1
|
Gamage R, Rossetti I, Niedermayer G, Münch G, Buskila Y, Gyengesi E. Chronic neuroinflammation during aging leads to cholinergic neurodegeneration in the mouse medial septum. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:235. [PMID: 37833764 PMCID: PMC10576363 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade, chronic inflammation in the central nervous system characterized by glial reactivity is one of the major hallmarks for aging-related neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) provide the primary source of cholinergic innervation of the human cerebral cortex and may be differentially vulnerable in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the impact of chronic neuroinflammation on the cholinergic function is still unclear. METHODS To gain further insight into age-related cholinergic decline, we investigated the cumulative effects of aging and chronic neuroinflammation on the structure and function of the septal cholinergic neurons in transgenic mice expressing interleukin-6 under the GFAP promoter (GFAP-IL6), which maintains a constant level of gliosis. Immunohistochemistry combined with unbiased stereology, single cell 3D morphology analysis and in vitro whole cell patch-clamp measurements were used to validate the structural and functional changes of BFCN and their microglial environment in the medial septum. RESULTS Stereological estimation of MS microglia number displayed significant increase across all three age groups, while a significant decrease in cholinergic cell number in the adult and aged groups in GFAP-IL6 mice compared to control. Moreover, we observed age-dependent alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cholinergic neurons and an increased excitability profile in the adult GFAP-IL6 group due to chronic neuroinflammation. These results complimented the significant decrease in hippocampal pyramidal spine density seen with aging and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of the significant impact of both aging and chronic glial activation on the cholinergic and microglial numbers and morphology in the MS, and alterations in the passive and active electrophysiological membrane properties of septal cholinergic neurons, resulting in cholinergic dysfunction, as seen in AD. Our results indicate that aging combined with gliosis is sufficient to cause cholinergic disruptions in the brain, as seen in dementias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gamage
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mengozzi A, de Ciuceis C, Dell'oro R, Georgiopoulos G, Lazaridis A, Nosalski R, Pavlidis G, Tual-Chalot S, Agabiti-Rosei C, Anyfanti P, Camargo LL, Dąbrowska E, Quarti-Trevano F, Hellmann M, Masi S, Mavraganis G, Montezano AC, Rios FJ, Winklewski PJ, Wolf J, Costantino S, Gkaliagkousi E, Grassi G, Guzik TJ, Ikonomidis I, Narkiewicz K, Paneni F, Rizzoni D, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K, Taddei S, Touyz RM, Triantafyllou A, Virdis A. The importance of microvascular inflammation in ageing and age-related diseases: a position paper from the ESH working group on small arteries, section of microvascular inflammation. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1521-1543. [PMID: 37382158 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation is pervasive and orchestrates a profound regulatory cross-talk with the surrounding tissue and organs. Similarly, it is one of the earliest biological systems targeted by environmental stressors and consequently involved in the development and progression of ageing and age-related disease. Microvascular dysfunction, if not targeted, leads to a steady derangement of the phenotype, which cumulates comorbidities and eventually results in a nonrescuable, very high-cardiovascular risk. Along the broad spectrum of pathologies, both shared and distinct molecular pathways and pathophysiological alteration are involved in the disruption of microvascular homeostasis, all pointing to microvascular inflammation as the putative primary culprit. This position paper explores the presence and the detrimental contribution of microvascular inflammation across the whole spectrum of chronic age-related diseases, which characterise the 21st-century healthcare landscape. The manuscript aims to strongly affirm the centrality of microvascular inflammation by recapitulating the current evidence and providing a clear synoptic view of the whole cardiometabolic derangement. Indeed, there is an urgent need for further mechanistic exploration to identify clear, very early or disease-specific molecular targets to provide an effective therapeutic strategy against the otherwise unstoppable rising prevalence of age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa
| | - Carolina de Ciuceis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Raffaella Dell'oro
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - George Pavlidis
- Preventive Cardiology Laboratory and Clinic of Cardiometabolic Diseases, 2 Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, Athens
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Panagiota Anyfanti
- Second Medical Department, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edyta Dąbrowska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Center of Translational Medicine
- Center of Translational Medicine
| | - Fosca Quarti-Trevano
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcin Hellmann
- Department of Cardiac Diagnostics, Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Mavraganis
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Center of Translational Medicine
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Preventive Cardiology Laboratory and Clinic of Cardiometabolic Diseases, 2 Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, Athens
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia
- Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, DZHK), Heidelberg/Mannheim Partner Site
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Manheim, Germany
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Areti Triantafyllou
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dere Yelken H, Elci MP, Turker PF, Demirkaya S. Exploring the role of polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in modulating neuroinflammation in LPS-induced microglia: A comprehensive in vitro analysis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 168:106739. [PMID: 37105440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of different omega (ω)- 3 and omega (ω)- 6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on cytokine secretion, cell viability, and microglial cell shape in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia. The addition of PUFAs at different ratios, especially ω-3 and ratios of 7/1 and 2/1 ω-6/ω-3, resulted in a significant increase in the ameboid form of microglial cells, as well as more branching of their distal branches. Microglial cells were treated with varying ratios of PUFAs, and their cytokine secretion was measured. The results showed that all PUFA ratios had lower tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion than the control group, higher interleukin (IL)- 4 secretion in the ω-6 group, and less IL-10 secretion most down IL-6 secretion in the 7/1 ratio group. The study suggests that determining the appropriate ω-6/ω-3 consumption ratio, especially the 7/1 and 2/1 ratios, may help manage neuroinflammation, develop dietary models in immune-mediated neurodegenerative diseases, and open up new treatment possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dere Yelken
- Yeditepe University, 26 August Settlement, Atasehir, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.
| | - M P Elci
- University of Health Sciences Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, Gülhane Complex, Etlik, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - P F Turker
- Baskent University, Baglica Campus, Eskisehir highway 18.km Etimesgut, Ankara 06790, Turkey
| | - S Demirkaya
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Etlik, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bravo J, Magalhães C, Andrade EB, Magalhães A, Summavielle T. The impact of psychostimulants on central and peripheral neuro-immune regulation: a scoping review of cytokine profiles and their implications for addiction. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1109611. [PMID: 37305435 PMCID: PMC10251407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that psychostimulants act on glial cells causing neuroinflammation and adding to the neurotoxic effects of such substances. Neuroinflammation can be described as an inflammatory response, within the CNS, mediated through several cytokines, reactive oxygen species, chemokines and other inflammatory markers. These inflammatory players, in particular cytokines, play important roles. Several studies have demonstrated that psychostimulants impact on cytokine production and release, both centrally and at the peripheral level. Nevertheless, the available data is often contradictory. Because understanding how cytokines are modulated by psychoactive substances seems crucial to perspective successful therapeutic interventions, here, we conducted a scoping review of the available literature. We have focused on how different psychostimulants impact on the cytokine profile. Publications were grouped according to the substance addressed (methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA or other amphetamines), the type of exposure and period of evaluation (acute, short- or long-term exposure, withdrawal, and reinstatement). Studies were further divided in those addressing central cytokines, circulating (peripheral) levels, or both. Our analysis showed that the classical pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were those more investigated. The majority of studies have reported increased levels of these cytokines in the central nervous system after acute or repeated drug. However, studies investigating cytokine levels during withdrawal or reinstatement have shown higher variability in their findings. Although we have identified fewer studies addressing circulating cytokines in humans, the available data suggest that the results may be more robust in animal models than in patients with problematic drug use. As a major conclusion, an extensive use of arrays for relevant cytokines should be considered to better determine which cytokines, upon the classical ones, may be involved in the progression from episodic use to the development of addiction. A concerted effort is still necessary to address the link between peripheral and central immune players, including from a longitudinal perspective. Until there, the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to envision personalized immune-based therapeutics will continue to be unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bravo
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Magalhães
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Elva B. Andrade
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Immunobiology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- Addiction Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ottappilakkil H, Babu S, Balasubramanian S, Manoharan S, Perumal E. Fluoride Induced Neurobehavioral Impairments in Experimental Animals: a Brief Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1214-1236. [PMID: 35488996 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the major toxicants in the environment and is often found in drinking water at higher concentrations. Living organisms including humans exposed to high fluoride levels are found to develop mild-to-severe detrimental pathological conditions called fluorosis. Fluoride can cross the hematoencephalic barrier and settle in various brain regions. This accumulation affects the structure and function of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neural ultrastructure damages are reflected in metabolic and cognitive activities. Hindrances in synaptic plasticity and signal transmission, early neuronal apoptosis, functional alterations of the intercellular signaling pathway components, improper protein synthesis, dyshomeostasis of the transcriptional and neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses are accounted for the fluoride neurotoxicity. Fluoride causes a decline in brain functions that directly influence the overall quality of life in both humans and animals. Animal studies are widely used to explore the etiology of fluoride-induced neurotoxicity. A good number of these studies support a positive correlation between fluoride intake and toxicity phenotypes closely associated with neurotoxicity. However, the experimental dosages highly surpass the normal environmental concentrations and are difficult to compare with human exposures. The treatment procedures are highly dependent on the dosage, duration of exposure, sex, and age of specimens among other factors which make it difficult to arrive at general conclusions. Our review aims to explore fluoride-induced neuronal damage along with associated histopathological, behavioral, and cognitive effects in experimental models. Furthermore, the correlation of various molecular mechanisms upon fluoride intoxication and associated neurobehavioral deficits has been discussed. Since there is no well-established mechanism to prevent fluorosis, phytochemical-based alleviation of its characteristic indications has been proposed as a possible remedial measure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Srija Babu
- Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bucknor MC, Gururajan A, Dale RC, Hofer MJ. A comprehensive approach to modeling maternal immune activation in rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1071976. [PMID: 36590294 PMCID: PMC9800799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a highly orchestrated process, making it a very vulnerable window to perturbations. Maternal stress and subsequent inflammation during pregnancy leads to a state referred to as, maternal immune activation (MIA). If persistent, MIA can pose as a significant risk factor for the manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. To further elucidate this association between MIA and NDD risk, rodent models have been used extensively across laboratories for many years. However, there are few uniform approaches for rodent MIA models which make not only comparisons between studies difficult, but some established approaches come with limitations that can affect experimental outcomes. Here, we provide researchers with a comprehensive review of common experimental variables and potential limitations that should be considered when designing an MIA study based in a rodent model. Experimental variables discussed include: innate immune stimulation using poly I:C and LPS, environmental gestational stress paradigms, rodent diet composition and sterilization, rodent strain, neonatal handling, and the inclusion of sex-specific MIA offspring analyses. We discuss how some aspects of these variables have potential to make a profound impact on MIA data interpretation and reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Bucknor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anand Gururajan
- The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Markus J. Hofer,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim JS, Bae J, Lee S, Lee DY, Yao L, Cho N, Bach TT, Yun N, Park SJ, Cho YC. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don Extract via Blockage of the NF-κB/JNK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Activated Microglial Cells. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3095. [PMID: 36432823 PMCID: PMC9693526 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symplocos sumuntia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (S. sumuntia) is a traditional medicinal herb used in Asia to treat various pathologies, including cough, stomachache, tonsillitis, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Although the anti-inflammatory activity of S. sumuntia has been reported, little is known about its anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in microglial cells. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. sumuntia methanol extract (SSME) on the inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 cells. The SSME significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, as well as the production of nitric oxide (NO), a proinflammatory mediator. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β, was suppressed by the SSME in the LPS-induced BV2 cells. The mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of SSME involves the suppression of the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as JNK. Moreover, we showed that the LPS-stimulated nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65 protein, followed by IκB degradation, was decreased by the SSME treatment. Collectively, these results showed that the SSME induced anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of the MAPK signaling pathways, accompanied by changes in the NF-κB translocation into the nucleus. Therefore, SSME may be employed as a potential therapeutic candidate for various inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research, Lab Technology System Co., Ltd., Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Lulu Yao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 122000, Vietnam
| | - Narae Yun
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
West PK, Viengkhou B, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia shield the murine brain from damage mediated by the cytokines IL-6 and IFN-α. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036799. [PMID: 36389783 PMCID: PMC9650248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained production of elevated levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon (IFN)-α in the central nervous system (CNS) is detrimental and directly contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or cerebral interferonopathies, respectively. Using transgenic mice with CNS-targeted production of IL-6 (GFAP-IL6) or IFN-α (GFAP-IFN), we have recently demonstrated that microglia are prominent target and effector cells and mount stimulus-specific responses to these cytokines. In order to further clarify the phenotype and function of these cells, we treated GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia. We examined their ability to recover from acute microglia depletion, as well as the impact of chronic microglia depletion on the progression of disease. Following acute depletion in the brains of GFAP-IL6 mice, microglia repopulation was enhanced, while in GFAP-IFN mice, microglia did not repopulate the brain. Furthermore, chronic CSF1R inhibition was detrimental to the brain of GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice and gave rise to severe CNS calcification which strongly correlated with the absence of microglia. In addition, PLX5622-treated GFAP-IFN mice had markedly reduced survival. Our findings provide evidence for novel microglia functions to protect against IFN-α-mediated neurotoxicity and neuronal dysregulation, as well as restrain calcification as a result of both IL-6- and IFN-α-induced neuroinflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that CSF1R inhibition may be an undesirable target for therapeutic treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases that are driven by elevated IL-6 and IFN-α production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre and the Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nezgovorova V, Ferretti CJ, Pallanti S, Hollander E. Modulating neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:367-73. [PMID: 34809994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbation of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during COVID-19 or new onset of the OCD symptoms resulting from COVID-19 infection is an understudied area of research. It is possible that increased proinflammatory immune status is associated with the onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and that targeted anti-inflammatory treatments for COVID-19 infection can mitigate the new onset of Obsessive-Compulsive (OC) spectrum symptoms. In this review, we cover OCD pathogenesis as related to COVID-19, summarize the impact of cytokines on behavior, and suggest that anti-cytokine treatments can help mitigate post-COVID-19 and new onset of the OC symptoms.
Collapse
|
10
|
West PK, Mccorkindale AN, Guennewig B, Ashhurst TM, Viengkhou B, Hayashida E, Jung SR, Butovsky O, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. The cytokines interleukin-6 and interferon-α induce distinct microglia phenotypes. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19. [PMID: 35429976 PMCID: PMC9013466 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 or interferon (IFN)-α in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders or cerebral interferonopathies, respectively. Transgenic mice with CNS-targeted chronic production of IL-6 (GFAP-IL6) or IFN-α (GFAP-IFN) recapitulate important clinical and pathological features of these human diseases. The activation of microglia is a prominent manifestation found both in the human diseases and in the transgenic mice, yet little is known about how this contributes to disease pathology. Methods Here, we used a combination of ex vivo and in situ techniques to characterize the molecular, cellular and transcriptomic phenotypes of microglia in GFAP-IL6 versus GFAP-IFN mice. In addition, a transcriptomic meta-analysis was performed to compare the microglia response from GFAP-IL6 and GFAP-IFN mice to the response of microglia in a range of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Results We demonstrated that microglia show stimulus-specific responses to IL-6 versus IFN-α in the brain resulting in unique and extensive molecular and cellular adaptations. In GFAP-IL6 mice, microglia proliferated, had shortened, less branched processes and elicited transcriptomic and molecular changes associated with phagocytosis and lipid processing. In comparison, microglia in the brain of GFAP-IFN mice exhibited increased proliferation and apoptosis, had larger, hyper-ramified processes and showed transcriptomic and surface marker changes associated with antigen presentation and antiviral response. Further, a transcriptomic meta-analysis revealed that IL-6 and IFN-α both contribute to the formation of a core microglia response in animal models of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, tauopathy, multiple sclerosis and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that microglia responses to IL-6 and IFN-α are highly stimulus-specific, wide-ranging and give rise to divergent phenotypes that modulate microglia responses in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02441-x.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kettwig M, Ternka K, Wendland K, Krüger DM, Zampar S, Schob C, Franz J, Aich A, Winkler A, Sakib MS, Kaurani L, Epple R, Werner HB, Hakroush S, Kitz J, Prinz M, Bartok E, Hartmann G, Schröder S, Rehling P, Henneke M, Boretius S, Alia A, Wirths O, Fischer A, Stadelmann C, Nessler S, Gärtner J. Interferon-driven brain phenotype in a mouse model of RNaseT2 deficient leukoencephalopathy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6530. [PMID: 34764281 PMCID: PMC8586222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile-onset RNaseT2 deficient leukoencephalopathy is characterised by cystic brain lesions, multifocal white matter alterations, cerebral atrophy, and severe psychomotor impairment. The phenotype is similar to congenital cytomegalovirus brain infection and overlaps with type I interferonopathies, suggesting a role for innate immunity in its pathophysiology. To date, pathophysiological studies have been hindered by the lack of mouse models recapitulating the neuroinflammatory encephalopathy found in patients. In this study, we generated Rnaset2-/- mice using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Rnaset2-/- mice demonstrate upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes and concurrent IFNAR1-dependent neuroinflammation, with infiltration of CD8+ effector memory T cells and inflammatory monocytes into the grey and white matter. Single nuclei RNA sequencing reveals homeostatic dysfunctions in glial cells and neurons and provide important insights into the mechanisms of hippocampal-accentuated brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. The Rnaset2-/- mice may allow the study of CNS damage associated with RNaseT2 deficiency and may be used for the investigation of potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Ternka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Wendland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Manfred Krüger
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schob
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Franz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Winkler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Sadman Sakib
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lalit Kaurani
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Epple
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone Schröder
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium in hospitalized and intensive care unit patients is an emerging condition due to its rapid-onset requiring fast action to mitigate a worse clinical outcome. Although several causes and conditions are known, the association between delirium and neural autoantibodies has often been neglected in cohort studies and reviews as causing delirium. The aim of our review is to delineate the occurrence and type of neural autoantibodies and to depict other biological markers of autoimmunity in relationship to delirium. METHODS For this narrative review Pubmed research was done to select articles about delirium and neural autoantibodies. RESULTS We can report on several cell-surface autoantibodies such as anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, anti-contactin associated protein 2, anti-Leucin rich glioma inactivated protein 1, anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like 6 protein, anti-glycine receptor and anti-myelin autoantibodies, as well as intracellular autoantibodies such as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), anti-CV2 and anti-Hu associated with delirium in patients. Our case reports and case series screening revealed that 20 of 63 patients with delirium presented neural autoantibodies, thus revealing a 32% frequency of autoantibody-associated delirium in delirium patients. Our main finding is that delirium's hyperactive form is associated with neural autoantibodies. Diagnosing delirium differentially is difficult, as in patients with delirium and GAD65 autoantibodies, as it must be distinguished from other psychopathological excitation states such as mania. We also describe autoimmune delirium's potential pathophysiologic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The existence of neural autoantibodies in delirious patients is scientifically and clinically highly relevant in its diagnosis, therapy, and pathogenesis. More large-scale studies should be conducted to evaluate their significance and prevalence in delirium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; Autoimmunity and Translational Neuropsychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Iryna Krasiuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; Autoimmunity and Translational Neuropsychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Titsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; Autoimmunity and Translational Neuropsychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu J, Jiang SS, Huang SJ, Nite W, Ren F, Yan JQ, Luo JG. Interleukin-33 modulates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response in rat primary astrocytes. Neuroreport 2021; 32:694-701. [PMID: 33913926 DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a crucial role in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully defined. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is constitutively expressed in astrocytes, which has been found to orchestrate inflammatory responses in a large variety of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential effect of IL-33 in the regulation of inflammatory response in primary cultured astrocytes. We investigated the role of IL-33 in the regulation of inflammatory responses in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. This study utilized lentiviral short hairpin RNA vectors to target IL-33 (LV-shIL-33) for gene silencing. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, were evaluated to elucidate the mechanisms related to the contributions of IL-33 to the inflammatory response in astrocytes. We found that the expression IL-33 has increased in rat primary cultured astrocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Administration of LV-shIL-33 knocked down the expression of IL-33 and markedly reduced the overexpression of spinal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and attenuated the activation of ERK and NF-κB/p65. This study shows that IL-33 participates in regulating inflammatory responses in primary cultured astrocytes, which might provide additional targets for controlling inflammatory responses following neurological diseases. See Video abstract, http://links.lww.com/WNR/A627.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu J, Yan D, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang S, Wu D, Peng L, Liu Z, Zheng W. Tocilizumab in the treatment of severe and refractory parenchymal neuro-Behçet's syndrome: case series and literature review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20971908. [PMID: 33240406 PMCID: PMC7675870 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20971908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ)
in severe and refractory parenchymal neuro-Behçet’s syndrome (p-NBS). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed five patients with p-NBS treated with TCZ in our
center between 2013 and 2020, and six cases from literature research with
the index terms “neuro-Behçet’s syndrome” and “tocilizumab” on PubMed
NCBI. Results: A total of 11 patients with p-NBS were enrolled (5 males, 6 females), with a
mean age of 34.5 ± 8.0 years at the onset. All the patients had parenchymal
neurological lesions, six patients (54.5%) suffered from multiple lesions,
and nine patients (81.8%) were disabled. Before TCZ administration, all the
patients had failed conventional therapy, eight patients (72.7%) received
two or more immunosuppressants, and five patients showed insufficient
response or intolerance to other biologics. TCZ was administrated at 8 mg/kg
every 4 weeks, with background glucocorticoids (GCs) and immunosuppressants.
After a median follow-up of 13 (interquartile range, 3.5–23.5) months, all
the patients achieved both clinical and radiological improvements, and the
Behçet’s Disease Current Activity Form score improved significantly (3
versus 0, median, p = 0.004), the
Rankin score also decreased (4 versus 2, median,
p = 0.005). Levels of interleukin-6 in the
cerebrospinal fluid decreased significantly in five patients
(533.4 ± 389.7 pg/ml versus 34.5 ± 27.1 pg/ml,
p = 0.048), after a median of two (interquartile range,
1–4) times of TCZ infusions. Furthermore, the GC dosage (per
os) reduced from 69.2 ± 16.9 mg/d to 16.4 ± 16.2 mg/d
(p = 0.000), and immunosuppressants were tapered in
number and dosage in seven (63.6%) and four (36.3%) patients, respectively.
No serious adverse events or deaths were observed during follow-up. Conclusions: TCZ is well tolerated and effective in severe and refractory p-NBS, with a
favorable GC- and immunosuppressant-sparing effect. Cerebrospinal fluid
interleukin-6 might be used to monitor the effects of TCZ in p-NBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhimian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shangzhu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, No. 1 Shuafuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cantarín-extremera V, Jiménez-legido M, Duat-rodríguez A, García-fernández M, Ortiz-cabrera NV, Ruiz-falcó-rojas ML, González-gutiérrez-solana L. Tocilizumab in pediatric refractory status epilepticus and acute epilepsy: Experience in two patients. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 340:577142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
16
|
Halawa AA, Rees KA, McCamy KM, Winzer-Serhan UH. Central and peripheral immune responses to low-dose lipopolysaccharide in a mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion. Cytokine 2019; 126:154879. [PMID: 31629107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carriers of the human 15q13.3 microdeletion (MD) present with a variable spectrum of neuropathological phenotypes that range from asymptomatic to severe clinical outcomes, suggesting an interplay of genetic and non-genetic factors. The most common 2 MB 15q13.3 MD encompasses six genes (MTMR10, FAN1, TRPM1, KLF13, OTUD7A, and CHRNA7), which are expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α7, encoded by CHRNA7, is a key player in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and the transcription factor KLF13 is also involved in immune responses. Using a mouse model with a heterozygous deletion of the orthologous region of the human 15q13.3 (Df[h15q13]/+), the present study examined peripheral and central innate immune responses to an acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the bacteriomimetic, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 μg/kg) in adult heterozygous (Het) and wildtype (WT) mice. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were measured 2 h post injection using a Multiplex assay. In control saline injected animals, all measured cytokines were at or below detection limits, whereas LPS significantly increased serum levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-10, but not interferon-γ. There was no effect of genotype but a sexual dimorphic response for TNF-α, with females exhibiting greater LPS-induced TNF-α serum levels than males. In situ hybridization revealed similar increases in LPS-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the dorsal vagal complex in all groups. The hippocampal expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. LPS-treatment resulted in significantly increased mRNA expression for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to saline controls, with no effect of genotype, but a significant sex-effect was detected for IL-1β. The present study provided no evidence for interactive effects between the heterozygous 15q13.3 MD and a low-dose LPS immune challenge in innate peripheral or central immune responses, although, sex-differential effects in males and females were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Halawa
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Katherine A Rees
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin M McCamy
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Ursula H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen Z, Wang N, Huang Y, Wang M. Clinical characteristics and cerebro-spinal fluid cytokine changes in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and central nervous system infection. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:523-530. [PMID: 31258689 PMCID: PMC6566035 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical characteristics and the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) cytokine changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with tuberculous meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis in central nervous system (CNS) infections before and after treatment were investigated. The clinical records of 80 AIDS patients with CNS infections and 40 non-CNS infection patients hospitalized in the Infection Department of the First Hospital of Changsha from February 2013 to March 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Forty-one cases of AIDS complicated with tuberculous meningitis were enrolled as group A, 39 cases of AIDS complicated with cryptococcal meningitis as group B, and 40 cases of non-CNS infection with lumbar puncture indication as group C. The general data, clinical symptoms, CSF examination and prognosis of the three groups of patients were collected. Of the 80 patients, 56 patients were discharged from hospital (improvement group) and 24 died (death group) after treatment. The concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in CSF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were significant differences in clinical manifestations, CSF pressure, CSF leucocyte count, CSF glucose, CSF chloride and CSF protein between group A, group B and group C (P<0.05). The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in CSF of group A and group B increased significantly compared with group C (P<0.001). The IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in CSF in the improvement group were significantly lower than those in the death group (P<0.001), while the concentration of IFN-γ increased significantly (P<0.001). CSF biochemistry is characterized by increased pressure, leucocyte count and protein, and decreased chloride and glucose. IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in CSF have certain predictive value for poor prognosis of AIDS patients with CNS infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Huang
- Department of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kostic D, Carlson R, Henke D, Rohn K, Tipold A. Evaluation of IL-1β levels in epilepsy and traumatic brain injury in dogs. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:29. [PMID: 31208341 PMCID: PMC6580646 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in dogs affecting approximately 0.6–0.75% of the canine population. There is much evidence of neuroinflammation presence in epilepsy, creating new possibilities for the treatment of the disease. An increased expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) was reported in epileptogenic foci. We hypothesized that there is an elevation of IL-1β in serum and CSF of dogs with epilepsy, as well as in serum of dogs with TBI, reflecting involvement of this cytokine in pathophysiology of naturally occurring canine epilepsy in a clinical setting. Results IL-1β levels were evaluated in CSF and serum of six healthy and 51 dogs with epilepsy (structural and idiopathic). In 16 dogs with TBI, only serum was tested. IL-1β concentrations in CSF were not detectable. Serum values were not elevated in dogs with TBI in comparison to healthy controls (p > 0.05). However, dogs with epilepsy had increased levels of IL-1β in serum (p = 0.003) regardless of the underlying cause of the disease (p = 0.0045). There was no significant relationship between the variables and IL-1β levels. Statistically noticeable (p = 0.0630) was that approximately 10% of dog with epilepsy (R2 = 0.105) had increased seizure frequency and IL-1β elevation. Conclusion Increased IL-1β levels were detected in the peripheral blood in dogs with idiopathic and structural epilepsy leading to the assumption that there is an involvement of inflammation in pathophysiology of epilepsy which should be considered in the search for new therapeutic strategies for this disease. However, to better understand the pathogenic role of this cytokine in epilepsy, further evaluation of IL-1β in brain tissue is desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Draginja Kostic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Henke
- Animal Clinic am Hasenberg, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
West PK, Viengkhou B, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia responses to interleukin‐6 and type I interferons in neuroinflammatory disease. Glia 2019; 67:1821-1841. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip K. West
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Iain L. Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The Charles Perkins Centre, and The Bosch InstituteThe University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhattacharya A, Jones DNC. Emerging role of the P2X7-NLRP3-IL1β pathway in mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:95-100. [PMID: 30121550 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The science of neuroimmunopsychiatry has evolved rapidly in the last few years with the hope of tackling the unmet need in mood disorders. This article focuses on an inflammatory pathway, highly conserved in myeloid cells that may play a role in neuroinflammatory disorders including depression. Within the brain tissue, microglia are the myeloid cells that express the P2X7 ion channel that is connected through the NLRP3 inflammasome complex leading to release of IL-1β and IL-18. We present, in the way of reviewing relevant literature, the preclinical data and scientific rationale supporting the role of the P2X7-NLRP3-IL-1β pathway in mood disorders. We also highlight recent advances in drug discovery and development of P2X7 small molecule antagonists and P2X7 PET ligands which provide optimism that clinical tools are availableto address critical proof-of-concept experiments in mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research & Development, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Declan N C Jones
- Neuroscience External Innovation, Johnson & Johnson Innovation Centre, One Chapel Place, London, W1G 0BG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leviyang S, Griva I. Investigating Functional Roles for Positive Feedback and Cellular Heterogeneity in the Type I Interferon Response to Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100517. [PMID: 30241427 PMCID: PMC6213501 DOI: 10.3390/v10100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of type I interferons (IFN) by infected cells mediates protection against many viruses, but prolonged or excessive type I IFN secretion can lead to immune pathology. A proper type I IFN response must therefore maintain a balance between protection and excessive IFN secretion. It has been widely noted that the type I IFN response is driven by positive feedback and is heterogeneous, with only a fraction of infected cells upregulating IFN expression even in clonal cell lines, but the functional roles of feedback and heterogeneity in balancing protection and excessive IFN secretion are not clear. To investigate the functional roles for feedback and heterogeneity, we constructed a mathematical model coupling IFN and viral dynamics that extends existing mathematical models by accounting for feedback and heterogeneity. We fit our model to five existing datasets, reflecting different experimental systems. Fitting across datasets allowed us to compare the IFN response across the systems and suggested different signatures of feedback and heterogeneity in the different systems. Further, through numerical experiments, we generated hypotheses of functional roles for IFN feedback and heterogeneity consistent with our mathematical model. We hypothesize an inherent tradeoff in the IFN response: a positive feedback loop prevents excessive IFN secretion, but also makes the IFN response vulnerable to viral antagonism. We hypothesize that cellular heterogeneity of the IFN response functions to protect the feedback loop from viral antagonism. Verification of our hypotheses will require further experimental studies. Our work provides a basis for analyzing the type I IFN response across systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Leviyang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Igor Griva
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Larsen PA, Hunnicutt KE, Larsen RJ, Yoder AD, Saunders AM. Warning SINEs: Alu elements, evolution of the human brain, and the spectrum of neurological disease. Chromosome Res 2018; 26:93-111. [PMID: 29460123 PMCID: PMC5857278 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-018-9573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alu elements are a highly successful family of primate-specific retrotransposons that have fundamentally shaped primate evolution, including the evolution of our own species. Alus play critical roles in the formation of neurological networks and the epigenetic regulation of biochemical processes throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and thus are hypothesized to have contributed to the origin of human cognition. Despite the benefits that Alus provide, deleterious Alu activity is associated with a number of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, neurological networks are potentially vulnerable to the epigenetic dysregulation of Alu elements operating across the suite of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that are critical for both mitochondrial and CNS function. Here, we highlight the beneficial neurological aspects of Alu elements as well as their potential to cause disease by disrupting key cellular processes across the CNS. We identify at least 37 neurological and neurodegenerative disorders wherein deleterious Alu activity has been implicated as a contributing factor for the manifestation of disease, and for many of these disorders, this activity is operating on genes that are essential for proper mitochondrial function. We conclude that the epigenetic dysregulation of Alu elements can ultimately disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis within the CNS. This mechanism is a plausible source for the incipient neuronal stress that is consistently observed across a spectrum of sporadic neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | | | - Roxanne J Larsen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals Inc, Chapel Hill, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dec K, Łukomska A, Maciejewska D, Jakubczyk K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Wąsik A, Gutowska I. The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:224-234. [PMID: 27787813 PMCID: PMC5418325 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dec
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - D Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - A Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The continued focus of attention on the diversity of mechanisms underpinning inflammation has improved our understanding of the potential to target specific pathways in the inflammatory network to achieve meaningful therapeutic gains. In this themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology our scope was deliberately broad, ranging across both acute and chronic disease in various organs. Pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms receive attention as does the phenotype of macrophages. Whilst the manifestations of neuro-inflammation are less obvious than those in peripheral tissues, central innate and adaptive immunity in brain and the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia are topics of special interest. The contributions to the inflammatory milieu of cytokines, chemokines and associated signalling cascades are considered. Overall, the coverage herein advances the basic science underpinning our understanding of inflammation and emphasizes its importance in different pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Lung health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - P M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hofer MJ, Campbell IL. Immunoinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system - the tale of two cytokines. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:716-28. [PMID: 25917268 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent mediators of cellular communication that have crucial roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory responses. Clear evidence has emerged in recent years that the dysregulated production of cytokines may in itself be causative in the pathogenesis of certain immunoinflammatory disorders. Here we review current evidence for the involvement of two different cytokines, IFN-α and IL-6, as principal mediators of specific immunoinflammatory disorders of the CNS. IFN-α belongs to the type I IFN family and is causally linked to the development of inflammatory encephalopathy exemplified by the genetic disorder, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. IL-6 belongs to the gp130 family of cytokines and is causally linked to a number of immunoinflammatory disorders of the CNS including neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic transverse myelitis and genetically linked autoinflammatory neurological disease. In addition to clinical evidence, experimental studies, particularly in genetically engineered mouse models with astrocyte-targeted, CNS-restricted production of IFN-α or IL-6 replicate many of the cardinal neuropathological features of these human cytokine-linked immunoinflammatory neurological disorders giving crucial evidence for a direct causative role of these cytokines and providing further rationale for the therapeutic targeting of these cytokines in neurological diseases where indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hofer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - I L Campbell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|