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Sobkowska D, Szałapska A, Pawlaczyk M, Urbańska M, Micek I, Wróblewska-Kończalik K, Sobkowska J, Jałowska M, Gornowicz-Porowska J. The Role of Cosmetology in an Effective Treatment of Rosacea: A Narrative Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1419-1430. [PMID: 37303984 PMCID: PMC10252991 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s412800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory facial skin disease usually occurring in middle-aged patients. It manifests itself as an inflammatory condition with perivascular infiltrate, dilated blood vessels, lymphoedema, hyperplasia of sebaceous glands, and disorders of connective tissue structures brought on by fibrosis. Rosacea is characterized by multifactorial inflammatory mechanisms, and therefore it requires an interdisciplinary approach including adequate skin care, topical and/or systemic therapy, and physical modalities to successfully treat the various symptoms and disease subtypes. However, data regarding the possible role of cosmetologists in rosacea remains scanty and equivocal. The objectives of cosmetology therapy include restoration and regeneration, anti-inflammatory effects, the strengthening of blood vessels and regulation of their permeability, and the regulation of keratinization. Vascular abnormalities can be targeted with specific light and laser devices. Therefore, the present paper aims to review the latest advances and summarize different aspects concerning skin care in rosacea. Particular attention has been paid to the co-operation of cosmetologists with other specialists in order to bring about the interdisciplinary management of rosacea. It is also important to keep in mind that it is usually necessary to combine various methods of treatment, as this approach is more effective than monotherapy for attaining satisfactory cosmetic results in rosacea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sobkowska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szałapska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Mariola Pawlaczyk
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Maria Urbańska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | - Iwona Micek
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
| | | | | | - Magdalena Jałowska
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-355, Poland
| | - Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Prevention of Skin Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 60-806, Poland
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Tuo S, Li C, Liu F, Zhu Y, Chen T, Feng Z, Liu H, Li A. A Novel Multitasking Ant Colony Optimization Method for Detecting Multiorder SNP Interactions. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:814-832. [PMID: 35788965 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-022-00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Linear or nonlinear interactions of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play an important role in understanding the genetic basis of complex human diseases. However, combinatorial analytics in high-dimensional space makes it extremely challenging to detect multiorder SNP interactions. Most classic approaches can only perform one task (for detecting k-order SNP interactions) in each run. Since prior knowledge of a complex disease is usually not available, it is difficult to determine the value of k for detecting k-order SNP interactions. METHODS A novel multitasking ant colony optimization algorithm (named MTACO-DMSI) is proposed to detect multiorder SNP interactions, and it is divided into two stages: searching and testing. In the searching stage, multiple multiorder SNP interaction detection tasks (from 2nd-order to kth-order) are executed in parallel, and two subpopulations that separately adopt the Bayesian network-based K2-score and Jensen-Shannon divergence (JS-score) as evaluation criteria are generated for each task to improve the global search capability and the discrimination ability for various disease models. In the testing stage, the G test statistical test is adopted to further verify the authenticity of candidate solutions to reduce the error rate. RESULT Three multiorder simulated disease models with different interaction effects and three real age-related macular degeneration (AMD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) datasets were used to investigate the performance of the proposed MTACO-DMSI. The experimental results show that the MTACO-DMSI has a faster search speed and higher discriminatory power for diverse simulation disease models than traditional single-task algorithms. The results on real AMD data and RA and T1D datasets indicate that MTACO-DMSI has the ability to detect multiorder SNP interactions at a genome-wide scale. Availability and implementation: https://github.com/shouhengtuo/MTACO-DMSI/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Tuo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - YanLing Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - TianRui Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZengYu Feng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, China
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Kim SY, Kim EG, Kim M, Hong JY, Kim GE, Jung JH, Park M, Kim MJ, Kim YH, Sohn MH, Kim KW. Genome-wide association study identifies BTNL2 associated with atopic asthma in children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27626. [PMID: 34871226 PMCID: PMC8568460 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation with a genetic predisposition. Butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that plays an important role in regulating T cell activation and immune homeostasis. Here, we aimed to investigate the association of the genetic variants of BTNL2 with childhood asthma and asthma-related traits by utilizing extreme asthma phenotypes and employing a genome-wide association study. Our study included 243 children with well-defined moderate to severe atopic asthma and 134 healthy children with no history of allergic diseases and allergic sensitization. DNA from these subjects was genotyped using AxiomTM Genome-Wide Array Plates. Although no single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached a genome-wide threshold of significance, 3 SNPs, rs3817971, rs41355746, and rs41441651, at BTNL2 were significantly associated with moderate to severe atopic asthma after performing Bonferroni correction. These SNPs were also associated with the risk of allergic sensitization toward house dust mites and the presence and degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Thus, we identified that BTNL2 was associated with atopic moderate to severe persistent asthma in Korean children, and this may play an important role in disease development and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwa Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mireu Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Panea C, Zhang R, VanValkenburgh J, Ni M, Adler C, Wei Y, Ochoa F, Schmahl J, Tang Y, Siao CJ, Poueymirou W, Espert J, Lim WK, Atwal GS, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MA, Hovhannisyan Z, Haxhinasto S. Butyrophilin-like 2 regulates site-specific adaptations of intestinal γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:913. [PMID: 34312491 PMCID: PMC8313535 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Epithelia-specific butyrophilin-like (Btnl) molecules induce perinatal development of distinct Vγ TCR+ IELs, however, the mechanisms that control γδ IEL maintenance within discrete intestinal segments are unclear. Here, we show that Btnl2 suppressed homeostatic proliferation of γδ IELs preferentially in the ileum. High throughput transcriptomic characterization of site-specific Btnl2-KO γδ IELs reveals that Btnl2 regulated the antimicrobial response module of ileal γδ IELs. Btnl2 deficiency shapes the TCR specificities and TCRγ/δ repertoire diversity of ileal γδ IELs. During DSS-induced colitis, Btnl2-KO mice exhibit increased inflammation and delayed mucosal repair in the colon. Collectively, these data suggest that Btnl2 fine-tunes γδ IEL frequencies and TCR specificities in response to site-specific homeostatic and inflammatory cues. Hence, Btnl-mediated targeting of γδ IEL development and maintenance may help dissect their immunological functions in intestinal diseases with segment-specific manifestations. Panea et al showed that epithelia-specific butyrophilinlike 2 (Btnl2) suppressed homeostatic proliferation of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) preferentially in the ileum and used high throughput transcriptomic characterization of Btnl2-deficient γδ IELs to demonstrate that Btnl2 impacts γδ TCR specificities and repertoire diversity of ileal γδ IELs. In addition, they showed that Btnl2-deficient mice exhibited increased inflammation and delayed mucosal repair in the colon, suggesting that it plays a key immunological function in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Min Ni
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Yi Wei
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Yajun Tang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wei Keat Lim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Basak AJ, Maiti S, Hansda A, Mahata D, Duraivelan K, Kundapura SV, Lee W, Mukherjee G, De S, Samanta D. Structural Insights into N-terminal IgV Domain of BTNL2, a T Cell Inhibitory Molecule, Suggests a Non-canonical Binding Interface for Its Putative Receptors. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5938-5950. [PMID: 32976909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T cell costimulation is mediated by the interaction of a number of receptors and ligands present on the surface of the T cell and antigen-presenting cell, respectively. Stimulatory or inhibitory signals from these receptor-ligand interactions work in tandem to preserve immune homeostasis. BTNL2 is a type-1 membrane protein that provides inhibitory signal to T cells and plays an important role in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, manipulation of the molecular interaction of BTNL2 with its putative receptor could provide strategies to restore immune homeostasis in these diseases. Hence, it is imperative to study the structural characteristics of this molecule, which will provide important insights into its function as well. In this study, the membrane-distal ectodomain of murine BTNL2 was expressed in bacteria as inclusion bodies, refolded in vitro and purified for functional and structural characterization. The domain is monomeric in solution as demonstrated by size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, and also binds to its putative receptor on naïve B cells and activated T cell subsets. Importantly, for the first time, we report the structure of BTNL2 as determined by solution NMR spectroscopy and also the picosecond-nanosecond timescale backbone dynamics of this domain. The N-terminal ectodomain of BTNL2, which was able to inhibit T cell function as well, exhibits distinctive structural features. The N-terminal ectodomain of BTNL2 has a significantly reduced surface area in the front sheet due to the non-canonical conformation of the CC' loop, which provides important insights into the recognition of its presently unknown binding partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Basak
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Snigdha Maiti
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Anita Hansda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Mahata
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Shankar V Kundapura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Woonghee Lee
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, and Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Soumya De
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
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Tian X, Lin Y, Cui C, Su M, Lai L. BTNL2-Ig Protein Attenuates Type 1 Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800987. [PMID: 30884196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed. Although butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) has been shown to be a negative T cell regulator in vitro, its ability to inhibit T cell responses in vivo has not been determined. In this study, the effect of a recombinant BTNL2-IgG2a Fc (rBTNL2-Ig) fusion protein on T1D development in vivo is determined. It is shown here that in vivo administration of rBTNL2-Ig ameliorates T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. This is associated with the ability of rBTNL2-Ig to inhibit the proliferation, activation, and inflammatory cytokine production from autoreactive T cells in vivo. In addition, rBTNL2-Ig treatment increases the generation of regulatory T cells. The results suggest that targeting the BTNL2 pathway has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Department of Tissue engineeringSchool of Fundamental ScienceChina Medical University Shenyang Liaoning 110122 China
| | - Yujun Lin
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Cheng Cui
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
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Cui C, Tian X, Lin Y, Su M, Chen Q, Wang SY, Lai L. In vivo administration of recombinant BTNL2-Fc fusion protein ameliorates graft-versus-host disease in mice. Cell Immunol 2018; 335:22-29. [PMID: 30389093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been widely used in the treatment of many diseases, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major complication after allogeneic HSCT. Butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) protein has been reported to have the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro; its ability to inhibit T cell responses in vivo has not been determined. We show here that in vivo administration of recombinant BTNL2-IgG2a Fc (rBTNL2-Ig) fusion protein ameliorates GVHD in mice. This is related to the ability of rBTNL2-Ig to inhibit T cell proliferation, activation and Th1/Th17 cytokine production in vivo. Furthermore, rBTNL2-Ig treatment increases the generation of regulatory T cells. Our results suggest that rBTNL2-Ig has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of patients with GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cui
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yujun Lin
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Shao-Yuan Wang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Hematology Department of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, China
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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Moon CM, Kim SW, Ahn JB, Ma HW, Che X, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH. Deep Resequencing of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Genes Identifies Novel Variants in Candidate Genes in the Korean Population. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1706-1717. [PMID: 29733354 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses have revealed the genetic background of ulcerative colitis (UC) by identifying common variants. However, these variants do not fully explain the disease variance in UC. To identify novel variants, we performed deep resequencing of UC-associated genes in Korean UC patients and subsequently investigated the functional roles of identified susceptibility genes. METHODS We performed targeted deep resequencing of 108 genes in 24 Korean UC patients and then performed association analysis with data from 126 healthy controls. We validated these variants using 2-stage replication studies including 793 UC patients and 783 controls. We performed in silico and pathway analyses and functional analyses. RESULTS The combined analysis including 2 replication studies identified 6 novel susceptibility loci and reconfirmed 10 previously reported loci. Among the novel single nucleotide variants (SNVs), rs10035653 in C5orf55 (P = 2.08 × 10-3; OR = 1.50), rs41417449 in BTNL2 (P = 1.27 × 10-2; OR = 1.32), rs3117099 in HCG23 (P = 9.98 × 10-6; OR = 1.40), rs7192 in HLA-DRA (P = 6.95 × 10-9; OR = 1.57), and rs3744246 in ORMDL3 (P = 2.21 × 10-2; OR = 1.21) were identified as causal variants, whereas rs713669 in IL17REL (P = 2.69 × 10-2; OR = 0.84) as a protective variant for UC. When correcting multiple testing, 3 novel SNVs (rs41417449 in BTNL2, rs3744246 in ORMDL3, and rs713669 in IL17REL) and 4 previously reported SNVs did not reach a statistical significance. Functional study suggested that SNVs of BTNL2 and C5orf55 exacerbated the inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study identified 3 novel susceptibility loci and validated 6 previously reported SNVs for UC through deep resequencing in Koreans and revealed the functional roles of BTNL2 and C5orf55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Mo Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiumei Che
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bao Q, Li C, Xu C, Zhang R, Zhao K, Duan Z. Porcine enterocyte protein Btnl5 negatively regulates NF-kappa B pathway by interfering p65 nuclear translocation. Gene 2018; 646:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Malinowska M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Butyrophilins: an important new element of resistance. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:399-403. [PMID: 29472819 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.72806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily are new immune system regulators because they are present on lymphocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, and they exert a stimulatory and (or) inhibitory effect on them. The role of butyrophilins is associated and results from their similarity to the regulatory B7 protein family involved in the modulation of immune phenomena. Butyrophilins are glycoproteins built of two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, stabilized with disulfide bonds: constant IgC, and variable IgV and a transmembrane region. Most of these proteins contain a conserved domain encoded by a single exon – B30.2, also referred to as PRYSPRY. In humans, the family of butyrophilins includes 7 butyrophilin proteins, 5 butyrophilin-like proteins and the SKINT-like factor. Butyrophilins have been also demonstrated to play a role in various infections, e.g. tuberculosis or diseases that include sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, genetic metabolic diseases, ulcerative colitis, cancer and kidney disease.
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Abstract
Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography—high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based—omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc.
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Lebrero-Fernández C, Bas-Forsberg A. The ontogeny of Butyrophilin-like (Btnl) 1 and Btnl6 in murine small intestine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31524. [PMID: 27528202 DOI: 10.1038/srep31524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine Butyrophilin-like (Btnl) 1 and Btnl6 are primarily restricted to intestinal epithelium where they regulate the function of intraepithelial T lymphocytes. We recently demonstrated that Btnl1 and Btnl6 can form an intra-family heterocomplex and that the Btnl1-Btnl6 complex selectively expands Vγ7Vδ4 TCR IELs. To define the regulation of Btnl expression in the small intestine during ontogeny we examined the presence of Btnl1 and Btnl6 in the small bowel of newborn to 4-week-old mice. Although RNA expression of Btnl1 and Btnl6 was detected in the small intestine at day 0, Btnl1 and Btnl6 protein expression was substantially delayed and was not detectable in the intestinal epithelium until the mice reached 2–3 weeks of age. The markedly elevated Btnl protein level at week 3 coincided with a significant increase of γδ TCR IELs, particularly those bearing the Vγ7Vδ4 receptor. This was not dependent on gut microbial colonization as mice housed in germ-free conditions had normal Btnl protein levels. Taken together, our data show that the expression of Btnl1 and Btnl6 is delayed in the murine neonatal gut and that the appearance of the Btnl1 and Btnl6 proteins in the intestinal mucosa associates with the expansion of Vγ7Vδ4 TCR IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; ,
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Lebrero-Fernández C, Wenzel UA, Akeus P, Wang Y, Strid H, Simrén M, Gustavsson B, Börjesson LG, Cardell SL, Öhman L, Quiding-Järbrink M, Bas-Forsberg A. Altered expression of Butyrophilin ( BTN) and BTN-like ( BTNL) genes in intestinal inflammation and colon cancer. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:191-200. [PMID: 27957327 PMCID: PMC4879465 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several Butyrophilin (BTN) and Btn‐like (BTNL) molecules control T lymphocyte responses, and are genetically associated with inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this study, we present a comprehensive expression analysis of human and murine BTN and BTNL genes in conditions associated with intestinal inflammation and cancer. Using real‐time PCR, expression of human BTN and BTNL genes was analyzed in samples from patients with ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon tumors. Expression of murine Btn and Btnl genes was examined in mouse models of spontaneous colitis (Muc2−/−) and intestinal tumorigenesis (ApcMin/+). Our analysis indicates a strong association of several of the human genes with ulcerative colitis and colon cancer; while especially BTN1A1, BTN2A2, BTN3A3, and BTNL8 were significantly altered in inflammation, colonic tumors exhibited significantly decreased levels of BTNL2, BTNL3, BTNL8, and BTNL9 as compared to unaffected tissue. Colonic inflammation in Muc2−/− mice significantly down‐regulated the expression of particularly Btnl1, Btnl4, and Btnl6 mRNA, and intestinal polyps derived from ApcMin/+ mice displayed altered levels of Btn1a1, Btn2a2, and Btnl1 transcripts. Thus, our data present an association of BTN and BTNL genes with intestinal inflammation and cancer and represent a valuable resource for further studies of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulf Alexander Wenzel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paulina Akeus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hans Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Institute of Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden; Center for Functional GI and Motility DisordersUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Bengt Gustavsson
- Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lars G Börjesson
- Department of Surgery Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden; School of Health and EducationUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSweden
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Bas-Forsberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Lebrero-Fernández C, Bergström JH, Pelaseyed T, Bas-Forsberg A. Murine Butyrophilin-Like 1 and Btnl6 Form Heteromeric Complexes in Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Promote Proliferation of Local T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2016; 7:1. [PMID: 26834743 PMCID: PMC4717187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, few molecular conduits mediating the cross-talk between intestinal epithelial cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been described. We recently showed that butyrophilin-like (Btnl) 1 can attenuate the epithelial response to activated IELs, resulting in reduced production of proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 and CXCL1. We here report that like Btnl1, murine Btnl6 expression is primarily confined to the intestinal epithelium. Although Btnl1 can exist in a cell surface-expressed homomeric form, we found that it additionally forms heteromeric complexes with Btnl6, and that the engagement of Btnl1 is a prerequisite for surface expression of Btnl6 on intestinal epithelial cells. In an IEL-epithelial cell coculture system, enforced epithelial cell expression of Btnl1 significantly enhanced the proliferation of IELs in the absence of exogenous activation. The effect on proliferation was dependent on the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 and restricted to IELs upregulating CD25. In the γδ T-cell subset, the Btnl1-Btnl6 complex, but not Btnl1, specifically elevated the proliferation of IELs bearing the Vγ7Vδ4 receptor. Thus, our results show that murine epithelial cell-specific Btnl proteins can form intrafamily heterocomplexes and suggest that the interaction between Btnl proteins and IELs regulates the expansion of IELs in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Joakim H Bergström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Thaher Pelaseyed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Anna Bas-Forsberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Abstract
The great success of anti-cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programed cell death protein 1 (PD1) in cancer treatment has encouraged more effort in harnessing the immune response through immunomodulatory molecules in various diseases. The immunoglobulin (Ig) super family comprises the majority of immunomodulatory molecules. Discovery of novel Ig super family members has brought novel insights into the function of different immune cells in tolerance maintenance. In this review, we discuss the function of newly identified B7 family molecules, B7-H4 and V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA), and the butyrophilin/butyrophilin-like family members. We discuss the current stages of immunomodulatory molecules in clinical trials of organ transplantation. The potential of engaging the novel Ig superfamily members in tolerance maintenance is also discussed. We conclude with the challenges remaining to manipulate these molecules in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Adele Y Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
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Subramaniam KS, Spaulding E, Ivan E, Mutimura E, Kim RS, Liu X, Dong C, Feintuch CM, Zhang X, Anastos K, Lauvau G, Daily JP. The T-Cell Inhibitory Molecule Butyrophilin-Like 2 Is Up-regulated in Mild Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Is Protective During Experimental Cerebral Malaria. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1322-31. [PMID: 25883389 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection can result in severe disease that is associated with elevated inflammation and vital organ dysfunction; however, malaria-endemic residents gain protection from lethal outcomes and manifest only mild symptoms during infection. To characterize host responses associated with this more effective antimalarial response, we characterized whole-blood transcriptional profiles in Rwandan adults during a mild malaria episode and compared them with findings from a convalescence sample. We observed transcriptional up-regulation in many pathways, including type I interferon, interferon γ, complement activation, and nitric oxide during malaria infection, which provide benchmarks of mild disease physiology. Transcripts encoding negative regulators of T-cell activation, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2), and the butyrophilin family member butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) were also increased. To support an important functional role for BTNL2 during malaria infection, we studied chimeric mice reconstituted with BTNL2(-/-) or wild-type hematopoietic cells that were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, a murine model of cerebral malaria. We found that BTNL2(-/-) chimeric mice had a significant decrease in survival compared with wild-type counterparts. Collectively these data characterize the immune responses associated with mild malaria and uncover a novel role for BTNL2 in the host response to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emil Ivan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda
| | | | | | - Xikui Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | | | - Kathryn Anastos
- Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Johanna P Daily
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Prescott NJ, Lehne B, Stone K, Lee JC, Taylor K, Knight J, Papouli E, Mirza MM, Simpson MA, Spain SL, Lu G, Fraternali F, Bumpstead SJ, Gray E, Amar A, Bye H, Green P, Chung-Faye G, Hayee B, Pollok R, Satsangi J, Parkes M, Barrett JC, Mansfield JC, Sanderson J, Lewis CM, Weale ME, Schlitt T, Mathew CG; UK IBD Genetics Consortium. Pooled sequencing of 531 genes in inflammatory bowel disease identifies an associated rare variant in BTNL2 and implicates other immune related genes. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004955. [PMID: 25671699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of rare coding sequence variants to genetic susceptibility in complex disorders is an important but unresolved question. Most studies thus far have investigated a limited number of genes from regions which contain common disease associated variants. Here we investigate this in inflammatory bowel disease by sequencing the exons and proximal promoters of 531 genes selected from both genome-wide association studies and pathway analysis in pooled DNA panels from 474 cases of Crohn’s disease and 480 controls. 80 variants with evidence of association in the sequencing experiment or with potential functional significance were selected for follow up genotyping in 6,507 IBD cases and 3,064 population controls. The top 5 disease associated variants were genotyped in an extension panel of 3,662 IBD cases and 3,639 controls, and tested for association in a combined analysis of 10,147 IBD cases and 7,008 controls. A rare coding variant p.G454C in the BTNL2 gene within the major histocompatibility complex was significantly associated with increased risk for IBD (p = 9.65x10−10, OR = 2.3[95% CI = 1.75–3.04]), but was independent of the known common associated CD and UC variants at this locus. Rare (<1%) and low frequency (1–5%) variants in 3 additional genes showed suggestive association (p<0.005) with either an increased risk (ARIH2 c.338-6C>T) or decreased risk (IL12B p.V298F, and NICN p.H191R) of IBD. These results provide additional insights into the involvement of the inhibition of T cell activation in the development of both sub-phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease. We suggest that although rare coding variants may make a modest overall contribution to complex disease susceptibility, they can inform our understanding of the molecular pathways that contribute to pathogenesis. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are two forms of inflammatory bowel disease which cause chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Common genetic variants in more than 160 regions of the human genome have been associated with an altered risk of these disorders, but leave much of the estimated genetic contribution to disease risk unexplained. We sought to establish whether rare genetic variants which alter the structure or function of the proteins encoded by genes also contribute to disease susceptibility. We used high throughput DNA sequencing to screen over 500 genes for such variants in nearly 500 patients and controls, and validated interesting variants in about 10,000 patients and 7,000 controls. We detected association of a limited number of rare variants from coding regions with disease, suggesting that they do not account for a large proportion of genetic susceptibility. However, they highlight the involvement of genes of potential importance in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, including those involved in the activation of immune cells, the regulation of immune response genes, and the degradation of proteins in cells.
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Brown RS, Lombardi A, Hasham A, Greenberg DA, Gordon J, Concepcion E, Hammerstad SS, Lotay V, Zhang W, Tomer Y. Genetic analysis in young-age-of-onset Graves' disease reveals new susceptibility loci. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1387-91. [PMID: 24684463 PMCID: PMC4079314 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic and environmental factors play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Graves' Disease (GD). Children with GD have less exposure time to environmental factors and therefore are believed to harbor stronger genetic susceptibility than adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify susceptibility loci that predispose to GD in patients with young-age-of-onset (YAO) GD. SETTING AND DESIGN One hundred six patients with YAO GD (onset <30 y) and 855 healthy subjects were studied. Cases and controls were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium Immunochip, designed to genotype 196,524 polymorphisms. Case control association analyses were performed using the PLINK computer package. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis program (QIAGEN) was used to carry out pathway analyses. RESULTS Immunochip genetic association analysis identified 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in several genes that were significantly associated with YAO GD, including major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes, BTNL2, NOTCH4, TNFAIP3, and CXCR4. Candidate gene analysis revealed that most of the genes previously shown to be associated with adult-onset GD were also associated with YAO GD. Pathway analysis demonstrated that antigen presentation, T-helper cell differentiation, and B cell development were the major pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of YAO GD. CONCLUSIONS Genetic analysis identified novel susceptibility loci in YAO GD adding a new dimension to the understanding of GD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind S Brown
- Division of Endocrinology (R.B., J.G.), Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Division of Endocrinology (A.L., A.H., E.C., S.S.H., Y.T.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine (D.G.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core (V.L., W.Z.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029; and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx (Y.T.), New York, New York 10468
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Salomonsen J, Chattaway JA, Chan AC, Parker A, Huguet S, Marston DA, Rogers SL, Wu Z, Smith AL, Staines K, Butter C, Riegert P, Vainio O, Nielsen L, Kaspers B, Griffin DK, Yang F, Zoorob R, Guillemot F, Auffray C, Beck S, Skjødt K, Kaufman J. Sequence of a complete chicken BG haplotype shows dynamic expansion and contraction of two gene lineages with particular expression patterns. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004417. [PMID: 24901252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genes important in immunity are found as multigene families. The butyrophilin genes are members of the B7 family, playing diverse roles in co-regulation and perhaps in antigen presentation. In humans, a fixed number of butyrophilin genes are found in and around the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and show striking association with particular autoimmune diseases. In chickens, BG genes encode homologues with somewhat different domain organisation. Only a few BG genes have been characterised, one involved in actin-myosin interaction in the intestinal brush border, and another implicated in resistance to viral diseases. We characterise all BG genes in B12 chickens, finding a multigene family organised as tandem repeats in the BG region outside the MHC, a single gene in the MHC (the BF-BL region), and another single gene on a different chromosome. There is a precise cell and tissue expression for each gene, but overall there are two kinds, those expressed by haemopoietic cells and those expressed in tissues (presumably non-haemopoietic cells), correlating with two different kinds of promoters and 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTR). However, the multigene family in the BG region contains many hybrid genes, suggesting recombination and/or deletion as major evolutionary forces. We identify BG genes in the chicken whole genome shotgun sequence, as well as by comparison to other haplotypes by fibre fluorescence in situ hybridisation, confirming dynamic expansion and contraction within the BG region. Thus, the BG genes in chickens are undergoing much more rapid evolution compared to their homologues in mammals, for reasons yet to be understood. Many immune genes are multigene families, presumably in response to pathogen variation. Some multigene families undergo expansion and contraction, leading to copy number variation (CNV), presumably due to more intense selection. Recently, the butyrophilin family in humans and other mammals has come under scrutiny, due to genetic associations with autoimmune diseases as well as roles in immune co-regulation and antigen presentation. Butyrophilin genes exhibit allelic polymorphism, but gene number appears stable within a species. We found that the BG homologues in chickens are very different, with great changes between haplotypes. We characterised one haplotype in detail, showing that there are two single BG genes, one on chromosome 2 and the other in the major histocompatibility complex (BF-BL region) on chromosome 16, and a family of BG genes in a tandem array in the BG region nearby. These genes have specific expression in cells and tissues, but overall are expressed in either haemopoietic cells or tissues. The two singletons have relatively stable evolutionary histories, but the BG region undergoes dynamic expansion and contraction, with the production of hybrid genes. Thus, chicken BG genes appear to evolve much more quickly than their closest homologs in mammals, presumably due to increased pressure from pathogens.
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Cozier Y, Ruiz-Narvaez E, McKinnon C, Berman J, Rosenberg L, Palmer J. Replication of genetic loci for sarcoidosis in US black women: data from the Black Women's Health Study. Hum Genet 2013; 132:803-10. [PMID: 23543185 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, incidence and mortality from sarcoidosis, a chronic, granulomatous disease, are increased in black women. In data from the Black Women's Health Study, a follow-up of US black women, we assessed two SNPs (rs2076530 and rs9268480) previously identified in the BTNL2 gene (chromosome 6p21), of which rs4424066 and rs3817963 are perfect proxies, to determine if they represent independent signals of disease risk. We also assessed whether local ancestry in four genomic regions previously identified through admixture mapping was associated with sarcoidosis. Finally, we assessed the relation of global percent African ancestry to risk. We conducted a nested case-control study of 486 sarcoidosis cases and 943 age- and geography-matched controls. Both BTNL2 SNPs were associated with risk of sarcoidosis in separate models, but in a combined analysis the increased risk was due to the A-allele of the rs3817963 SNP; each copy of the A-allele was associated with a 40 % increase in risk of sarcoidosis (p = 0.02) and was confirmed by our haplotypic analysis. Local African ancestry around the rs30533 ancestry informative marker at chromosome 5q31 was associated with a 29 % risk reduction (p = 0.01). Therefore, we adjusted our analysis of global African ancestry for number of copies of African alleles in rs30533. Subjects in the highest quintile of percent African ancestry had a 54 % increased risk of sarcoidosis. The present results from a population of African-American women support the role of the BTNL2 gene and the 5q31 locus in the etiology of sarcoidosis, and also demonstrate that percent African ancestry is associated with disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Cozier
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, USA.
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23
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Mitsunaga S, Hosomichi K, Okudaira Y, Nakaoka H, Kunii N, Suzuki Y, Kuwana M, Sato S, Kaneko Y, Homma Y, Kashiwase K, Azuma F, Kulski JK, Inoue I, Inoko H. Exome sequencing identifies novel rheumatoid arthritis-susceptible variants in the BTNL2. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:210-5. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Swanson RM, Gavin MA, Escobar SS, Rottman JB, Lipsky BP, Dube S, Li L, Bigler J, Wolfson M, Arnett HA, Viney JL. Butyrophilin-like 2 modulates B7 costimulation to induce Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell development in mature T cells. J Immunol 2013; 190:2027-35. [PMID: 23359506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naive T cell activation involves at least two signals from an APC, one through the TCR via interaction with peptide-MHC complexes and a second through ligation of CD28 with B7 ligands. Following activation, T cells upregulate a host of other membrane-bound costimulatory molecules that can either promote or inhibit further T cell maturation and proliferation. In some cases, it is necessary to attenuate T cell activation to prevent deleterious inflammation, and inhibitory members of the B7/butyrophilin family of ligands have evolved to balance the strong stimuli the activating B7 ligands confer. Human genetic association and in vitro studies have implicated one such ligand, BTNL2, in controlling inflammation at mucosal surfaces. In this study, we show that recombinant mouse BTNL2 modifies B7/CD28 signaling to promote expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor necessary for regulatory T cell (Treg) development and function. BTNL2 blocks Akt-mediated inactivation of Foxo1, a transcription factor necessary for Foxp3 expression. Immunophenotyping and gene profiling reveal that BTNL2-induced Treg share many properties with natural Treg, and in vivo they suppress enteritis induced by mouse effector T cells. These findings describe a mechanism by which environmental Ag-specific Tregs may be induced by APC expressing specific modulators of costimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Swanson
- Inflammation Research, Amgen Washington, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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25
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Torres AR, Westover JB, Rosenspire AJ. HLA Immune Function Genes in Autism. Autism Res Treat 2012; 2012:959073. [PMID: 22928105 DOI: 10.1155/2012/959073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6 are instrumental in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The HLA genes/haplotypes can also be involved in immune dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. It is now becoming apparent that many of the non-antigen-presenting HLA genes make significant contributions to autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, it has been reported that autism subjects often have associations with HLA genes/haplotypes, suggesting an underlying dysregulation of the immune system mediated by HLA genes. Genetic studies have only succeeded in identifying autism-causing genes in a small number of subjects suggesting that the genome has not been adequately interrogated. Close examination of the HLA region in autism has been relatively ignored, largely due to extraordinary genetic complexity. It is our proposition that genetic polymorphisms in the HLA region, especially in the non-antigen-presenting regions, may be important in the etiology of autism in certain subjects.
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26
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Abeler-Dörner L, Swamy M, Williams G, Hayday AC, Bas A. Butyrophilins: an emerging family of immune regulators. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:34-41. [PMID: 22030238 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Butyrophilins (Btns) and butyrophilin-like (Btnl) molecules are emerging as novel regulators of immune responses in mice and humans. Several clues point to their probable importance: many of the genes are located within the MHC; they are structurally related to B7-co-stimulatory molecules; they are functionally implicated in T cell inhibition and in the modulation of epithelial cell-T cell interactions; and they are genetically associated with inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, initial immersion into the current literature can uncover confusion over even basic information such as gene names and expression patterns, and seemingly conflicting data regarding the biological activities of different family members. This review addresses each of these issues, concluding with the attractive potential of Btn and Btnl molecules to act as specific attenuators of tissue-associated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Abeler-Dörner
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Jin Y, Birlea SA, Fain PR, Gowan K, Riccardi SL, Holland PJ, Bennett DC, Herbstman DM, Wallace MR, McCormack WT, Kemp EH, Gawkrodger DJ, Weetman AP, Picardo M, Leone G, Taïeb A, Jouary T, Ezzedine K, van Geel N, Lambert J, Overbeck A, Spritz RA. Genome-wide analysis identifies a quantitative trait locus in the MHC class II region associated with generalized vitiligo age of onset. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1308-12. [PMID: 21326295 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Generalized vitiligo is a common autoimmune disease in which acquired patchy depigmentation of skin, hair, and mucous membranes results from loss of melanocytes from involved areas. Previous genetic analyses have focused on vitiligo susceptibility, and have identified a number of genes involved in disease risk. Age of onset of generalized vitiligo also involves a substantial genetic component, but has not previously been studied systematically. In this study, we report a genome-wide association study of vitiligo age of onset in 1,339 generalized vitiligo patients, with replication in an independent cohort of 677 cases. We identified a quantitative trait locus for vitiligo age of onset in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region, located near c6orf10-BTNL2 (rs7758128; P=8.14 × 10(-11)), a region that is also associated with generalized vitiligo susceptibility. In contrast, there was no association of vitiligo age of onset with any other MHC or non-MHC loci that are associated with vitiligo susceptibility. These findings highlight the differing roles played by genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility versus vitiligo age of onset, and illustrate that genome-wide analyses can be used to identify genes involved in quantitative aspects of disease natural history, as well as disease susceptibility per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Franke A, Balschun T, Sina C, Ellinghaus D, Häsler R, Mayr G, Albrecht M, Wittig M, Buchert E, Nikolaus S, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Sventoraityte J, Kupcinskas L, Onnie CM, Gazouli M, Anagnou NP, Strachan D, Mcardle WL, Mathew CG, Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Vatn MH, Krawczak M, Rosenstiel P, Karlsen TH, Schreiber S; and the IBSEN study group. Genome-wide association study for ulcerative colitis identifies risk loci at 7q22 and 22q13 (IL17REL). Nat Genet 2010; 42:292-4. [PMID: 20228798 DOI: 10.1038/ng.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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