
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Diogo Bolster
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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