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Leser T, Baker A. Molecular Mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG ® Probiotic Function. Microorganisms 2024; 12:794. [PMID: 38674738 PMCID: PMC11051730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To advance probiotic research, a comprehensive understanding of bacterial interactions with human physiology at the molecular and cellular levels is fundamental. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG® is a bacterial strain that has long been recognized for its beneficial effects on human health. Probiotic effector molecules derived from LGG®, including secreted proteins, surface-anchored proteins, polysaccharides, and lipoteichoic acids, which interact with host physiological processes have been identified. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that specific LGG® effector molecules stimulate epithelial cell survival, preserve intestinal barrier integrity, reduce oxidative stress, mitigate excessive mucosal inflammation, enhance IgA secretion, and provide long-term protection through epigenetic imprinting. Pili on the cell surface of LGG® promote adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and ensure close contact to host cells. Extracellular vesicles produced by LGG® recapitulate many of these effects through their cargo of effector molecules. Collectively, the effector molecules of LGG® exert a significant influence on both the gut mucosa and immune system, which promotes intestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leser
- Future Labs, Human Health Biosolutions, Novonesis, Kogle Alle 6, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark;
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Lin EK, Chang WW, Jhong JH, Tsai WH, Chou CH, Wang IJ. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GM-080 Ameliorates Allergic Airway Inflammation in Children with Allergic Rhinitis: From an Animal Model to a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050768. [PMID: 36899903 PMCID: PMC10000597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Probiotics may facilitate the clinical management of allergic diseases. However, their effects on allergic rhinitis (AR) remain unclear. We examined the efficacy and safety of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GM-080 in a mouse model of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and in children with perennial AR (PAR) by using a double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Methods: The production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-12 was measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GM-080 safety was evaluated via the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of virulence genes. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AHR mouse model was constructed, and lung inflammation was evaluated by measuring the infiltrating leukocyte content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A clinical trial was conducted with 122 children with PAR who were randomized to receive different doses of GM-080 or the placebo for 3 months, and their AHR symptom severity scores, total nasal symptom scores (TNSSs), and Investigator Global Assessment Scale scores were examined. Results: Among the tested L. paracasei strains, GM-080 induced the highest IFN-γ and IL-12 levels in mouse splenocytes. WGS analysis revealed the absence of virulence factors or antibiotic-resistance genes in GM-080. The oral administration of GM-080 at 1 × 107 colony forming units (CFU)/mouse/day for 8 weeks alleviated OVA-induced AHR and reduced airway inflammation in mice. In children with PAR, the oral consumption of GM-080 at 2 × 109 CFU/day for 3 months ameliorated sneezing and improved Investigator Global Assessment Scale scores significantly. GM-080 consumption led to a nonsignificant decrease in TNSS and also nonsignificantly reduced IgE but increased INF-γ levels. Conclusion: GM-080 may be used as a nutrient supplement to alleviate airway allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Kwang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 741014, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chou
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 741014, Taiwan
| | - I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei 242033, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2276-5566 (ext. 2532); Fax: +886-2-2998-8028
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Cao H, Guan L, Liu X, Xiao X. Adjuvant role of probiotics in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shao H, Min F, Huang M, Wang Z, Bai T, Lin M, Li X, Chen H. Novel perspective on the regulation of food allergy by probiotic: The potential of its structural components. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:172-186. [PMID: 35912422 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is a global public health issue with growing prevalence. Increasing evidence supports the strong correlation between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and food allergies. Probiotic intervention as a microbiota-based therapy could alleviate FA effectively. In addition to improving the intestinal microbiota disturbance and affecting microbial metabolites to regulate immune system, immune responses induced by the recognition of pattern recognition receptors to probiotic components may also be one of the mechanisms of probiotics protecting against FA. In this review, it is highlighted in detail about the regulatory effects on the immune system and anti-allergic potential of probiotic components including the flagellin, pili, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, exopolysaccharides, surface (S)-layer proteins and DNA. Probiotic components could enhance the function of intestinal epithelial barrier as well as regulate the balance of cytokines and T helper (Th) 1/Th2/regulatory T cell (Treg) responses. These evidences suggest that probiotic components could be used as nutritional or therapeutic agents for maintaining immune homeostasis to prevent FA, which will contribute to providing new insights into the resolution of FA and better guidance for the development of probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangfang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meijia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianliang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Jastrząb R, Graczyk D, Siedlecki P. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Influenced by Postbiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413475. [PMID: 34948270 PMCID: PMC8707144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, commensal bacteria colonizing the human body have been recognized as important determinants of health and multiple pathologic conditions. Among the most extensively studied commensal bacteria are the gut microbiota, which perform a plethora of functions, including the synthesis of bioactive products, metabolism of dietary compounds, and immunomodulation, both through attenuation and immunostimulation. An imbalance in the microbiota population, i.e., dysbiosis, has been linked to many human pathologies, including various cancer types and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting gut microbiota and microbiome-host interactions resulting from probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics is a growing opportunity for the effective treatment of various diseases. As more research is being conducted, the microbiome field is shifting from simple descriptive analysis of commensal compositions to more molecular, cellular, and functional studies. Insight into these mechanisms is of paramount importance for understanding and modulating the effects that microbiota, probiotics, and their derivatives exert on host health.
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Shigemori S, Namai F, Ogita T, Sato T, Shimosato T. Oral priming with oligodeoxynucleotide particles from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG attenuates symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13468. [PMID: 33025687 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the effect of prophylactic oral treatment with carbonate apatite-based particles (ID35caps) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ID35) when used in mice with acute colitis. Mice were administered orally with control particles (carbonate apatite particles, Caps), ID35, or ID35caps for 2 days, and then were given free access to drinking water containing 3% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5 days (Days 0-5) to induce acute colitis. Body weight change, fecal bleeding, and stool consistency were monitored and scored as a disease activity index (DAI) to assess symptoms of colitis. On Day 10, animals were euthanized and the colon length was measured to evaluate inflammatory tissue injury. Prophylactic oral treatment with ID35caps significantly suppressed DSS-induced elevation of the DAI score and shortening of the colon compared to the respective parameters in DSS-exposed mice treated with Cap or ID35. We conclude that oral priming with ID35caps attenuates symptoms and inflammatory colonic injury in a mouse model of DSS-induced acute colitis. This finding suggests that ID35caps may be a new oral agent for preventing intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Shigemori
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Japan
| | - Fu Namai
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ogita
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Japan
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Dobashi-Okuyama K, Kawakami K, Miyasaka T, Sato K, Ishii K, Kawakami K, Masuda C, Suzuki S, Kasamatsu J, Yamamoto H, Tanno D, Kanno E, Tanno H, Kawano T, Takayanagi M, Takahashi T, Ohno I. Novel Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Derived from Cryptococcus neoformans Attenuates Allergic Inflammation Leading to Asthma Onset in Mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181:651-664. [PMID: 32585675 DOI: 10.1159/000508535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The enhanced type 2 helper (Th2) immune response is responsible for the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. To suppress the enhanced Th2 immune response, activation of the Th1 immune response has been an alternative strategy for anti-asthma therapy. In this context, effective Th1-inducing adjuvants that inhibit the development of allergic asthma but do not flare the side effects of the primary agent are required in clinical treatment and preventive medicine. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to determine the regulation of the Th2 type immune response in asthma by a novel immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, termed ODN112, which contains a cytosine-guanine (CG) sequence but not canonical CpG motifs. METHODS Using an ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model, we assessed the effect of ODN112 on prototypical asthma-related features in the lung and on the Th1/Th2 profile in the lymph nodes and lung of mice treated with ODN112 during sensitization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ODN112 treatment attenuated asthma features in mice. In the bronchial lymph nodes of the lungs and in the spleen, ODN112 increased interferon-γ production and attenuated Th2 recall responses. In dendritic cells (DCs) after allergen sensitization, ODN112 enhanced cluster of differentiation (CD) 40 and CD80 expression but did not alter CD86 expression. Interleukin-12p40 production from DCs was also increased in a Th2-polarizing condition. Our results suggest that ODN112 is a potential Th1-inducing adjuvant during Th2 cell differentiation in the sensitization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Dobashi-Okuyama
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan,
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaori Kawakami
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chiaki Masuda
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Syugo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanno
- Department of Science of Nursing Practice, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kawano
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Takayanagi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Mazhary Z, Allahyari Fard N, Minuchehr Z, Javanshir N. Package of anti-allergic probiotic Lactobacillus by focusing on the regulatory role of immunosuppressive motifs in allergy. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Mata Forsberg M, Björkander S, Pang Y, Lundqvist L, Ndi M, Ott M, Escribá IB, Jaeger MC, Roos S, Sverremark-Ekström E. Extracellular Membrane Vesicles from Lactobacilli Dampen IFN-γ Responses in a Monocyte-Dependent Manner. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17109. [PMID: 31745234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted factors derived from Lactobacillus are able to dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Still, the nature of these components and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we aimed to identify the components and the mechanism involved in the Lactobacillus-mediated modulation of immune cell activation. PBMC were stimulated in the presence of the cell free supernatants (CFS) of cultured Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, followed by evaluation of cytokine responses. We show that lactobacilli-CFS effectively dampen induced IFN-γ and IL-17A responses from T- and NK cells in a monocyte dependent manner by a soluble factor. A proteomic array analysis highlighted Lactobacillus-induced IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) as a potential candidate responsible for the IFN-γ dampening activity. Indeed, addition of recombinant IL-1ra to stimulated PBMC resulted in reduced IFN-γ production. Further characterization of the lactobacilli-CFS revealed the presence of extracellular membrane vesicles with a similar immune regulatory activity to that observed with the lactobacilli-CFS. In conclusion, we have shown that lactobacilli produce extracellular MVs, which are able to dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in a monocyte-dependent manner.
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Paparo L, Nocerino R, Bruno C, Di Scala C, Cosenza L, Bedogni G, Di Costanzo M, Mennini M, D'Argenio V, Salvatore F, Berni Canani R. Randomized controlled trial on the influence of dietary intervention on epigenetic mechanisms in children with cow's milk allergy: the EPICMA study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2828. [PMID: 30808949 PMCID: PMC6391485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms could drive the disease course of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) and formula choice could modulate these pathways. We compared the effect of two different dietary approaches on epigenetic mechanisms in CMA children. Randomized controlled trial on IgE-mediated CMA children receiving a 12-month treatment with extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing the probiotic L.rhamnosus GG (EHCF + LGG) or with soy formula (SF). At the baseline, after 6 and 12 months of treatment FoxP3 methylation rate and its expression in CD4+ T cells were assessed. At same study points IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ methylation rate, expression and serum concentration, miRNAs expression were also investigated. 20 children (10/group) were evaluated. Baseline demographic, clinical and epigenetic features were similar in the two study groups. At 6 and 12 months, EHCF + LGG group showed a significant increase in FoxP3 demethylation rate compared to SF group. At the same study points, EHCF + LGG group presented a higher increase in IL-4 and IL-5 and a higher reduction in IL-10 and IFN-γ DNA methylation rate compared to SF group. A different modulation of miR-155, -146a, -128 and -193a expression was observed in EHCF + LGG vs. SF. Dietary intervention could exert a different epigenetic modulation on the immune system in CMA children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Bruno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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George F, Daniel C, Thomas M, Singer E, Guilbaud A, Tessier FJ, Revol-Junelles AM, Borges F, Foligné B. Occurrence and Dynamism of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Distinct Ecological Niches: A Multifaceted Functional Health Perspective. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2899. [PMID: 30538693 PMCID: PMC6277688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are representative members of multiple ecosystems on earth, displaying dynamic interactions within animal and plant kingdoms in respect with other microbes. This highly heterogeneous phylogenetic group has coevolved with plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, establishing either mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, or even parasitism-like behavior with their hosts. Depending on their location and environment conditions, LAB can be dominant or sometimes in minority within ecosystems. Whatever their origins and relative abundance in specific anatomic sites, LAB exhibit multifaceted ecological and functional properties. While some resident LAB permanently inhabit distinct animal mucosal cavities, others are provided by food and may transiently occupy the gastrointestinal tract. It is admitted that the overall gut microbiome has a deep impact on health and diseases. Here, we examined the presence and the physiological role of LAB in the healthy human and several animal microbiome. Moreover, we also highlighted some dysbiotic states and related consequences for health, considering both the resident and the so-called "transionts" microorganisms. Whether LAB-related health effects act collectively or follow a strain-specificity dogma is also addressed. Besides the highly suggested contribution of LAB to interplay with immune, metabolic, and even brain-axis regulation, the possible involvement of LAB in xenobiotic detoxification processes and metal equilibrium is also tackled. Recent technological developments such as functional metagenomics, metabolomics, high-content screening and design in vitro and in vivo experimental models now open new horizons for LAB as markers applied for disease diagnosis, susceptibility, and follow-up. Moreover, identification of general and more specific molecular mechanisms based on antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties of LAB currently extends their selection and promising use, either as probiotics, in traditional and functional foods, for dedicated treatments and mostly for maintenance of normobiosis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny George
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Daniel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elisabeth Singer
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Axel Guilbaud
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric J. Tessier
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Revol-Junelles
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, École Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires – Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Borges
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, École Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires – Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Foligné
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 – LIRIC – Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
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Suzuki C, Aoki-Yoshida A, Aoki R, Sasaki K, Takayama Y, Mizumachi K. The distinct effects of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C59 on gene expression in the murine small intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188985. [PMID: 29220366 PMCID: PMC5722381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of strain-specific probiotic effects and the impact of the oral administration of probiotic strains on the host’s gene expression are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the strain-specific effects of probiotic strain intake on gene expression in the murine small intestine. Two distinct strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C59 (C59), were orally administered to BALB/c mice, daily for 2 weeks. The total RNA was isolated from the upper (including the duodenum) and lower (the terminal ileum) small intestine, and gene expression was assessed by microarray analysis. The data revealed (1) oral administration of C59 and GG markedly down-regulated the expression of genes encoding fibrinogen subunits and plasminogen in the upper small intestine; (2) administration of more than 1 × 107 CFU/day of GG changed the gene expression of the host ileum. (3) strain- and dose-related effects on various GO biological processes; and (4) enrichment for B cell-related Gene Ontology terms among up-regulated genes in the terminal ileum of mice administered the 1 × 109 CFU/day of GG. The distinct effects of GG and C59 on gene expression in the intact small intestine provide clues to understand how the health beneficial effects of specific strains of probiotic bacteria are mediated by interactions with intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Suzuki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayako Aoki-Yoshida
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiji Aoki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sasaki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Takayama
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koko Mizumachi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Lebeer S, Bron PA, Marco ML, Van Pijkeren JP, O'Connell Motherway M, Hill C, Pot B, Roos S, Klaenhammer T. Identification of probiotic effector molecules: present state and future perspectives. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:217-223. [PMID: 29153882 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Comprehension of underlying mechanisms of probiotic action will support rationale selection of probiotic strains and targeted clinical study design with a higher likelihood of success. This will consequently contribute to better substantiation of health claims. Here, we aim to provide a perspective from a microbiology point of view that such comprehensive understanding is not straightforward. We show examples of well-documented probiotic effector molecules in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, including surface-located molecules such as specific pili, S-layer proteins, exopolysaccharides, muropeptides, as well as more widely produced metabolites such as tryptophan-related and histamine-related metabolites, CpG-rich DNA, and various enzymes such as lactase and bile salt hydrolases. We also present recent advances in genetic tool development, microbiome analyses and model systems, as well as perspectives on how the field could further progress. This opinion is based on a discussion group organized at the annual meeting of the International Scientific Association on Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) in June 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Mary O'Connell Motherway
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Institute, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Institute, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Bruno Pot
- Yakult R&D, Europe, Almere, The Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roos
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & BioGaia AB, Sweden
| | - Todd Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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15
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Sanders ME, Benson A, Lebeer S, Merenstein DJ, Klaenhammer TR. Shared mechanisms among probiotic taxa: implications for general probiotic claims. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:207-216. [PMID: 29128720 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strain-specificity of probiotic effects has been a cornerstone principle of probiotic science for decades. Certainly, some important mechanisms are present in only a few probiotic strains. But scientific advances now reveal commonalities among members of certain taxonomic groups of probiotic microbes. Some clinical benefits likely derive from these shared mechanisms, suggesting that sub-species-specific, species-specific or genus-specific probiotic effects exist. Human trials are necessary to confirm specific health benefits. However, a strain that has not been tested in human efficacy trials may meet the minimum definition of the term 'probiotic' if it is a member of a well-studied probiotic species expressing underlying core mechanisms and it is delivered at an effective dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO, United States.
| | - Andrew Benson
- Nebraska Food for Health Center and Department of Food Science and Technology, Univ of Nebraska, Lincoln, United States
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Todd R Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
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16
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Nigar S, Yamamoto Y, Okajima T, Shigemori S, Sato T, Ogita T, Shimosato T. Synergistic oligodeoxynucleotide strongly promotes CpG-induced interleukin-6 production. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:44. [PMID: 28978323 PMCID: PMC5628431 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial genomes span a significant portion of diversity, reflecting their adaptation strategies; these strategies include nucleotide usage biases that affect chromosome configuration. Here, we explore an immuno-synergistic oligodeoxynucleotide (iSN-ODN, named iSN34), derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) genomic sequences, that exhibits a synergistic effect on immune response to CpG-induced immune activation. Methods The sequence of iSN34 was designed based on the genomic sequences of LGG. Pathogen-free mice were purchased from Japan SLC and maintained under temperature- and light-controlled conditions. We tested the effects of iSN34 exposure in vitro and in vivo by assessing effects on mRNA expression, protein levels, and cell type in murine splenocytes. Results We demonstrate that iSN34 has a significant stimulatory effect when administered in combination with CpG ODN, yielding enhanced interleukin (IL)-6 expression and production. IL-6 is a pleotropic cytokine that has been shown to prevent epithelial apoptosis during prolonged inflammation. Conclusions Our results are the first report of a bacterial-DNA-derived ODN that exhibits immune synergistic activity. The potent over-expression of IL-6 in response to treatment with the combination of CpG ODN and iSN34 suggests a new approach to immune therapy. This finding may lead to novel clinical strategies for the prevention or treatment of dysfunctions of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-017-0227-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Nigar
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshinari Yamamoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takuma Okajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Suguru Shigemori
- Department of Intestinal Ecosystem Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan.,Metabologenomics Core, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Pulmonology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ogita
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Metabologenomics Core, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan. .,Department of Pulmonology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan. .,Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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17
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Gao K, Wang C, Liu L, Dou X, Liu J, Yuan L, Zhang W, Wang H. Immunomodulation and signaling mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its components on porcine intestinal epithelial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2017; 50:700-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Esmaeili SA, Mahmoudi M, Momtazi AA, Sahebkar A, Doulabi H, Rastin M. Tolerogenic probiotics: potential immunoregulators in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1994-2007. [PMID: 27996081 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are commensal or nonpathogenic microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and confer beneficial effects on the host through several mechanisms such as competitive exclusion, anti-bacterial effects, and modulation of immune responses. There is growing evidence supporting the immunomodulatory ability of some probiotics. Several experimental and clinical studies have been shown beneficial effect of some probiotic bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains, on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is mainly characterized by immune intolerance towards self-antigens. Some immunomodulatory probiotics have been found to regulate immune responses via tolerogenic mechanisms. Dendritic and T regulatory (Treg) cells, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23 can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in tolerogenic status. As demonstrated by documented experimental and clinical trials on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, a number of probiotic bacterial strains can restore tolerance in host through modification of such dysregulated mediators. Since there are limited reports regarding to impact of probiotic supplementation in SLE patients, the preset review was aimed to suggest a number of probiotics bacteria, mainly from Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus strains that are able to ameliorate immune responses. The aim was followed through literature survey on immunoregulatory probiotics that can restore tolerance and also modulate the important dysregulated pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines contributing to the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Student Research Committee, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Doulabi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Ho YH, Huang YT, Lu YC, Lee SY, Tsai MF, Hung SP, Hsu TY. Effects of Gender and Age on Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Probiotics: A Large Scale Pilot Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:521-526. [PMID: 28448082 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widely accepted concept that probiotics confer miscellaneous benefits to hosts, the controversies surrounding these health-promoting claims cannot be ignored. These controversies hinder development and innovation in this field. RESULTS To clarify the effects of age and gender on probiotic-induced immune responses, we recruited 1613 Taiwanese individuals and calculated the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 production after each individual's PBMCs were stimulated by six probiotic strains (L. paracasei BRAP01, L. acidophilus AD300, B. longum BA100, E. faecium BR0085, L. rhamnosus AD500 and L. reuteri BR101). Our results indicated that gender and age have only minor effects on the immune modulation of probiotics. Additionally, we showed that L. paracasei BRAP01 and L. acidophilus AD300 are the two dominant strains inducing IFN-γ/IL-10 production in Taiwanese individuals and that L. reuteri BR101 was the most effective stimulator of IL-10/IFN-γ. Additionally, a significant inverse relationship between the ability of L. paracasei BRAP01 and L. rhamnosus AD500 to stimulate IFN-γ/IL-10 or IL-10/IFN-γ production was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that age and gender have only minor effects on the immune modulation abilities of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Ho
- Ting-Yuan Hsu, MD, Ph.D. 5F., No.466, Bo'ai 1st Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 80466, Taiwan (R.O.C.), Phone: +886-7-5579268 ext. 510 , E-mail:
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20
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Miyazawa K, Yoda K, Kawase M, Harata G, He F. Influence of orally administered Lactobacillus GG on respiratory immune response in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:99-103. [PMID: 25643737 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mice with diet-induced obesity were fed with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) suspended in saline or saline alone (control mice). Pulmonary mRNA expression of IFN-γ; IFN-α receptor 1; CD247 antigen; killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1; TNF-α; IL-12 receptor β1 and IL-2 receptor β, and the proportion of Lactobacillales in feces were significantly greater in the LGG group than in the control mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that LGG alters the respiratory immunity of obese subjects through having a potent impact on intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miyazawa
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-0023, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains. Various health effects are well documented including the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrhea, and stimulation of immune responses that promote vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms. However, not all intervention studies could show a clinical benefit and even for the same conditions, the results are not univocal. Clearly, the host phenotype governed by age, genetics and environmental factors such as the endogenous microbiota, plays a role in whether individuals are responders or non-responders. However, we believe that a detailed knowledge of the bacterial physiology and the LGG molecules that play a key role in its host-interaction capacity is crucial for a better understanding of its potential health benefits. Molecules that were yet identified as important factors governing host interactions include its adhesive pili or fimbriae, its lipoteichoic acid molecules, its major secreted proteins and its galactose-rich exopolysaccharides, as well as specific DNA motifs. Nevertheless, future studies are needed to correlate specific health effects to these molecular effectors in LGG, and also in other probiotic strains.
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22
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Wang JH, Fan SW, Zhu WY. Development of Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Ovalbumin-induced Allergic Diarrhea under Sub-barrier System. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 26:545-51. [PMID: 25049821 PMCID: PMC4093381 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to present a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic diarrhea under a sub-barrier system and investigate the development of gut microbiota in this model. Male BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with OVA or sham-sensitized with saline, and followed by oral OVA intubation, leading to OVA-specific acute diarrhea. Compared with sham-sensitized mice, sera OVA-specific IgG1 and total IgE in OVA-sensitized mice were dramatically elevated, and the number of mast cells was greatly increased in the jejunum of the OVA-sensitized mice. Principle component analysis of the DGGE profile showed that samples from group of OVA-sensitized mice and group of sham-sensitized mice were scattered into two different regions. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the number of 16S rRNA gene copies of Lactobacillus in the colon of OVA-sensitized mice decreased significantly, while there was no significant difference in the number of Bifidobacterium and total bacteria. In conclusion, OVA-specific allergic diarrhea was successfully induced under a sub-barrier system, and changes of allergic reactions during induction was coupled with changes in gut microbiota, especially the number of colonic Lactobacillus, but the role of gut microbiota in the development of food allergic reactions needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Hong Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Song-Wei Fan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei-Yun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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23
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de Kivit S, Tobin MC, DeMeo MT, Fox S, Garssen J, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A, Landay AL. In vitro evaluation of intestinal epithelial TLR activation in preventing food allergic responses. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:91-9. [PMID: 25058467 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiota composition are associated with food allergy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to microbial stimuli. We studied the effects of the ligation of TLRs on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in preventing an allergic effector response. IEC monolayers (T84 cells) were co-cultured with CD3/28-activated PBMCs from healthy controls or atopic patients and simultaneously apically exposed to TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9 ligands. The barrier integrity of T84 cell monolayers was significantly reduced upon co-culture with PBMCs of food allergic subjects compared to healthy subjects. Apical exposure of IECs to a TLR9 ligand prevented PBMC-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Using PBMCs from food allergic subjects, apical TLR9 activation on IECs increased the IFN-γ/IL-13 and IL-10/IL-13 ratio, while suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α production in an IEC-dependent manner. Hence, the activation of apical TLR9 on IECs, potentially by microbiota-derived signals, may play an important role in the prevention of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander de Kivit
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mary C Tobin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark T DeMeo
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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24
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Castellazzi AM, Valsecchi C, Caimmi S, Licari A, Marseglia A, Leoni MC, Caimmi D, Miraglia del Giudice M, Leonardi S, La Rosa M, Marseglia GL. Probiotics and food allergy. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:47. [PMID: 23895430 PMCID: PMC3733627 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact prevalence of food allergy in the general population is unknown, but almost 12% of pediatric population refers a suspicion of food allergy. IgE mediated reactions to food are actually the best-characterized types of allergy, and they might be particularly harmful especially in children. According to the "hygiene hypothesis" low or no exposure to exogenous antigens in early life may increase the risk of allergic diseases by both delaying the development of the immune tolerance and limiting the Th2/Th1 switch. The critical role of intestinal microbiota in the development of immune tolerance improved recently the interest on probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acid, folate and vitamins, which seem to have positive effects on the immune functions.Probiotics consist in bacteria or yeast, able to re-colonize and restore microflora symbiosis in intestinal tract. One of the most important characteristics of probiotics is their safety for human health. Thanks to their ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and to modulate and stabilize the composition of gut microflora, probiotics bacteria may play an important role in the regulation of intestinal and systemic immunity. They actually seem capable of restoring the intestinal microbic equilibrium and modulating the activation of immune cells.Several studies have been recently conducted on the role of probiotics in preventing and/or treating allergic disorders, but the results are often quite contradictory, probably because of the heterogeneity of strains, the duration of therapy and the doses administered to patients. Therefore, new studies are needed in order to clarify the functions and the utility of probiotics in food allergies and ion other types of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Castellazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Valsecchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Caimmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Leoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Caimmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario La Rosa
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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25
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Tuo Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Ai L, Zhang Y, Han X, Yi H. Study of probiotic potential of four wild Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. Anaerobe 2013; 21:22-7. [PMID: 23528983 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The four wild Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains were examined in vitro for resistance to simulated gastro and intestinal juices, adhesion to HT-29 cells, antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunomodulating activity. The strains L. rhamnosus SB5L, J5L and IN1L were able to survive in simulated gastro juice while the strain L. rhamnosus SB31L lost viability exposed to simulated gastro juice for 3 h. The four strains had high viability in simulated small intestinal juice with little loss (<1.0 cycle reduction). The strains SB5L, J5L and IN1L antagonized against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Shigella sonnei ATCC 25931. The strain L. rhamnosus IN1L had the highest adhesive capability to HT-29 cells in vitro (251 bacteria cells per 100 HT-29 cells) compared to the other three L. rhamnosus strains. The live bacteria, cell wall and DNA of the four L. rhamnosus induced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ and TNF-α by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The levels of IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ and TNF-α produced by stimulated PBMCs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control. Those data indicated that the four L. rhamnosus strains have the potential as the probiotic for human being use, although further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Tuo
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technical Centre of Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200436, PR China.
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Cueto-Sola M, Bailon E, Utrilla P, Rodríguez-Ruiz J, Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Xaus J, Gálvez J, Comalada M. Active Colitis Exacerbates Immune Response to Internalized Food Antigens in Mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:214-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000353596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Karlsson M, Scherbak N, Khalaf H, Olsson PE, Jass J. Substances released from probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 potentiate NF-κB activity in Escherichia coli-stimulated urinary bladder cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:147-56. [PMID: 22620976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 is a probiotic bacterium used to maintain urogenital health. The putative mechanism for its probiotic effect is by modulating the host immunity. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli that frequently evade or suppress immune responses in the bladder and can target pathways, including nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). We evaluated the role of L. rhamnosus GR-1 on NF-κB activation in E. coli-stimulated bladder cells. Viable L. rhamnosus GR-1 was found to potentiate NF-κB activity in E. coli-stimulated T24 bladder cells, whereas heat-killed lactobacilli demonstrated a marginal increase in NF-κB activity. Surface components released by trypsin- or LiCl treatment, or the resultant heat-killed shaved lactobacilli, had no effect on NF-κB activity. Isolation of released products from L. rhamnosus GR-1 demonstrated that the induction of NF-κB activity was owing to released product(s) with a relatively large native size. Several putative immunomodulatory proteins were identified, namely GroEL, elongation factor Tu and NLP/P60. GroEL and elongation factor Tu have previously been shown to elicit immune responses from human cells. Isolating and using immune-augmenting substances produced by lactobacilli is a novel strategy for the prevention or treatment of UTI caused by immune-evading E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Karlsson
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Zhong Y, Huang J, Tang W, Chen B, Cai W. Effects of probiotics, probiotic DNA and the CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on ovalbumin-sensitized Brown-Norway rats via TLR9/NF-κB pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:71-82. [PMID: 22612777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of living probiotics, probiotic DNA and the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) on both immune response and intestinal barrier function in ovalbumin-sensitized rat and the underlying mechanisms. Brown-Norway rats were orally sensitized with ovalbumin, and living probiotics, probiotic DNA extraction, synthetic CpG-ODN or non-CpG ODN control was administered. In the living probiotics, probiotic DNA and CpG-ODN groups, the allergic response was significantly inhibited, the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance was shifted away from Th2 side, the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+high) Treg cells was increased, and the intestinal barrier function was improved. The levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 mRNA and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, as well as the IκB-α phosphorylation (p-IκB-α) was significantly increased in these three intervention groups compared with the OVA-positive group, whereas no such effects were found in the non-CpG ODN control group. These data show that the probiotic genomic DNA and the synthetic CpG-ODN was comparable with living probiotics in preventing food allergic response by immune modulation and intestinal barrier function enhancement, and the activation of TLR9/NF-κB signal pathway might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- Clinical Nutrition Center, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Yoda K, He F, Miyazawa K, Kawase M, Kubota A, Hiramatsu M. Orally administered heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 alters respiratory immune responses and intestinal microbiota of diet-induced obese mice. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:155-62. [PMID: 22519947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 on changes in respiratory immune function and intestinal microbiota in a diet-induced obese mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 8 weeks, the high-fat-diet-induced obese mice (DIO mice) were randomly divided into two 0067roups, the DIO and DIO0356 groups. DIO0356 group mice were orally fed with heat-killed TMC0356 every day for 8 weeks, while DIO group mice were exposed to 0·85% NaCl over the same time period as controls. After intervention, the pulmonary mRNA expression of cytokines and other immune molecules in DIO0356 mice compared to those in DIO group mice was significantly increased (P < 0·05, P < 0·01). In faecal bacterial profiles, analysed using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method, T-RFLP patterns in 75% of the DIO0356 group mice were apparently changed compared with those in control group mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that inactive lactobacilli may stimulate the respiratory immune responses of obese host animals to enhance their natural defences against respiratory infection, partially associating with their potent impact on intestinal microbiota. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We have demonstrated that oral administration of inactive lactobacilli may protect host animals from the lung immune dysfunction caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoda
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Shimazu T, Villena J, Tohno M, Fujie H, Hosoya S, Shimosato T, Aso H, Suda Y, Kawai Y, Saito T, Makino S, Ikegami S, Itoh H, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii elicits anti-inflammatory activity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells by modulating negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Infect Immun 2012; 80:276-88. [PMID: 22083706 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.05729-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 on the inflammatory immune response triggered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells) was evaluated. Challenges with ETEC or LPS elicited Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory responses in cultured PIE cells, indicating that our cell line may be useful for studying inflammation in the guts of weaning piglets. In addition, we demonstrated that L. jensenii TL2937 attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines caused by ETEC or LPS challenge by downregulating TLR4-dependent nuclear factorκB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that L. jensenii TL2937 stimulation of PIE cells upregulated three negative regulators of TLRs: A20, Bcl-3, and MKP-1, deepening the understanding of an immunobiotic mechanism of action. L. jensenii TL2937-mediated induction of negative regulators of TLRs would have a substantial physiological impact on homeostasis in PIE cells, because excessive TLR inflammatory signaling would be downregulated. These results indicated that PIE cells can be used to study the mechanisms involved in the protective activity of immunobiotics against intestinal inflammatory damage and may provide useful information for the development of new immunologically functional feeds that help to prevent inflammatory intestinal disorders, including weaning-associated intestinal inflammation.
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Aureli P, Capurso L, Castellazzi AM, Clerici M, Giovannini M, Morelli L, Poli A, Pregliasco F, Salvini F, Zuccotti GV. Probiotics and health: An evidence-based review. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:366-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tuo Y, Zhang L, Han X, Du M, Zhang Y, Yi H, Zhang W, Jiao Y. In vitro assessment of immunomodulating activity of the two Lactobacillus strains isolated from traditional fermented milk. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 27:505-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shimosato T, Tohno M, Sato T, Nishimura J, Kawai Y, Saito T, Kitazawa H. Identification of a potent immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide from Streptococcus thermophilus lacZ. Anim Sci J 2010; 80:597-604. [PMID: 20163626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory sequences of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), such as CpG ODNs, are potent stimulators of innate immunity. Here, we identified a strong immunostimulatory CpG ODN, which we named MsST, from the lac Z gene of Streptococcus (S.) thermophilus ATCC19258, and we evaluated its immune functions. In in vitro studies, MsST had a similar ability as the murine prototype CpG ODN 1555 to induce inflammatory cytokine production and cell proliferation. In mouse splenocytes, MsST increased the number of CD80+CD11c+and CD86+CD11c+ dendritic cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. We also analyzed the effects of MsST on the expression of regulatory cytokines by real-time quantitative PCR. MsST was more potent at inducing interleukin-10 expression than the ODN control 1612, indicating that MsST can augment the regulatory T cell response via Toll-like receptor 9, which plays an important role in suppressing T helper type 2 responses. These results suggest that S. thermophilus, whose genes include a strong Immunostimulatory sequence-ODN, is a good candidate for a starter culture to develop new physiologically functional foods and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimosato
- Fiber-Nanotech Young Researcher Empowerment Center, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Japan.
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Abstract
Commensal bacteria are important in intestinal homeostasis and appear to play a role in early tolerance to foreign antigens. The requirement for homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity poses a unique regulatory challenge to mucosal immune systems. Dysregulation of this balance can contribute to the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases. The primary response to these bacteria is triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). PRR comprise Toll-like receptors (TLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains, adhesion molecules and lectins. Probiotics are living commensal micro-organisms of the intestinal tract with clinically documented health effects in human subjects. They are known to affect the gastrointestinal tract and the associated immune system and to have numerous effects on intestinal function and immune responses, including immunotolerance. This last effect appears to be mediated via regulatory T-cell activation by intestinal dendritic cells and the low activation of T-helper 1 and 2 (Th1 and Th2) cell inflammatory responses. However, the precise mechanisms of probiotic activity remain poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to review the function of TLR in the development of immunotolerance and examine the specific role of probiotics in the regulation of tolerance to antigens.
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Ghadimi D, de Vrese M, Heller KJ, Schrezenmeir J. Lactic acid bacteria enhance autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokine (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reducing Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:694-706. [PMID: 20381647 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Control of the intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), mainly requires an appropriate ratio of Th1/Th2 cytokines to induce autophagy, a physiologically, and immunologically regulated process that has recently been highlighted as an innate defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. Current vaccines/adjuvants induce both protective Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokines, such as IFN-gamma, and immunosuppressive Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13. TB infection itself is also characterized by relatively high levels of Th2 cytokines, which down-regulate Th1 responses and subsequently subvert adequate protective immunity, and a low ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4. Therefore, there is a need for a safe and non-toxic vaccine/adjuvant that will induce Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokine (IFN-gamma) secretion and suppress the pre-existing subversive Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13). As lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to the natural intestinal microflora and their components have been shown to shift immune responses against other antigens from Th2-type cytokines toward Th1-type cytokines like IFN-gamma, we investigated whether LAB can improve the polarization of Th1/Th2 cytokines and autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes in response to Mtb antigen. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which are a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system and source of crucial macrophage activators in the in vivo situation, and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with Mtb antigen in the presence or absence of two strains of LAB, L. rhammosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium bifidum MF 20/5 (B.b). PBMCs cell culture supernatants were analyzed for the production of the autophagy-promoting factors IFN-gamma, and nitric oxide (NO) and the autophagy-restraining cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, using ELISA and Griess assays to detect the production of cytokines and NO, respectively. In HMDMs, expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-I), membrane-associated (LC3-II) forms of LC3 protein and Beclin-1, as hallmarks of autophagy, were assessed using Western blot to detect the autophagy markers. The secreted interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin (IL)-12 and transformig growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) from HMDMs were determined by ELISA. Also, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to assess the mRNA expressions of CCL18 in HMDMs. RESULTS Treatment of PBMCs with either Mtb antigen or with LAB significantly increased the IFN-gamma and NO production. Combination of Mtb antigen and LAB led to synergistic increase in IFN-gamma, and an additive increase in NO. Treatment with Mtb antigen alone significantly increased the IL-4 and IL-13 production. LAB significantly decreased IL-4 and IL-13 secretion in both unstimulated and Mtb antigen-stimulated PBMCs. The IFN-gamma/IL-4+IL-13 ratio was enhanced, indicating Th1/Th2 polarization. Treatment of macrophages with combined use of Mtb antigen and LAB led to an additive increase in Beclin-1, LC3-II expression, as well as in synergistic increase in IL-12 production. Treatment of macrophages with combined use of Mtb antigen and LAB led to a decrease in IL-6, IL-10, and CCL18 secretion. LAB inhibited the secretion of TGF-beta by Mtb-stimulated macrophages, however not significantly. Treatment of macrophages with combined use of Mtb antigen and LAB led to a decrease in CCL18 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Our study implies that LAB may reinforce the response of the mononuclear phagocytes to Mtb antigen by inducing production of the autophagy-promoting factors IFN-gamma and NO, while decreasing the Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Hence, combination of Mtb antigen and LAB may perhaps be safer in more efficacious TB vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darab Ghadimi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Str 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany.
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Ménard O, Gafa V, Kapel N, Rodriguez B, Butel MJ, Waligora-Dupriet AJ. Characterization of immunostimulatory CpG-rich sequences from different Bifidobacterium species. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76:2846-2855. [PMID: 20208019 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01714-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium are partly due to its immunostimulatory properties. These immunostimulatory properties may be linked to the presence of unmethylated CpG motifs specific to bacterial DNA, which may induce a TH1 response by activating Toll-like receptors (TLR). Using in silico analyses, PCR amplification, and dot blotting, we characterized the CpG content of various bifidobacterial strains and evaluated the immunostimulatory properties and genomic heterogeneity of these motifs in the genus. Our in silico study, based on entire genome sequences from five bifidobacterial strains, showed that Bifidobacterium genomes contain numerous CpG motifs, including 5'-purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-3' and 5'-purine-TCG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-3' motifs, and biologically active sequences previously identified in lactic acid bacteria. We identified four CpG-rich sequences with Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705. Two sequences with a percent G+C of about 68% included 14 and 16 CpG motifs. Two sequences with a percent G+C of about 60% included 16 and 6 CpG motifs. These sequences induce the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) through a pattern of TLR9 stimulation on RAW 264.7 macrophages. No link could be established between their immunostimulatory properties, the number of CpG motifs, and percent G+C. We investigated inter- and intraspecies heterogeneity in 71 strains of various origins. These sequences were highly conserved in the genus. No link was found between the presence of the CpG-rich sequence and the origin of the strains (healthy, allergic, or preterm infants). The high frequency of CpG motifs in the DNA of Bifidobacterium may play an important role in the immunostimulatory properties of commensal or probiotic bifidobacterial strains.
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Hol J, de Jongste JC, Nieuwenhuis EE. Quoting a landmark paper on the beneficial effects of probiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 124:1354-6.e9. [PMID: 19818483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shida K, Nanno M. Probiotics and immunology: separating the wheat from the chaff. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:565-73. [PMID: 18835747 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are live bacteria exhibiting health-promoting activities. Recent research has demonstrated that probiotics can prevent pathogen colonization of the gut and reduce the incidence or relieve the symptoms of various diseases caused by dysregulated immune responses. Probiotics seem to function by influencing both intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells of the gut, but the details of these effects are still being unraveled. Therefore, probiotics, through their effects on the host immune system, might ameliorate diseases triggered by disordered immune responses. Caveats remain and, because the beneficial effects of probiotics can vary between strains, the selection of the most suitable ones will be crucial for their use in the prevention or treatment of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Shida
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, including the gastrointestinal tract. While this beneficial effect was originally thought to stem from improvements in the intestinal microbial balance, there is now substantial evidence that probiotics can also provide benefits by modulating immune functions. In animal models, probiotic supplementation is able to provide protection from spontaneous and chemically induced colitis by downregulating inflammatory cytokines or inducing regulatory mechanisms in a strain-specific manner. In animal models of allergen sensitization and murine models of asthma and allergic rhinitis, orally administered probiotics can strain-dependently decrease allergen-specific IgE production, in part by modulating systemic cytokine production. Certain probiotics have been shown to decrease airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation by inducing regulatory mechanisms. Promising results have been obtained with probiotics in the treatment of human inflammatory diseases of the intestine and in the prevention and treatment of atopic eczema in neonates and infants. However, the findings are too variable to allow firm conclusions as to the effectiveness of specific probiotics in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Department of Nutrition, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Soh SE, Aw M, Gerez I, Chong YS, Rauff M, Ng YPM, Wong HB, Pai N, Lee BW, Shek LPC. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants--effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 39:571-8. [PMID: 19134020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of probiotics in allergy prevention remains uncertain but has been shown in some studies to have a possible protective effect on eczema. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life on eczema and allergic sensitization at 1 year of age in Asian infants at risk of allergic disease. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial involving 253 infants with a family history of allergic disease was carried out. Infants received at least 60 mL of commercially available cow's milk formula with or without probiotic supplementation [Bifidobacterium longum (BL999) 1 x 10(7) colony forming unit (CFU)/g and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR) 2 x 10(7) CFU/g] daily for the first 6 months. Clinical evaluation was performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of age, with serum total IgE measurement and skin prick tests conducted at the 12-month visit. The primary and secondary end-points were eczema and allergen sensitization, respectively. RESULTS The incidence of eczema in the probiotic (22%) group was similar to that in the placebo group (25%) (P=0.53). The median Scoring Atopic Dermatitis score at 12 months was 17.10 (9.74) in the probiotic group and 11.60 (8.40) in the placebo group (P=0.17). The prevalence of allergen sensitization showed no difference (probiotic=24% vs. placebo=19%, P=0.26). The total IgE geometric mean (95% confidence interval) was 18.76 (12.54-24.98) kU/L in the probiotic group and 23.13 (16.01-30.24) kU/L in the placebo group (P=0.15). Atopic eczema (with sensitization) in the probiotic (7.3%) group was comparable to the placebo group (5.8%) (P=0.86). CONCLUSION Early life administration of a cow's milk formula supplemented with probiotics showed no effect on prevention of eczema or allergen sensitization in the first year of life in Asian infants at risk of allergic disease. Further work is needed to determine whether timing of supplementation, dose and probiotic strain are important considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Hospital, Singapore
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