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Zhou A, Zhang W, Ge X, Liu Q, Luo F, Xu S, Hu W, Lu Y. Characterizing genetic variation on the Z chromosome in Schistosoma japonicum reveals host-parasite co-evolution. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:207. [PMID: 38720339 PMCID: PMC11080191 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide; it is caused by Schistosoma, the only dioecious flukes with ZW systems. Schistosoma japonicum is endemic to Asia; the Z chromosome of S. japonicum comprises one-quarter of the entire genome. Detection of positive selection using resequencing data to understand adaptive evolution has been applied to a variety of pathogens, including S. japonicum. However, the contribution of the Z chromosome to evolution and adaptation is often neglected. METHODS We obtained 1,077,526 high-quality SNPs on the Z chromosome in 72 S. japonicum using re-sequencing data publicly. To examine the faster Z effect, we compared the sequence divergence of S. japonicum with two closely related species, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni. Genetic diversity was compared between the Z chromosome and autosomes in S. japonicum by calculating the nucleotide diversity (π) and Dxy values. Population structure was also assessed based on PCA and structure analysis. Besides, we employed multiple methods including Tajima's D, FST, iHS, XP-EHH, and CMS to detect positive selection signals on the Z chromosome. Further RNAi knockdown experiments were performed to investigate the potential biological functions of the candidate genes. RESULTS Our study found that the Z chromosome of S. japonicum showed faster evolution and more pronounced genetic divergence than autosomes, although the effect may be smaller than the variation among genes. Compared with autosomes, the Z chromosome in S. japonicum had a more pronounced genetic divergence of sub-populations. Notably, we identified a set of candidate genes associated with host-parasite co-evolution. In particular, LCAT exhibited significant selection signals within the Taiwan population. Further RNA interference experiments suggested that LCAT is necessary for S. japonicum survival and propagation in the definitive host. In addition, we identified several genes related to the specificity of the intermediate host in the C-M population, including Rab6 and VCP, which are involved in adaptive immune evasion to the host. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides valuable insights into the adaptive evolution of the Z chromosome in S. japonicum and further advances our understanding of the co-evolution of this medically important parasite and its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xueling Ge
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Erol ÖD, Şenocak Ş, Aerts-Kaya F. The Role of Rab GTPases in the development of genetic and malignant diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:255-281. [PMID: 37060515 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases have been shown to play an important role in several cellular functions, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell polarity, intracellular trafficking, cell-cycle, progression and lipid transformation. The Ras-associated binding (Rab) family of GTPases constitutes the largest family of GTPases and consists of almost 70 known members of small GTPases in humans, which are known to play an important role in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking, membrane identity, vesicle budding, uncoating, motility and fusion of membranes. Mutations in Rab genes can cause a wide range of inherited genetic diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) to immune dysregulation/deficiency syndromes, like Griscelli Syndrome Type II (GS-II) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), as well as a variety of cancers. Here, we provide an extended overview of human Rabs, discussing their function and diseases related to Rabs and Rab effectors, as well as focusing on effects of (aberrant) Rab expression. We aim to underline their importance in health and the development of genetic and malignant diseases by assessing their role in cellular structure, regulation, function and biology and discuss the possible use of stem cell gene therapy, as well as targeting of Rabs in order to treat malignancies, but also to monitor recurrence of cancer and metastasis through the use of Rabs as biomarkers. Future research should shed further light on the roles of Rabs in the development of multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes and assess Rabs as a possible treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Doğuş Erol
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şimal Şenocak
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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3
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Brault J, Bardin S, Lampic M, Carpentieri JA, Coquand L, Penisson M, Lachuer H, Victoria GS, Baloul S, El Marjou F, Boncompain G, Miserey‐Lenkei S, Belvindrah R, Fraisier V, Francis F, Perez F, Goud B, Baffet AD. RAB6
and dynein drive
post‐Golgi
apical transport to prevent neuronal progenitor delamination. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54605. [PMID: 35979738 PMCID: PMC9535803 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial (RG) cells are the neural stem cells of the developing neocortex. Apical RG (aRG) cells can delaminate to generate basal RG (bRG) cells, a cell type associated with human brain expansion. Here, we report that aRG delamination is regulated by the post‐Golgi secretory pathway. Using in situ subcellular live imaging, we show that post‐Golgi transport of RAB6+ vesicles occurs toward the minus ends of microtubules and depends on dynein. We demonstrate that the apical determinant Crumbs3 (CRB3) is also transported by dynein. Double knockout of RAB6A/A' and RAB6B impairs apical localization of CRB3 and induces a retraction of aRG cell apical process, leading to delamination and ectopic division. These defects are phenocopied by knockout of the dynein activator LIS1. Overall, our results identify a RAB6‐dynein‐LIS1 complex for Golgi to apical surface transport in aRG cells, and highlights the role of this pathway in the maintenance of neuroepithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | - Marusa Lampic
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | | | - Laure Coquand
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
- Sorbonne University Paris France
| | - Maxime Penisson
- Sorbonne University Paris France
- INSERM UMR‐S 1270 Paris France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris France
| | - Hugo Lachuer
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | | | - Sarah Baloul
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | - Fatima El Marjou
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | | | | | - Richard Belvindrah
- Sorbonne University Paris France
- INSERM UMR‐S 1270 Paris France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- UMR 144‐Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT‐IBiSA) CNRS‐Institut Curie Paris France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Sorbonne University Paris France
- INSERM UMR‐S 1270 Paris France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
| | - Alexandre D Baffet
- Institut Curie PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144 Paris France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Paris France
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4
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Liu J, Zheng X, Wu X. The Rab GTPase in the heart: Pivotal roles in development and disease. Life Sci 2022; 306:120806. [PMID: 35841978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rab proteins are a family of small GTPases that function as molecular switches of intracellular vesicle formation and membrane trafficking. As a key factor, Rab GTPase participates in autophagy and protein transport and acts as the central hub of membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. The role of Rab GTPase in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, has been extensively investigated; however, its implication in cardiovascular embryogenesis and diseases remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize previous findings and reveal their importance in the onset and progression of cardiac diseases, as well as their emergence as potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.
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5
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Li G, Segev N. Newer Methods Drive Recent Insights into Rab GTPase Biology: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2293:1-18. [PMID: 34453706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1346-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The conserved Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate all major intracellular protein traffic pathways, including secretion, endocytosis and autophagy. These GTPases undergo distinct changes in conformation between their GTP- and GDP-bound forms and cycle between the cytoplasm and membranes with the aid of their upstream regulators. When activated on the membrane in the GTP-bound form, they recruit their downstream effectors, which include components of vesicular transport. Progress in the past 5 years regarding mechanisms of Rab action, functions, and the effects of disruption of these functions on the well-being of cells and organisms has been propelled by advances in methodologies in molecular and cellular biology. Here, we highlight methods used recently to analyze regulation, localization, interactions, and function of Rab GTPases and their roles in human disease. We discuss contributions of these methods to new insights into Rabs, as well as their future use in addressing open questions in the field of Rab biology.
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6
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Bardin S, Goud B. Generating Rab6 Conditional Knockout Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2293:257-263. [PMID: 34453723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1346-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RAB6 GTPase is the most abundant Golgi-associated RAB protein and regulates several transport steps at the level of this organelle. Homozygous Rab6a knockout (k/o) is embryonic lethal in mouse. To study RAB6 function in cell lineages and tissues, we thus generated various conditional Rab6a knockout (k/o) mice using the Cre/lox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bardin
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France.
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7
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Cayre S, Faraldo MM, Bardin S, Miserey-Lenkei S, Deugnier MA, Goud B. RAB6 GTPase regulates mammary secretory function by controlling the activation of STAT5. Development 2020; 147:dev.190744. [PMID: 32895290 PMCID: PMC7561474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi-associated RAB GTPases, RAB6A and RAB6A', regulate anterograde and retrograde transport pathways from and to the Golgi. In vitro, RAB6A/A' control several cellular functions including cell division, migration, adhesion and polarity. However, their role remains poorly described in vivo Here, we generated BlgCre; Rab6a F/F mice presenting a specific deletion of Rab6a in the mammary luminal secretory lineage during gestation and lactation. Rab6a loss severely impaired the differentiation, maturation and maintenance of the secretory tissue, compromising lactation. The mutant epithelium displayed a decreased activation of STAT5, a key regulator of the lactogenic process primarily governed by prolactin. Data obtained with a mammary epithelial cell line suggested that defective STAT5 activation might originate from a perturbed transport of the prolactin receptor, altering its membrane expression and signaling cascade. Despite the major functional defects observed upon Rab6a deletion, the polarized organization of the mammary epithelial bilayer was preserved. Altogether, our data reveal a crucial role for RAB6A/A' in the lactogenic function of the mammary gland and suggest that the trafficking pathways controlled by RAB6A/A' depend on cell-type specialization and tissue context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Cayre
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marisa M Faraldo
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France.,INSERM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Stéphanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France .,INSERM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75005, France
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8
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Dickson LJ, Liu S, Storrie B. Rab6 is required for rapid, cisternal-specific, intra-Golgi cargo transport. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16604. [PMID: 33024151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab6, the most abundant Golgi associated small GTPase, consists of 2 equally common isoforms, Rab6A and Rab6A′, that differ in 3 amino acids and localize to trans Golgi cisternae. The two isoforms are largely redundant in function and hence are often referred to generically as Rab6. Rab6 loss-of-function inhibits retrograde Golgi trafficking, induces an increase in Golgi cisternal number in HeLa cells and delays the cell surface appearance of the anterograde cargo protein, VSVG. We hypothesized that these effects are linked and might be explained by a cisternal-specific delay in cargo transport. In pulse chase experiments using a deconvolved, confocal line scanning approach to score the distribution of the tsO45 mutant of VSVG protein in Rab6 depleted cells, we found that anterograde transport at 32 °C, permissive conditions, through the Golgi apparatus was locally delayed, almost tenfold, between medial and trans Golgi cisterna. Cis to medial transport was nearly normal as was trans Golgi to TGN transport. TGN exit was unaffected by Rab6 depletion. These effects were the same with either of two siRNAs. Similar intra-Golgi transport delays were seen at 37 °C with RUSH VSVG or a RUSH GPI-anchored construct using a biotin pulse to release the marker proteins from the ER. Using 3D-SIM, a super resolution approach, we found that RUSH VSVG transport was delayed pre-trans Golgi. These visual approaches suggest a selective slowing of anterograde transport relative to 3 different marker proteins downstream of the trans Golgi. Using a biochemical approach, we found that the onset of VSVG endoglycosidase H resistance in Rab6 depleted cells was delayed. Depletion of neither Rab6A or Rab6A′ isoforms alone had any effect on anterograde transport through the Golgi suggesting that Rab6A and Rab6A′ act coordinately. Delayed cargo transport conditions correlate strongly with a proliferation of Golgi cisternae observed in earlier electron microscopy. Our results strongly indicate that Rab6 is selectively required for rapid anterograde transport from the medial to trans Golgi. We suggest that the observed correlation with localized cisternal proliferation fits best with a cisternal progression model of Golgi function.
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9
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Yang L, Liu G, Li X, Xia Z, Wang Y, Lin W, Zhang W, Zhang W, Li X. Small GTPase RAB6 deficiency promotes alveolar progenitor cell renewal and attenuates PM2.5-induced lung injury and fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:827. [PMID: 33012781 PMCID: PMC7533251 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by chronic non-specific inflammation of the interstitial lung and extensive deposition of collagen fibers leading to destruction of lung function. Studies have demonstrated that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of IPF. In order to recover from PM2.5-induced lung injury, alveolar epithelial cells need to be repaired and regenerated to maintain lung function. Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) are stem cells in the adult lung that contribute to the lung repair process through complex signaling. Our previous studies demonstrated that RAB6, a RAS family member lowly expressed in lung cancer, inhibited lung cancer stem cell self-renewal, but it is unclear whether or not and how RAB6 may regulate AEC2 cell proliferation and self-renewal in PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we demonstrated that knockout of RAB6 inhibited pulmonary fibrosis, oxidative stress, and AEC2 cell death in PM2.5-injured mice. In addition, knockout of RAB6 decreased Dickkopf 1(DKK1) autocrine and activated proliferation, self-renewal, and wnt/β-catenin signaling of PM2.5-injured AEC2 cells. RAB6 overexpression increased DKK1 autocrine and inhibited proliferation, self-renewal and wnt/β-catenin signaling in AEC2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, DKK1 inhibitors promoted proliferation, self-renewal and wnt/β-catenin signaling of RAB6 overexpressing AEC2 cells, and attenuated PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. These data establish RAB6 as a regulator of DKK1 autocrine and wnt/β-catenin signal that serves to regulate AEC2 cell proliferation and self-renewal, and suggest a mechanism that RAB6 disruption may promote AEC2 cell proliferation and self-renewal to enhance lung repair following PM2.5 injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawei Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 524001, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weihao Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Homma Y, Hiragi S, Fukuda M. Rab family of small GTPases: an updated view on their regulation and functions. FEBS J 2020; 288:36-55. [PMID: 32542850 PMCID: PMC7818423 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Rab family of small GTPases regulates intracellular membrane trafficking by orchestrating the biogenesis, transport, tethering, and fusion of membrane‐bound organelles and vesicles. Like other small GTPases, Rabs cycle between two states, an active (GTP‐loaded) state and an inactive (GDP‐loaded) state, and their cycling is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs). Because an active form of each Rab localizes on a specific organelle (or vesicle) and recruits various effector proteins to facilitate each step of membrane trafficking, knowing when and where Rabs are activated and what effectors Rabs recruit is crucial to understand their functions. Since the discovery of Rabs, they have been regarded as one of the central hubs for membrane trafficking, and numerous biochemical and genetic studies have revealed the mechanisms of Rab functions in recent years. The results of these studies have included the identification and characterization of novel GEFs, GAPs, and effectors, as well as post‐translational modifications, for example, phosphorylation, of Rabs. Rab functions beyond the simple effector‐recruiting model are also emerging. Furthermore, the recently developed CRISPR/Cas technology has enabled acceleration of knockout analyses in both animals and cultured cells and revealed previously unknown physiological roles of many Rabs. In this review article, we provide the most up‐to‐date and comprehensive lists of GEFs, GAPs, effectors, and knockout phenotypes of mammalian Rabs and discuss recent findings in regard to their regulation and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Iwaki A, Moriwaki K, Sobajima T, Taniguchi M, Yoshimura SI, Kunii M, Kanda S, Kamada Y, Miyoshi E, Harada A. Loss of Rab6a in the small intestine causes lipid accumulation and epithelial cell death from lactation. FASEB J 2020; 34:9450-9465. [PMID: 32496646 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000028r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are not only responsible for the digestion and absorption of dietary substrates but also function as a first line of host defense against commensal and pathogenic luminal bacteria. Disruption of the epithelial layer causes malnutrition and enteritis. Rab6 is a small GTPase localized to the Golgi, where it regulates anterograde and retrograde transport by interacting with various effector proteins. Here, we generated mice with IEC-specific deletion of Rab6a (Rab6a∆IEC mice). While Rab6aΔIEC mice were born at the Mendelian ratio, they started to show IEC death, inflammation, and bleeding in the small intestine shortly after birth, and these changes culminated in early postnatal death. We further found massive lipid accumulation in the IECs of Rab6a∆IEC neonates. In contrast to Rab6a∆IEC neonates, knockout embryos did not show any of these abnormalities. Lipid accumulation and IEC death became evident when Rab6a∆IEC embryos were nursed by a foster mother, suggesting that dietary milk-derived lipids accumulated in Rab6a-deficient IECs and triggered IEC death. These results indicate that Rab6a plays a crucial role in regulating the lipid transport and maintaining tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Iwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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12
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Rossor AM, Sleigh JN, Groves M, Muntoni F, Reilly MM, Hoogenraad CC, Schiavo G. Loss of BICD2 in muscle drives motor neuron loss in a developmental form of spinal muscular atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:34. [PMID: 32183910 PMCID: PMC7076953 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant missense mutations in BICD2 cause Spinal Muscular Atrophy Lower Extremity Predominant 2 (SMALED2), a developmental disease of motor neurons. BICD2 is a key component of the cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin motor complex, which in axons drives the microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of intracellular cargo towards the cell soma. Patients with pathological mutations in BICD2 develop malformations of cortical and cerebellar development similar to Bicd2 knockout (-/-) mice. In this study we sought to re-examine the motor neuron phenotype of conditional Bicd2-/- mice. Bicd2-/- mice show a significant reduction in the number of large calibre motor neurons of the L4 ventral root compared to wild type mice. Muscle-specific knockout of Bicd2 results in a similar reduction in L4 ventral axons comparable to global Bicd2-/- mice. Rab6, a small GTPase required for the sorting of exocytic vesicles from the Trans Golgi Network to the plasma membrane is a major binding partner of BICD2. We therefore examined the secretory pathway in SMALED2 patient fibroblasts and demonstrated that BICD2 is required for physiological flow of constitutive secretory cargoes from the Trans Golgi Network to the plasma membrane using a VSV-G reporter assay. Together, these data indicate that BICD2 loss from muscles is a major driver of non-cell autonomous pathology in the motor nervous system, which has important implications for future therapeutic approaches in SMALED2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Rossor
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - James N Sleigh
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Groves
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre and National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University College London Campus, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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13
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Abstract
Rab GTPases play key roles in various cellular processes. They are essential, among other roles, to membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling events. Both trafficking and signaling events are crucial for proper embryonic development. Indeed, embryogenesis is a complex process in which cells respond to various signals and undergo dramatic changes in their shape, position, and function. Over the last few decades, cellular studies have highlighted the novel signaling roles played by Rab GTPases, while numerous studies have shed light on the important requirements of Rab proteins at various steps of embryonic development. In this review, we aimed to generate an overview of Rab contributions during animal embryogenesis. We first briefly summarize the involvement of Rabs in signaling events. We then extensively highlight the contribution of Rabs in shaping metazoan development and conclude with new approaches that will allow investigation of Rab functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada; (S.N.); (T.D.O.)
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14
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Fourriere L, Kasri A, Gareil N, Bardin S, Bousquet H, Pereira D, Perez F, Goud B, Boncompain G, Miserey-Lenkei S. RAB6 and microtubules restrict protein secretion to focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2215-2231. [PMID: 31142554 PMCID: PMC6605799 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourriere et al. demonstrate the existence of secretion hotspots juxtaposed to focal adhesions. Post-Golgi transport carriers use a subset of microtubules to reach focal adhesions. RAB6 acts as a general regulator of post-Golgi secretion and, together with ELKS, restricts protein secretion at focal adhesions. To ensure their homeostasis and sustain differentiated functions, cells continuously transport diverse cargos to various cell compartments and in particular to the cell surface. Secreted proteins are transported along intracellular routes from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi complex before reaching the plasma membrane along microtubule tracks. Using a synchronized secretion assay, we report here that exocytosis does not occur randomly at the cell surface but on localized hotspots juxtaposed to focal adhesions. Although microtubules are involved, the RAB6-dependent machinery plays an essential role. We observed that, irrespective of the transported cargos, most post-Golgi carriers are positive for RAB6 and that its inactivation leads to a broad reduction of protein secretion. RAB6 may thus be a general regulator of post-Golgi secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fourriere
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Amal Kasri
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Gareil
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Bousquet
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - David Pereira
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Boncompain
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
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15
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Kim JD, Chun AY, Mangan RJ, Brown G, Mourao Pacheco B, Doyle H, Leonard A, El Bejjani R. A conserved retromer-independent function for RAB-6.2 in C. elegans epidermis integrity. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223586. [PMID: 30665892 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins are conserved small GTPases that coordinate intracellular trafficking essential to cellular function and homeostasis. RAB-6.2 is a highly conserved C. elegans ortholog of human RAB6 proteins. RAB-6.2 is expressed in most tissues in C. elegans and is known to function in neurons and in the intestine to mediate retrograde trafficking. Here, we show that RAB-6.2 is necessary for cuticle integrity and impermeability in C. elegans RAB-6.2 functions in the epidermis to instruct skin integrity. Significantly, we show that expression of a mouse RAB6A cDNA can rescue defects in C. elegans epidermis caused by lack of RAB-6.2, suggesting functional conservation across phyla. We also show that the novel function of RAB-6.2 in C. elegans cuticle development is distinct from its previously described function in neurons. Exocyst mutants partially phenocopy rab-6.2-null animals, and rab-6.2-null animals phenocopy mutants that have defective surface glycosylation. These results suggest that RAB-6.2 may mediate the trafficking of one or many secreted glycosylated cuticle proteins directly, or might act indirectly by trafficking glycosylation enzymes to their correct intracellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kim
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Andy Y Chun
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Riley J Mangan
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - George Brown
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | | | - Hannah Doyle
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Austin Leonard
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
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16
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Hasan MH, Davis LE, Bollavarapu RK, Mitra D, Parmar R, Tandon R. Dynamin Is Required for Efficient Cytomegalovirus Maturation and Envelopment. J Virol 2018; 92:e01418-18. [PMID: 30282704 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01418-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus secondary envelopment occurs in a virus-induced cytoplasmic assembly compartment (vAC) generated via a drastic reorganization of the membranes of the secretory and endocytic systems. Dynamin is a eukaryotic GTPase that is implicated in membrane remodeling and endocytic membrane fission events; however, the role of dynamin in cellular trafficking of viruses beyond virus entry is only partially understood. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) engineered to excise all three isoforms of dynamin were infected with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV-K181). Immediate-early (IE1; m123) viral protein was detected in these triple dynamin knockout (TKO) cells, as well as in mock-induced parental MEF, at early times postinfection, although levels were reduced in TKO cells, indicating that virus entry was affected but not eliminated. Levels of IE1 protein and another viral early protein (m04) were normalized by 48 h postinfection; however, late protein (m55; gB) expression was reduced in infected TKO cells compared to parental MEF. Ultrastructural analysis revealed intact stages of nuclear virus maturation in both cases with equivalent numbers of nucleocapsids containing packaged viral DNA (C-capsids), indicating successful viral DNA replication, capsid assembly, and genome packaging. Most importantly, severe defects in virus envelopment were visualized in TKO cells but not in parental cells. Dynamin inhibitor (dynasore)-treated MEF showed a phenotype similar to TKO cells upon mouse cytomegalovirus infection, confirming the role of dynamin in late maturation processes. In summary, dynamin-mediated endocytic pathways are critical for the completion of cytoplasmic stages of cytomegalovirus maturation.IMPORTANCE Viruses are known to exploit specific cellular functions at different stages of their life cycle in order to replicate, avoid immune recognition by the host and to establish a successful infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cells are characterized by a prominent cytoplasmic inclusion (virus assembly compartment [vAC]) that is the site of virus maturation and envelopment. While endocytic membranes are known to be the functional components of vAC, knowledge of specific endocytic pathways implicated in CMV maturation and envelopment is lacking. We show here that dynamin, which is an integral part of host endocytic machinery, is largely dispensable for early stages of CMV infection but is required at a late stage of CMV maturation. Studies on dynamin function in CMV infection will help us understand the host-virus interaction pathways amenable to targeting by conventional small molecules, as well as by newer generation nucleotide-based therapeutics (e.g., small interfering RNA, CRISPR/CAS gRNA, etc.).
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17
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Pécot T, Zengzhen L, Boulanger J, Salamero J, Kervrann C. A quantitative approach for analyzing the spatio-temporal distribution of 3D intracellular events in fluorescence microscopy. eLife 2018; 7:32311. [PMID: 30091700 PMCID: PMC6085121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the spatial distribution of endomembrane trafficking is fundamental to understand the mechanisms controlling cellular dynamics, cell homeostasy, and cell interaction with its external environment in normal and pathological situations. We present a semi-parametric framework to quantitatively analyze and visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of intracellular events from different conditions. From the spatial coordinates of intracellular features such as segmented subcellular structures or vesicle trajectories, QuantEv automatically estimates weighted densities that are easy to interpret and performs a comprehensive statistical analysis from distribution distances. We apply this approach to study the spatio-temporal distribution of moving Rab6 fluorescently labeled membranes with respect to their direction of movement in crossbow- and disk-shaped cells. We also investigate the position of the generating hub of Rab11-positive membranes and the effect of actin disruption on Rab11 trafficking in coordination with cell shape. Proteins are the workhorses of the body, performing a range of roles that are essential for life. Often, this requires these molecules to move from one location to another inside a cell. Scientists are interested in following an individual protein in a living cell ‘in real time’, as this helps understand what this protein does. Scientists can track the whereabouts of a protein by ‘tagging’ it with a fluorescent molecule that emits light which can be picked up by a powerful microscope. This process is repeated many times on different samples. Finally, researchers have to analyze all the resulting images, and conduct statistical analysis to draw robust conclusions about the overall trajectories of the proteins. This process often relies on experts assessing the images, and it is therefore time-consuming and not easily scalable or applied to other experiments. To help with this, Pécot et al. have developed QuantEV, a free algorithm that can analyze proteins’ paths within a cell, and then return statistical graphs and 3D visualizations. The program also gives access to the statistical procedure that was used, which means that different experiments can be compared. Pécot et al. used the method to follow the Rab6 protein in cells of different shapes, and found that the conformation of the cell influences where Rab6 is located. For example, in crossbow-shaped cells, Rab6 is found more often toward the three tips of the crossbow, while its distribution is uniform in cells that look like disks. Another experiment examined where the protein Rab11 is normally placed, and how this changes when the cell’s skeleton is artificially disrupted. Both studies help to gain an insight into the behavior of the cellular structures in which Rab6 and Rab11 are embedded. Following proteins in the cell is an increasingly popular method, and there is therefore a growing amount of data to process. QuantEV should make it easier for biologists to analyze their results, which could help them to have a better grasp on how cells work in various circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Pécot
- Serpico Team-Project, Inria, Centre Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Liu Zengzhen
- CNRS UMR 144, Space Time Imaging of Endomembranes Dynamics Team, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- CNRS UMR 144, Space Time Imaging of Endomembranes Dynamics Team, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean Salamero
- CNRS UMR 144, Space Time Imaging of Endomembranes Dynamics Team, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, IBiSA, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Charles Kervrann
- Serpico Team-Project, Inria, Centre Rennes-Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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18
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Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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19
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Carpier JM, Zucchetti AE, Bataille L, Dogniaux S, Shafaq-Zadah M, Bardin S, Lucchino M, Maurin M, Joannas LD, Magalhaes JG, Johannes L, Galli T, Goud B, Hivroz C. Rab6-dependent retrograde traffic of LAT controls immune synapse formation and T cell activation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1245-1265. [PMID: 29440364 PMCID: PMC5881459 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adapter molecule linker for activation of T cells (LAT) orchestrates the formation of signalosomes upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. LAT is present in different intracellular pools and is dynamically recruited to the immune synapse upon stimulation. However, the intracellular traffic of LAT and its function in T lymphocyte activation are ill defined. We show herein that LAT, once internalized, transits through the Golgi-trans-Golgi network (TGN), where it is repolarized to the immune synapse. This retrograde transport of LAT depends on the small GTPase Rab6 and the target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (t-SNARE) Syntaxin-16, two regulators of the endosome-to-Golgi/TGN retrograde transport. We also show in vitro in Syntaxin-16- or Rab6-silenced human cells and in vivo in CD4+ T lymphocytes of the Rab6 knockout mouse that this retrograde traffic controls TCR stimulation. These results establish that the retrograde traffic of LAT from the plasma membrane to the Golgi-TGN controls the polarized delivery of LAT at the immune synapse and T lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Carpier
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Andres E Zucchetti
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bataille
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Cellular and Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Marco Lucchino
- Cellular and Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Leonel D Joannas
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Joao Gamelas Magalhaes
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Membrane Traffic in Health and Diseased Brain, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM ERL U950, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Crosstalk between T Cells and Dendritic Cells Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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20
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Abstract
GTP-ases of the Rab family (about 70 in human) are key regulators of intracellular transport and membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Remarkably, almost one third associate with membranes of the Golgi complex and TGN (trans-Golgi network). Through interactions with a variety of effectors that include molecular motors, tethering complexes, scaffolding proteins and lipid kinases, they play an important role in maintaining Golgi architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Goud
- a Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport , Paris , France
| | - Shijie Liu
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , USA
| | - Brian Storrie
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , USA
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21
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Daeden A, Gonzalez-gaitan M. Endosomal Trafficking During Mitosis and Notch-Dependent Asymmetric Division. Endocytosis and Signaling 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Rab GTPases are important regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Both activating and inactivating mutations in Rab genes have been identified and implicated in human diseases ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. In addition, altered Rab expression is often associated with disease prognosis. As such, the study of diseases associated with Rabs or Rab-interacting proteins has shed light on the important role of intracellular membrane trafficking in disease etiology. In this review, we cover recent advances in the field with an emphasis on cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcellus J Banworth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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23
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Abstract
The expression patterns of endogenous circular RNA (circRNA) molecules during epidermal stem cell (EpSC) differentiation have not previously been explored. Here, we show that circRNAs are abundantly expressed in EpSCs and that their expression change dramatically during differentiation in a coordinated manner. Overall, circRNAs are expressed at higher levels in the differentiated cells, and many upregulated circRNAs are derived from developmental genes, including four different circRNAs from DLG1. The observed changes in circRNA expression were largely independent of host gene expression, and circRNAs independently upregulated upon differentiation are more prone to AGO2 binding and have more predicted miRNA binding sites compared to stably expressed circRNAs. In particular, upregulated circRNAs from the HECTD1 and ZNF91 genes have exceptionally high numbers of AGO2 binding sites and predicted miRNA target sites, and circZNF91 contains 24 target sites for miR-23b-3p, which is known to play important roles in keratinocyte differentiation. We also observed that upregulated circRNAs are less likely to be flanked by homologues inverted Alu repeats compared to stably expressed circRNAs. This coincide with DHX9 being upregulated in the differentiated keratinocytes. Finally, none of the circRNAs upregulated upon differentiation were also upregulated upon DNMT3A or DNMT3B knockdown, making it unlikely that epigenetic mechanisms are governing the observed circRNA expression changes. Together, we provide a map of circRNA expression in EpSCs and their differentiated counterparts and shed light on potential function and regulation of differentially expressed circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Morten Trillingsgaard Venø
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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24
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Miserey-Lenkei S, Bousquet H, Pylypenko O, Bardin S, Dimitrov A, Bressanelli G, Bonifay R, Fraisier V, Guillou C, Bougeret C, Houdusse A, Echard A, Goud B. Coupling fission and exit of RAB6 vesicles at Golgi hotspots through kinesin-myosin interactions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1254. [PMID: 29093437 PMCID: PMC5665954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons play important roles in Golgi structure and function, but how they are connected remain poorly known. In this study, we investigated whether RAB6 GTPase, a Golgi-associated RAB involved in the regulation of several transport steps at the Golgi level, and two of its effectors, Myosin IIA and KIF20A participate in the coupling between actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. We have previously shown that RAB6–Myosin IIA interaction is critical for the fission of RAB6-positive transport carriers from Golgi/TGN membranes. Here we show that KIF20A is also involved in the fission process and serves to anchor RAB6 on Golgi/TGN membranes near microtubule nucleating sites. We provide evidence that the fission events occur at a limited number of hotspots sites. Our results suggest that coupling between actin and microtubule cytoskeletons driven by Myosin II and KIF20A ensures the spatial coordination between RAB6-positive vesicles fission from Golgi/TGN membranes and their exit along microtubules. Actin and microtubules play important roles in Golgi structure and function but how they are connected is poorly understood. Here the authors show that KIF20A is involved in the fission process and, in association with Myosin II, serves to anchor RAB6 on Golgi/TGN membranes near microtubules nucleating sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Hugo Bousquet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structural Motility, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Dimitrov
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Bressanelli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structural Motility, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Raja Bonifay
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structural Motility, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Anne Houdusse
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structural Motility, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Patwardhan A, Bardin S, Miserey-Lenkei S, Larue L, Goud B, Raposo G, Delevoye C. Routing of the RAB6 secretory pathway towards the lysosome related organelle of melanocytes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15835. [PMID: 28607494 PMCID: PMC5474736 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytic carriers convey neo-synthesized components from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface. While the release and anterograde movement of Golgi-derived vesicles require the small GTPase RAB6, its effector ELKS promotes the targeting and docking of secretory vesicles to particular areas of the plasma membrane. Here, we show that specialized cell types exploit and divert the secretory pathway towards lysosome related organelles. In cultured melanocytes, the secretory route relies on RAB6 and ELKS to directly transport and dock Golgi-derived carriers to melanosomes. By delivering specific cargos, such as MART-1 and TYRP2/ DCT, the RAB6/ELKS-dependent secretory pathway controls the formation and maturation of melanosomes but also pigment synthesis. In addition, pigmentation defects are observed in RAB6 KO mice. Our data together reveal for the first time that the secretory pathway can be directed towards intracellular organelles of endosomal origin to ensure their biogenesis and function. The anterograde movement of Golgi-derived vesicles requires the small GTPase RAB6, while its effector ELKS targets these vesicles to particular areas of the plasma membrane. Here the authors show that RAB6 and ELKS function in the biogenesis of melanosome, demonstrating that the secretory pathway can be directed towards intracellular organelles of endosomal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Stéphanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay 91405, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay 91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris F-75005, France
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26
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Wada Y, Sun-Wada GH, Kawamura N, Yasukawa J. Membrane dynamics in mammalian embryogenesis: Implication in signal regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:33-44. [PMID: 26992153 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved an array of membrane compartments constituting secretory and endocytic pathways that allow the flow of materials. Both pathways perform important regulatory roles. The secretory pathway is essential for the production of extracellular, secreted signal molecules, but its function is not restricted to a mere route connecting intra- and extracellular compartments. Post-translational modifications also play an integral function in the secretory pathway and are implicated in developmental regulation. The endocytic pathway serves as a platform for relaying signals from the extracellular stimuli to intracellular mediators, and then ultimately inducing signal termination. Here, we discuss recent studies showing that dysfunction in membrane dynamics causes patterning defects in embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
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Cheung PYP, Pfeffer SR. Transport Vesicle Tethering at the Trans Golgi Network: Coiled Coil Proteins in Action. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:18. [PMID: 27014693 PMCID: PMC4791371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex is decorated with so-called Golgin proteins that share a common feature: a large proportion of their amino acid sequences are predicted to form coiled-coil structures. The possible presence of extensive coiled coils implies that these proteins are highly elongated molecules that can extend a significant distance from the Golgi surface. This property would help them to capture or trap inbound transport vesicles and to tether Golgi mini-stacks together. This review will summarize our current understanding of coiled coil tethers that are needed for the receipt of transport vesicles at the trans Golgi network (TGN). How do long tethering proteins actually catch vesicles? Golgi-associated, coiled coil tethers contain numerous binding sites for small GTPases, SNARE proteins, and vesicle coat proteins. How are these interactions coordinated and are any or all of them important for the tethering process? Progress toward understanding these questions and remaining, unresolved mysteries will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Yan P Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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28
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Abstract
GTPases of the RAB family are key regulators of multiple steps of membrane trafficking. Several members of the RAB GTPase family have been implicated in mitotic progression. In this review, we will first focus on the function of endosome-associated RAB GTPases reported in early steps of mitosis, spindle pole maturation, and during cytokinesis. Second, we will discuss the role of Golgi-associated RAB GTPases at the metaphase/anaphase transition and during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport Group, CNRS UMR 144 Paris, France
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza, Argentina
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Shafaq-Zadah M, Gomes-Santos CS, Bardin S, Maiuri P, Maurin M, Iranzo J, Gautreau A, Lamaze C, Caswell P, Goud B, Johannes L. Persistent cell migration and adhesion rely on retrograde transport of β(1) integrin. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:54-64. [PMID: 26641717 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins have key functions in cell adhesion and migration. How integrins are dynamically relocalized to the leading edge in highly polarized migratory cells has remained unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that β1 integrin (known as PAT-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans), but not β3, is transported from the plasma membrane to the trans-Golgi network, to be resecreted in a polarized manner. This retrograde trafficking is restricted to the non-ligand-bound conformation of β1 integrin. Retrograde trafficking inhibition abrogates several β1-integrin-specific functions such as cell adhesion in early embryonic development of mice, and persistent cell migration in the developing posterior gonad arm of C. elegans. Our results establish a paradigm according to which retrograde trafficking, and not endosomal recycling, is the key driver for β1 integrin function in highly polarized cells. These data more generally suggest that the retrograde route is used to relocalize plasma membrane machinery from previous sites of function to the leading edge of migratory cells.
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