1
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Morris IM, Klink K, Singh JT, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Nicley SS, Becker JN. Rare isotope-containing diamond colour centres for fundamental symmetry tests. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2024; 382:20230169. [PMID: 38043574 PMCID: PMC10693981 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Detecting a non-zero electric dipole moment in a particle would unambiguously signify physics beyond the Standard Model. A potential pathway towards this is the detection of a nuclear Schiff moment, the magnitude of which is enhanced by the presence of nuclear octupole deformation. However, due to the low production rate of isotopes featuring such 'pear-shaped' nuclei, capturing, detecting and manipulating them efficiently is a crucial prerequisite. Incorporating them into synthetic diamond optical crystals can produce defects with defined, molecule-like structures and isolated electronic states within the diamond band gap, increasing capture efficiency, enabling repeated probing of even a single atom and producing narrow optical linewidths. In this study, we used density functional theory to investigate the formation, structure and electronic properties of crystal defects in diamond containing [Formula: see text], a rare isotope that is predicted to have an exceptionally strong nuclear octupole deformation. In addition, we identified and studied stable lanthanide-containing defects with similar electronic structures as non-radioactive proxies to aid in experimental methods. Our findings hold promise for the existence of such defects and can contribute to the development of a quantum information processing-inspired toolbox of techniques for studying rare isotopes. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Diamond for quantum applications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Morris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kai Klink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jaideep T. Singh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon S. Nicley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, Center Midwest (CMW), Fraunhofer USA Inc., 1449 Engineering Research Court,East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jonas N. Becker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Coatings and Diamond Technologies Division, Center Midwest (CMW), Fraunhofer USA Inc., 1449 Engineering Research Court,East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Shortino J, Knappe-Grueneberg S, Voigt J, Chu PH, Reid A, Snow WM, Kilian W. Preliminary searches for spin-dependent interactions using sidebands of nuclear spin-precession signals. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:013301. [PMID: 38180345 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Various theories beyond the Standard Model predict new particles with masses in the sub-eV range with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. A new P-odd and T-odd interaction between polarized and unpolarized nucleons proportional to s⃗⋅r̂ is one such possibility, where r⃗=rr̂ is the spatial vector connecting the nucleons, and s⃗ is the spin of the polarized nucleon. Such an interaction involving a scalar coupling gsN at one vertex and a pseudoscalar coupling gpn at the polarized nucleon vertex can be induced by the exchange of spin-0 pseudoscalar bosons. We describe a new technique to search for interactions of this form and present the first measurements of this type. We show that future improvements to this technique can improve the laboratory upper bound on the product gsNgpn by two orders of magnitude for interaction ranges at the 100 micron scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shortino
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | - J Voigt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - P-H Chu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Reid
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - W M Snow
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - W Kilian
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Skripnikov LV, Oleynichenko AV, Zaitsevskii A, Mosyagin NS, Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis M, Au M, Neyens G. Ab initio study of electronic states and radiative properties of the AcF molecule. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124301. [PMID: 38127371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of the ionization potential, dissociation energy, and excited electronic states under 35 000 cm-1 are presented for the actinium monofluoride (AcF) molecule. The ionization potential is calculated to be IPe = 48 866 cm-1, and the ground state is confirmed to be a closed-shell singlet and thus strongly sensitive to the T,P-violating nuclear Schiff moment of the Ac nucleus. Radiative properties and transition dipole moments from the ground state are identified for several excited states, achieving a mean uncertainty estimate of ∼450 cm-1 for the excitation energies. For higher-lying states that are not directly accessible from the ground state, possible two-step excitation pathways are proposed. The calculated branching ratios and Franck-Condon factors are used to investigate the suitability of AcF for direct laser cooling. The lifetime of the metastable (1)3Δ1 state, which can be used in experimental searches of the electric dipole moment of the electron, is estimated to be of order 1 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander V Oleynichenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
| | - Andréi Zaitsevskii
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolai S Mosyagin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
| | - Michail Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mia Au
- Systems Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Gerda Neyens
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Wu LY, Zhang KY, Peng M, Gong J, Yan H. New Limits on Exotic Spin-Dependent Interactions at Astronomical Distances. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:091002. [PMID: 37721836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Exotic spin-dependent interactions involving new light particles address key questions in modern physics. Interactions between polarized neutrons (n) and unpolarized nucleons (N) occur in three forms: g_{S}^{N}g_{P}^{n}σ·r, g_{V}^{N}g_{A}^{n}σ·v, and g_{A}^{N}g_{A}^{n}σ·v×r, where σ is the spin and g's are the corresponding coupling constants for scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector vertexes. If such interactions exist, the Sun and Moon could induce sidereal variations of effective fields in laboratories. By analyzing existing data from laboratory measurements on Lorentz and CPT violation, we derive new experimental upper limits on these exotic spin-dependent interactions at astronomical ranges. Our limits on g_{S}^{N}g_{P}^{n} surpass the previous combined astrophysical-laboratory limits, setting the most stringent experimental constraints to date. We also report new constraints on vector-axial-vector and axial-axial-vector interactions at astronomical scales, with vector-axial-vector limits improved by ∼12 orders of magnitude. We extend our analysis to Hari Dass interactions and obtain new constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - K Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - M Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - J Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - H Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
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5
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Molway MJ, Bales-Shaffer L, Ranta K, Ball J, Sparling E, Prince M, Cocking D, Basler D, Murphy M, Kidd BE, Gafar AT, Porter J, Albin K, Rosen MS, Chekmenev EY, Michael Snow W, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM. Dramatic improvement in the "Bulk" hyperpolarization of 131Xe via spin exchange optical pumping probed using in situ low-field NMR. J Magn Reson 2023; 354:107521. [PMID: 37487304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on hyperpolarization of quadrupolar (I=3/2) 131Xe via spin-exchange optical pumping. Observations of the 131Xe polarization dynamics via in situ low-field NMR show that the estimated alkali-metal/131Xe spin-exchange rates can be large enough to compete with 131Xe spin relaxation. 131Xe polarization up to 7.6±1.5% was achieved in ∼8.5×1020 spins-a ∼100-fold improvement in the total spin angular momentum-potentially enabling various applications, including: measurement of spin-dependent neutron-131Xe s-wave scattering; sensitive searches for time-reversal violation in neutron-131Xe interactions beyond the Standard Model; and surface-sensitive pulmonary MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Molway
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Liana Bales-Shaffer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Kaili Ranta
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - James Ball
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleanor Sparling
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mia Prince
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Cocking
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dustin Basler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Megan Murphy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Bryce E Kidd
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Abdulbasit Tobi Gafar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Justin Porter
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Kierstyn Albin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit 48202, MI, USA; Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - W Michael Snow
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA.
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6
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Sorensen SS, Walker TG. Combined Polarization/Magnetic Modulation of a Transverse NMR Gyroscope. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:4649. [PMID: 37430562 DOI: 10.3390/s23104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a new approach to the continuous operation of a transverse spin-exchange optically pumped NMR gyroscope that utilizes modulation of both the applied bias field and the optical pumping. We demonstrate the simultaneous, continuous excitation of 131Xe and 129Xe using this hybrid modulation approach and the real-time demodulation of the Xe precession using a custom least-squares fitting algorithm. We present rotation rate measurements with this device, with a common field suppression factor of ∼1400, an angle random walk of 21 μHz/Hz, and a bias instability of ∼480 nHz after ∼1000 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Sorensen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thad G Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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7
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Wei K, Zhao T, Fang X, Xu Z, Liu C, Cao Q, Wickenbrock A, Hu Y, Ji W, Fang J, Budker D. Ultrasensitive Atomic Comagnetometer with Enhanced Nuclear Spin Coherence. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:063201. [PMID: 36827554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high energy resolution in spin systems is important for fundamental physics research and precision measurements, with alkali-noble-gas comagnetometers being among the best available sensors. We found a new relaxation mechanism in such devices, the gradient of the Fermi-contact-interaction field that dominates the relaxation of hyperpolarized nuclear spins. We report on precise control over spin distribution, demonstrating a tenfold increase of nuclear spin hyperpolarization and transverse coherence time with optimal hybrid optical pumping. Operating in the self-compensation regime, our ^{21}Ne-Rb-K comagnetometer achieves an ultrahigh inertial rotation sensitivity of 3×10^{-8} rad/s/Hz^{1/2} in the frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz, which is equivalent to the energy resolution of 3.1×10^{-23} eV/Hz^{1/2}. We propose to use this comagnetometer to search for exotic spin-dependent interactions involving proton and neutron spins. The projected sensitivity surpasses the previous experimental and astrophysical limits by more than 4 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiujie Fang
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zitong Xu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Arne Wickenbrock
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Ji
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jiancheng Fang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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8
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Liang Y, Jiang L, Liu J, Zhu J, Shao Q, Fan S, Li X, Quan W. Single-beam comagnetometer using elliptically polarized light for dual-axis rotation measurement. Opt Express 2022; 30:38216-38228. [PMID: 36258388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a single-beam spin-exchange relaxation-free comagnetometer using elliptically polarized light for dual-axis rotation measurement. The light beam propagating through the glass cell is simultaneously used for optical pumping and signal extraction. Combined with transverse magnetic field modulation, the rotation information can be collected through a balanced polarimeter module and a lock-in amplifier. Also, we propose a decoupling method by adjusting the phase shift of the reference signal, allowing the device to realize biaxial signal decoupling while still maintaining its self-compensation state. Compared to those without decoupling, our method improves the performance of our device in its signal-to-noise ratio and rotation sensitivity. The single-beam comagnetometer scheme and the decoupling method have a positive impact on the development of miniaturized atomic sensors for high-precision inertial measurement.
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9
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Zheng TA, Yang YA, Wang SZ, Singh JT, Xiong ZX, Xia T, Lu ZT. Measurement of the Electric Dipole Moment of ^{171}Yb Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:083001. [PMID: 36053707 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of the ^{171}Yb (I=1/2) atom is measured with atoms held in an optical dipole trap. By enabling a cycling transition that is simultaneously spin-selective and spin-preserving, a quantum nondemolition measurement with a spin-detection efficiency of 50% is realized. A systematic effect due to parity mixing induced by a static E field is observed, and is suppressed by averaging between measurements with optical dipole traps in opposite directions. The coherent spin precession time is found to be much longer than 300 s. The EDM is determined to be d(^{171}Yb)=(-6.8±5.1_{stat}±1.2_{syst})×10^{-27} e cm, leading to an upper limit of |d(^{171}Yb)|<1.5×10^{-26} e cm (95% C.L.). These measurement techniques can be adapted to search for the EDM of ^{225}Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Zheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y A Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S-Z Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J T Singh
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Z-X Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Atomic Frequency Standards, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - T Xia
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Z-T Lu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Holmes N, Rea M, Chalmers J, Leggett J, Edwards LJ, Nell P, Pink S, Patel P, Wood J, Murby N, Woolger D, Dawson E, Mariani C, Tierney TM, Mellor S, O'Neill GC, Boto E, Hill RM, Shah V, Osborne J, Pardington R, Fierlinger P, Barnes GR, Glover P, Brookes MJ, Bowtell R. A lightweight magnetically shielded room with active shielding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13561. [PMID: 35945239 PMCID: PMC9363499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically shielded rooms (MSRs) use multiple layers of materials such as MuMetal to screen external magnetic fields that would otherwise interfere with high precision magnetic field measurements such as magnetoencephalography (MEG). Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have enabled the development of wearable MEG systems which have the potential to provide a motion tolerant functional brain imaging system with high spatiotemporal resolution. Despite significant promise, OPMs impose stringent magnetic shielding requirements, operating around a zero magnetic field resonance within a dynamic range of ± 5 nT. MSRs developed for OPM-MEG must therefore effectively shield external sources and provide a low remnant magnetic field inside the enclosure. Existing MSRs optimised for OPM-MEG are expensive, heavy, and difficult to site. Electromagnetic coils are used to further cancel the remnant field inside the MSR enabling participant movements during OPM-MEG, but present coil systems are challenging to engineer and occupy space in the MSR limiting participant movements and negatively impacting patient experience. Here we present a lightweight MSR design (30% reduction in weight and 40-60% reduction in external dimensions compared to a standard OPM-optimised MSR) which takes significant steps towards addressing these barriers. We also designed a 'window coil' active shielding system, featuring a series of simple rectangular coils placed directly onto the walls of the MSR. By mapping the remnant magnetic field inside the MSR, and the magnetic field produced by the coils, we can identify optimal coil currents and cancel the remnant magnetic field over the central cubic metre to just |B|= 670 ± 160 pT. These advances reduce the cost, installation time and siting restrictions of MSRs which will be essential for the widespread deployment of OPM-MEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Holmes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Molly Rea
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James Chalmers
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - James Leggett
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lucy J Edwards
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Paul Nell
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Stephen Pink
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Prashant Patel
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Jack Wood
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Nick Murby
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - David Woolger
- Magnetic Shields Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Eliot Dawson
- Cerca Magnetics Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Christopher Mariani
- Cerca Magnetics Limited, Headcorn Road, Staplehurst, Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 0DS, UK
| | - Tim M Tierney
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Stephanie Mellor
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - George C O'Neill
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Elena Boto
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ryan M Hill
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vishal Shah
- QuSpin Inc., 331 South 104th Street, Suite 130, Louisville, CO, 80027, USA
| | - James Osborne
- QuSpin Inc., 331 South 104th Street, Suite 130, Louisville, CO, 80027, USA
| | | | - Peter Fierlinger
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gareth R Barnes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Paul Glover
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Bowtell
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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11
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Wehrli D, Spyszkiewicz-Kaczmarek A, Puchalski M, Pachucki K. QED Effect on the Nuclear Magnetic Shielding of ^{3}He. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:263001. [PMID: 35029494 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The leading quantum electrodynamic corrections to the nuclear magnetic shielding in one- and two-electron atomic systems are obtained in a complete form, and the shielding constants of ^{1}H, ^{3}He^{+}, and ^{3}He are calculated to be 17.735 436(3)×10^{-6}, 35.507 434(9)×10^{-6}, and 59.967 029(23)×10^{-6}, respectively. These results are orders of magnitude more accurate than previous ones, and, with the ongoing measurement of the nuclear magnetic moment of ^{3}He^{+} and planned ^{3}He^{2+}, they open the window for high-precision absolute magnetometry using ^{3}He NMR probes. The presented theoretical approach is applicable to all other light atomic and molecular systems, which facilitates the improved determination of magnetic moments of any light nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wehrli
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mariusz Puchalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pachucki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Abstract
The odd isotopologues of ytterbium monohydroxide, 171,173YbOH, have been identified as promising molecules to measure parity (P) and time reversal (T) violating physics. Here, we characterize the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0)-X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) band near 577 nm for these odd isotopologues. Both laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of a supersonic molecular beam sample and absorption spectra of a cryogenic buffer-gas cooled sample were recorded. In addition, a novel spectroscopic technique based on laser-enhanced chemical reactions is demonstrated and used in absorption measurements. This technique is especially powerful for disentangling congested spectra. An effective Hamiltonian model is used to extract the fine and hyperfine parameters for the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) states. A comparison of the determined X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) hyperfine parameters with recently predicted values [Denis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 152, 084303 (2020); K. Gaul and R. Berger, Phys. Rev. A 101, 012508 (2020); and Liu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154,064110 (2021)] is made. The measured hyperfine parameters provide experimental confirmation of the computational methods used to compute the P,T-violating coupling constants Wd and WM, which correlate P,T-violating physics to P,T-violating energy shifts in the molecule. The dependence of the fine and hyperfine parameters of the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) states for all isotopologues of YbOH are discussed, and a comparison to isoelectronic YbF is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H Pilgram
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Arian Jadbabaie
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Timothy C Steimle
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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13
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Liu T, Schnabel A, Voigt J, Kilian W, Sun Z, Li L, Trahms L. A built-in coil system attached to the inside walls of a magnetically shielded room for generating an ultra-high magnetic field homogeneity. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:024709. [PMID: 33648084 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The homogeneity of the magnetic field generated by a coil inside a magnetic shield is essential for many applications, such as ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance or spin precession experiments. In the course of upgrading the Berlin Magnetically Shielded Room (BMSR-2) with a new inserted Permalloy layer of side length 2.87 m, we designed a built-in coil consisting of four identical square windings attached to its inside walls. The spacings of the four windings were optimized using a recently developed semi-analytic model and finite element analysis. The result reveals a strong dependence of the field homogeneity on the asymmetric placement of the inner two windings and on the chosen material permeability value μs. However, our model calculations also show that these experimental variations can be counterbalanced by an adjustment of the inner winding positions in the millimeter range. Superconducting quantum interference device-based measurements yield for our implementation after fine adjustments of a single winding position a maximum field change of less than 10 pT for a total field of B0 = 2.3 µT within a 10 cm region along the coil axis, which is already better than the residual field of the upgraded BMSR-2.1 after degaussing. Measurements of free spin precession decay signals of polarized Xe129 nuclei show that the transverse relaxation time for the used cell is not limited by the inhomogeneity of the new built-in coil system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Liu
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Allard Schnabel
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Voigt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kilian
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhiyin Sun
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Liyi Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Lutz Trahms
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Yu P, Hutzler NR. Probing Fundamental Symmetries of Deformed Nuclei in Symmetric Top Molecules. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:023003. [PMID: 33512225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Precision measurements of Schiff moments in heavy, deformed nuclei are sensitive probes of beyond standard model T, P violation in the hadronic sector. While the most stringent limits on Schiff moments to date are set with diamagnetic atoms, polar polyatomic molecules can offer higher sensitivities with unique experimental advantages. In particular, symmetric top molecular ions possess K doublets of opposite parity with especially small splittings, leading to full polarization at low fields, internal comagnetometer states useful for rejection of systematic effects, and the ability to perform sensitive searches for T, P violation using a small number of trapped ions containing heavy exotic nuclei. We consider the symmetric top cation ^{225}RaOCH_{3}^{+} as a prototypical and candidate platform for performing sensitive nuclear Schiff measurements and characterize in detail its internal structure using relativistic ab initio methods. The combination of enhancements from a deformed nucleus, large polarizability, and unique molecular structure make this molecule a promising platform to search for fundamental symmetry violation even with a single trapped ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelan Yu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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15
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16
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Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka N. Large Long-Distance Contributions to the Electric Dipole Moments of Charged Leptons in the Standard Model. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:241802. [PMID: 33412045 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.241802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We reevaluate the electric dipole moment (EDM) of charged leptons in the standard model using hadron effective models. We find unexpectedly large EDM generated by the hadron level long-distance effect, d_{e}=5.8×10^{-40}, d_{μ}=1.4×10^{-38}, and d_{τ}=-7.3×10^{-38} e cm, with an error bar of 70%, exceeding the conventionally known four-loop level elementary contribution by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamaguchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1195, Japan and RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nodoka Yamanaka
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA and Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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17
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Zhang R, Ding Y, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Chen J, Peng X, Wu T, Guo H. Active Magnetic-Field Stabilization with Atomic Magnetometer. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20154241. [PMID: 32751508 PMCID: PMC7435849 DOI: 10.3390/s20154241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A magnetically-quiet environment is important for detecting faint magnetic-field signals or nonmagnetic spin-dependent interactions. Passive magnetic shielding using layers of large magnetic-permeability materials is widely used to reduce the magnetic-field noise. The magnetic-field noise can also be actively monitored with magnetometers and then compensated, acting as a complementary method to the passive shielding. We present here a general model to quantitatively depict and optimize the performance of active magnetic-field stabilization and experimentally verify our model using optically-pumped atomic magnetometers. We experimentally demonstrate a magnetic-field noise rejection ratio of larger than ∼800 at low frequencies and an environment with a magnetic-field noise floor of ∼40 fT/Hz1/2 in unshielded Earth's field. The proposed model provides a general guidance on analyzing and improving the performance of active magnetic-field stabilization with magnetometers. This work offers the possibility of sensitive detections of magnetic-field signals in a variety of unshielded natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Yudong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Yucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Jingbiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Xiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Teng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (Y.D.); (Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Farooq M, Chupp T, Grange J, Tewsley-Booth A, Flay D, Kawall D, Sachdeva N, Winter P. Absolute Magnetometry with ^{3}He. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:223001. [PMID: 32567926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report development of a highly accurate (parts per billion) absolute magnetometer based on ^{3}He NMR. Optical pumping polarizes the spins, long coherence times provide high sensitivity, and the ^{3}He electron shell effectively isolates the nuclear spin providing accuracy limited only by corrections including materials, sample shape, and magnetization. Our magnetometer was used to confirm calibration, to 32 ppb, of the magnetic-field sensors used in recent measurements of the muon magnetic moment anomaly (g_{μ}-2), which differs from the standard model by 2.4 ppm. With independent determination of the magnetic moment of ^{3}He, this work will lead the way to a new absolute magnetometry standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhat Farooq
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Chupp
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Joe Grange
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alec Tewsley-Booth
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David Flay
- Physics Department, University of Massachussetts, Amherst, Massachussetts 01003, USA
| | - David Kawall
- Physics Department, University of Massachussetts, Amherst, Massachussetts 01003, USA
| | - Natasha Sachdeva
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter Winter
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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19
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Abstract
Searches for permanent electric dipole moments of fundamental particles and systems with spin are the experiments most sensitive to new CP violating physics and a top priority of a growing international community. We briefly review the current status of the field emphasizing on the charged leptons and lightest baryons.
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20
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Denis M, Hao Y, Eliav E, Hutzler NR, Nayak MK, Timmermans RGE, Borschesvky A. Enhanced P,T-violating nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment effects in laser-coolable molecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5141065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Denis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yongliang Hao
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ephraim Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicholas R. Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Malaya K. Nayak
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rob G. E. Timmermans
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Borschesvky
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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