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Pope H, Baird S, Baird S, Borger JG. Immunologist Margaret Baird, a trailblazer in science and empowerment. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:906-910. [PMID: 37773593 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Emeritus Professor Margaret Baird forged a luminary career for her pioneering research investigating the role of dendritic cells in cancer and infectious diseases, as an inspirational lecturer at the University of Otago and a role model to many. In this article celebrating the 100-year anniversary of ICB, we discuss Margaret's career and life journey through the eyes of her family and coauthors, as we explore her many publications in ICB and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica G Borger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Mulvey PBM, Trim LK, Aaskov JG, Bryan ER, Sweeney EL, Kollipara A, Plenderleith MB, Aldwell FE, Beagley KW. Primary oral vaccination followed by a vaginal pull protects mice against genital HSV-2 infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13668. [PMID: 36484330 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM HSV-2 infected more than 491 million people aged 15-49 world-wide in 2016. The morbidity associated with recurrent infections and the increased risk of HIV infection make this a major health problem. To date there is no effective vaccine. Because HSV-2 ascends to the dorsal route ganglion within 12-18 h of infection, an effective vaccine will need to elicit a strong local resident CD8+ T cell response to prevent the infection from becoming life-long. METHOD OF STUDY Using a mouse model we investigated the potential of oral immunization with a novel lipid adjuvant (LiporaleTM ) followed by local vaginal application of an inflammatory agents to protect against primary HSV-2 infections. RESULTS Oral vaccination of mice with live-attenuated HSV-2 in Liporale followed by vaginal application of DNFB or CXCL9/10 led to recruitment of tissue-resident CD8+ memory cells into the genital epithelia. This prime and pull vaccination strategy provided complete protection against wild-type HSV-2 challenge and prevented viral dissemination to the spinal cords. CONCLUSIONS Activation of mucosal immunity by oral immunization, combined with induction of transient local genital inflammation can recruit long-lived tissue resident CD8+ T cells into the genital epithelium, providing significant protection against primary HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B M Mulvey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Logan K Trim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - John G Aaskov
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily R Bryan
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma L Sweeney
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Avinash Kollipara
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark B Plenderleith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frank E Aldwell
- Otago Innovation Ltd, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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Hammes A, Cardillo F, Frota R, de Pinho RT, Mengel J. Oral Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces long-term potentiation of memory immune response to Ovalbumin airway challenge in mice. Immunol Lett 2022:S0165-2478(22)00115-8. [PMID: 36031026 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a potent immunomodulator. It was initially used by oral administration, but it is mostly used subcutaneously nowadays. This study shows that oral BCG vaccination modifies the immune response to a second non-related antigen (Ovalbumin) systemic immunization. Airway Ovalbumin challenge six months after the systemic intraperitoneal immunization resulted in a potent γδ+ T cell response in the lungs biased to IFN-γ and IL-17 production ex vivo and a mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells upon further stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb in vitro. Higher percentages of CD4+ T cells accompanied the augmented T cell response in oral BCG vaccinated mice. Also, the proportion of Foxp-3+ Tregs was diminished compared to PBS-gavaged and OVA-immunized mice. The anti-OVA-specific antibody response was also influenced by oral exposure to BCG so that these mice produced more IgG2a and less IgE detected in the sera. These results suggest that oral BCG vaccination can modify future immune responses to vaccines and improve immunity to pathogen infections, especially in the mucosal interfaces.
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Lesellier S, Boschiroli ML, Barrat J, Wanke C, Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Nunez A, Godinho A, Spiropoulos J, Palmer S, Dave D, Anderson P, Boucher JM, de Cruz K, Henault S, Michelet L, Gowtage S, Williams GA, Nadian AK, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Boué F, Chambers MA, Richomme C. Detection of live M. bovis BCG in tissues and IFN-γ responses in European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:445. [PMID: 31810466 PMCID: PMC6898942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) has provided protection against M. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. There is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live BCG within the host is important for maintaining protection against TB. Here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live BCG. The targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small intestine (ileum). Results We showed that significant quantities of live BCG persisted within badger in tissues of vaccinated badgers for at least 8 weeks following oral vaccination with only very mild pathological features and induced the circulation of IFNγ-producing mononuclear cells. The uptake of live BCG by tonsils and drainage to retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes was repeatable in the animal group vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation whereas those vaccinated directly in the ileum displayed a lower frequency of BCG detection in the enteric wall or draining mesenteric lymph nodes. No faecal excretion of live BCG was observed, including when BCG was delivered directly in the ileum. Conclusions The apparent local loss of BCG viability suggests an unfavorable gastro-enteric environment for BCG in badgers, which should be taken in consideration when developing an oral vaccine for use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK. .,Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France. .,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Christoph Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery B.V., High Tech Campus 10, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Alex Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Boué
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Derrick SC, Yang A, Parra M, Kolibab K, Morris SL. Effect of cationic liposomes on BCG trafficking and vaccine-induced immune responses following a subcutaneous immunization in mice. Vaccine 2014; 33:126-32. [PMID: 25448108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While formulating Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid-based adjuvants has been shown to increase the vaccine's protective immunity, the biological mechanisms responsible for the enhanced potency of lipid encapsulated BCG are unknown. To assess whether mixing BCG in adjuvant increases its immunogenicity by altering post-vaccination organ distribution and persistence, mice were immunized subcutaneously with conventional BCG Pasteur or BCG formulated in DDA/TDB adjuvant and the bio-distribution of BCG bacilli was evaluated in mouse lungs, spleens, lymph nodes, and livers for up to 1 year. Although BCG was rarely detected in mouse livers, mycobacteria were found in mouse lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes for at least 1 year post-vaccination. However, at various time points during the 1 year study, the frequency of lung and spleen infections and the number of mycobacteria in infected organs of individual mice were highly variable. In contrast, mycobacteria were nearly always detected in the lymph nodes of vaccinated mice. While the frequency and extent of lymph node infections generally were not significantly different between mice vaccinated with adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted BCG preparations, multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of lymph node cells showed significantly higher frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ and IFN-γ/TNF-α in mice immunized with adjuvanted BCG. Overall, our data suggest that the relationship between lymph node infection and the generation of anti-tuberculosis protective responses following BCG vaccination should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Derrick
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Amy Yang
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Marcela Parra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Kristopher Kolibab
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Sheldon L Morris
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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Czepluch W, Dunn AC, Everitt CL, Dorer D, Saunderson SC, Aldwell FE, McLellan AD. Extracellular forms of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in the mucosal lymphatic tissues following oral vaccination. Int J Mycobacteriol 2012; 2:44-50. [PMID: 26785788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination with BCG provides protective systemic immunity against pathogenic mycobacterial challenge. In this study, the anatomical distribution of Mycobacterium bovis BCG following oral vaccination was investigated. Replicating bacteria in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were present as solitary rods or clusters of two to three bacteria, the majority of which were isolated ex vivo as extracellular forms. Only a minority were shown to be associated with typical antigen-presenting cells. Acid-fast staining of mast cell granules in lymphoid tissues revealed a potential pitfall for these analyses and may explain previous reports of acid-fast 'coccoid' forms of mycobacteria in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel Czepluch
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amy C Dunn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte L Everitt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dominik Dorer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah C Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Frank E Aldwell
- Immune Solutions, Centre for Innovation, University of Otago
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Ancelet LR, Aldwell FE, Rich FJ, Kirman JR. Oral vaccination with lipid-formulated BCG induces a long-lived, multifunctional CD4(+) T cell memory immune response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45888. [PMID: 23049885 PMCID: PMC3457949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of BCG in a lipid formulation (Liporale™-BCG) targets delivery of viable bacilli to the mesenteric lymph nodes and confers protection against an aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. The magnitude, quality and duration of the effector and memory immune response induced by Liporale™-BCG vaccination is unknown. Therefore, we compared the effector and memory CD4(+) T cell response in the spleen and lungs of mice vaccinated with Liporale™-BCG to the response induced by subcutaneous BCG vaccination. Liporale™-BCG vaccination induced a long-lived CD4(+) T cell response, evident by the detection of effector CD4(+) T cells in the lungs and a significant increase in the number of Ag85B tetramer-specific CD4(+) T cells in the spleen up to 30 weeks post vaccination. Moreover, following polyclonal stimulation, Liporale™-BCG vaccination, but not s.c. BCG vaccination, induced a significant increase in both the percentage of CD4(+) T cells in the lungs capable of producing IFNγ and the number of multifunctional CD4(+) T cells in the lungs at 30 weeks post vaccination. These results demonstrate that orally delivered Liporale™-BCG vaccine induces a long-lived multifunctional immune response, and could therefore represent a practical and effective means of delivering novel BCG-based TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Ancelet
- Infectious Diseases Group, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
Dietary selenium (]Se), mainly through its incorporation into selenoproteins, plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. Adequate levels of Se are important for initiating immunity, but they are also involved in regulating excessive immune responses and chronic inflammation. Evidence has emerged regarding roles for individual selenoproteins in regulating inflammation and immunity, and this has provided important insight into mechanisms by which Se influences these processes. Se deficiency has long been recognized to negatively impact immune cells during activation, differentiation, and proliferation. This is related to increased oxidative stress, but additional functions such as protein folding and calcium flux may also be impaired in immune cells under Se deficient conditions. Supplementing diets with above-adequate levels of Se can also impinge on immune cell function, with some types of inflammation and immunity particularly affected and sexually dimorphic effects of Se levels in some cases. In this comprehensive article, the roles of Se and individual selenoproteins in regulating immune cell signaling and function are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to how Se and selenoproteins are linked to redox signaling, oxidative burst, calcium flux, and the subsequent effector functions of immune cells. Data obtained from cell culture and animal models are reviewed and compared with those involving human physiology and pathophysiology, including the effects of Se levels on inflammatory or immune-related diseases including anti-viral immunity, autoimmunity, sepsis, allergic asthma, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Finally, the benefits and potential adverse effects of intervention with Se supplementation for various inflammatory or immune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Abstract
Se is a potent nutritional antioxidant important for various aspects of human health. Because asthma has been demonstrated to involve increased oxidative stress, levels of Se intake have been hypothesized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, significant associations between Se status and prevalence or severity of asthma have not been consistently demonstrated in human studies. This highlights both the complex etiology of human asthma and the inherent problems with correlative nutritional studies. In this review, the different findings in human studies are discussed along with results from limited intervention studies. Mouse models of asthma have provided more definitive results suggesting that the benefits of Se supplementation may depend on an individual's initial Se status. This likely involves T helper cell differentiation and the mechanistic studies that have provided important insight into the effects of Se levels on immune cell function are summarized. Importantly, the benefits and adverse effects of Se supplementation must both be considered in using this nutritional supplement for treating asthma. With this in mind new approaches are discussed that may provide more safe and effective means for using Se supplementation for asthma or other disorders involving inflammation or immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Norton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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SOUDI S, HOSSEINI AZ, HASHEMI SM. Co-administration of rectal BCG and autoclaved Leishmania major induce protection in susceptible BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:561-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kelly DJ, Corner LAL, Gormley E, Murphy D, Costello E, Aldwell FE, Marples NM. Evaluation of attractant flavours for use in oral vaccine baits for badgers (Meles meles). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011; 57:767-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Corner LAL, Murphy D, Gormley E. Mycobacterium bovis infection in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles): the disease, pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. J Comp Pathol 2010; 144:1-24. [PMID: 21131004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) are an important wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infection in Ireland and the United Kingdom. As part of national programmes to control tuberculosis in livestock, considerable effort has been devoted to studying the disease in badgers and this has lead to a rapid increase in our knowledge of tuberculosis in this host. Tuberculosis in badgers is a chronic infection and in a naturally-infected population the severity of disease can vary widely, from latent infection (infection without clinical signs and no visible lesions) to severe disease with generalized pathology. The high prevalence of pulmonary infection strongly supports the lungs as the principal site of primary infection and that inhalation of infectious aerosol particles is the principal mode of transmission. However, other routes, including transmission via infected bite wounds, are known to occur. The ante-mortem diagnosis of infection is difficult to achieve, as clinical examination and immunological and bacteriological examination of clinical samples are insensitive diagnostic procedures. Because infection in the majority of badgers is latent, the gross post-mortem diagnosis is also insensitive. A definitive diagnosis can only be made by the isolation of M. bovis. However, to gain a high level of sensitivity in the bacteriological examination, a large number of tissues from each badger must be cultured and sensitive culture methods employed. The transmission and maintenance of M. bovis in badger populations are complex processes where many factors influence within-population prevalence and rates of transmission. Badger social structures and the longevity of infected animals make them an ideal maintenance host for M. bovis infection. Badgers are directly implicated in the transmission of infection to cattle and the inability to eradicate the disease from cattle is, in part, a consequence of the interactions between the two species. A detailed understanding and knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease are recognized as fundamental for devising new strategies to control infection with a view to limiting interspecies transmission. Vaccination, in spite of formidable challenges, is seen as the best long-term strategy option and studies with captive badgers have shown that vaccination with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces protection when delivered by a variety of routes. Continued research is required to develop effective technologies to control the disease both in badgers and cattle. A combination of strategies, which employ the optimal use and targeting of resources, is likely to make a significant contribution towards eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A L Corner
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Clark SO, Kelly DLF, Badell E, Castello-Branco LR, Aldwell F, Winter N, Lewis DJM, Marsh PD. Oral delivery of BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro gives equivalent protection against tuberculosis but with reduced pathology compared to parenteral BCG Danish vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:7109-16. [PMID: 20708695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for an improved vaccine to better control human tuberculosis (TB), as the only currently available TB vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) delivered parenterally, offers variable levels of efficacy. Therefore, recombinant strains expressing additional antigens are being developed alongside alternative routes to parenteral delivery. There is strong evidence that BCG Moreau (RdJ) is a safe and effective vaccine in humans when given by the oral route. This study compared the efficacy of a single oral dose of wild type BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro (RdJ), or a recombinant RdJ strain expressing Ag85B-ESAT6 fusion protein, formulated with and without lipid to enhance oral delivery, with subcutaneous BCG Danish 1331 and saline control groups in a guinea pig aerosol infection model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Protection was measured as survival at 30 weeks post-challenge and reduced bacterial load and histopathology in lungs and spleen. Results showed that a single oral dose of BCG Moreau (RdJ) or recombinant BCG Moreau (RdJ)-Ag85B-ESAT6, formulated with or without lipid, gave protection equivalent to subcutaneously delivered BCG Danish in the 30 weeks post-challenge survival study. The orally delivered vaccines gave reduced pathology scores in the lungs (three of the four formulations) and spleens (all four formulations) compared to subcutaneously delivered BCG Danish. The oral wild type BCG Moreau (RdJ) in lipid and the unformulated oral wild type BCG Moreau (RdJ) vaccine also gave statistically lower bacterial loads in the lungs and spleens, respectively, compared to subcutaneously delivered BCG Danish. This study provides further evidence to show that lipid formulation does not impair vaccine efficacy and may enhance the delivery and stability of oral vaccines intended for use in countries with poor health infrastructure. Oral delivery also avoids needles (and associated cross-infection risks) and immunisation without the need for specially trained medical professional staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon O Clark
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
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Corner LAL, Costello E, O'Meara D, Lesellier S, Aldwell FE, Singh M, Hewinson RG, Chambers MA, Gormley E. Oral vaccination of badgers (Meles meles) with BCG and protective immunity against endobronchial challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. Vaccine 2010; 28:6265-72. [PMID: 20637774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) are a reservoir host of Mycobacterium bovis and are implicated in the transmission of tuberculosis to cattle in Ireland and Great Britain. The development of a vaccine for use in badgers is considered a key element of any long-term sustainable campaign to eradicate the disease from livestock in both countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective response of badgers vaccinated orally with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) encapsulated in a lipid formulation, followed by experimental challenge with M. bovis. A group of badgers was vaccinated by inoculating the BCG-lipid mixture containing approximately 10(8)colony forming units (cfu) of BCG into the oesophagus. The control group was sham inoculated with the lipid formulation only. Thirteen weeks after vaccination all the badgers were challenged with approximately 10(4)cfu of M. bovis delivered by endobronchial inoculation. Blood samples were taken throughout the study and the cell mediated immune (CMI) responses in peripheral blood were monitored by the IFN-gamma ELISA and ELISPOT assay. At 17 weeks after infection all the badgers were examined post-mortem to assess the pathological and bacteriological responses to challenge. All badgers in both groups were found to be infected. However, a significant protective effect of BCG vaccination was measured as a decrease in the number and severity of gross lesions, lower bacterial load in the lungs, and fewer sites of infection. The analysis of immune responses showed that vaccination with BCG did not generate any detectable CMI immunological responses, however the levels of the responses increased in both groups following M. bovis infection. The results of the study showed that vaccination with oral BCG in the lipid formulation generated a protective effect in the badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A L Corner
- School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Aldwell FE. Murine immune responses to oral BCG immunization in the presence or absence of prior BCG sensitization. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:224-7. [PMID: 19918257 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of live Mycobacterium bovis BCG in a lipid matrix invokes cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in mice and consequent protection against pulmonary challenge with virulent mycobacteria. To investigate the influence of prior BCG sensitization on oral vaccine efficacy, we assessed CMI responses and BCG colonization of the alimentary tract lymphatics 5 months after oral vaccination, in both previously naive mice and in mice that had been sensitized to BCG by injection 6 months previously. CMI responses did not differ significantly between mice that received subcutaneous BCG followed by oral BCG and those that received either injected or oral BCG alone. In vivo BCG colonization was predominant in the mesenteric lymph nodes after oral vaccination; this colonizing ability was not influenced by prior BCG sensitization. From this murine model study, we conclude that although prior parenteral-route BCG sensitization does not detrimentally affect BCG colonization after oral vaccination, there is no significant immune-boosting effect of the oral vaccine either.
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Tompkins DM, Ramsey DSL, Cross ML, Aldwell FE, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Oral vaccination reduces the incidence of tuberculosis in free-living brushtail possums. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:2987-95. [PMID: 19493904 PMCID: PMC2817216 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (Tb) caused by Mycobacterium bovis has proved refractory to eradication from domestic livestock in countries with wildlife disease reservoirs. Vaccination of wild hosts offers a way of controlling Tb in livestock without wildlife culling. This study was conducted in a Tb-endemic region of New Zealand, where the introduced Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the main wildlife reservoir of Tb. Possums were trapped and vaccinated using a prototype oral-delivery system to deliver the Tb vaccine bacille Calmette-Guerin. Vaccinated and control possums were matched according to age, sex and location, re-trapped bimonthly and assessed for Tb status by palpation and lesion aspiration; the site was depopulated after 2 years and post-mortem examinations were conducted to further identify clinical Tb cases and subclinical infection. Significantly fewer culture-confirmed Tb cases were recorded in vaccinated possums (1/51) compared with control animals (12/71); the transition probability from susceptible to infected was significantly reduced in both males and females by vaccination. Vaccine efficacy was estimated at 95 per cent (87-100%) for females and 96 per cent (82-99%) for males. Hence, this trial demonstrates that orally delivered live bacterial vaccines can significantly protect wildlife against natural disease exposure, indicating that wildlife vaccination, along with existing control methods, could be used to eradicate Tb from domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Tompkins
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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17
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Abstract
Lactoferrin, an 80-kDa iron-binding protein with immune modulating properties, is a unique adjuvant component able to enhance efficacy of the existing Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine to protect against murine model of tuberculosis. Although identified as having effects on macrophage presentation events, lactoferrin's capability to modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function when loaded with BCG antigens has not been previously recognized. In this study, the potential of lactoferrin to modulate surface expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86 and CD40 from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was examined. Generally, lactoferrin decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12p40] and chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-2] and increased regulatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1 and a T-cell chemotatic factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, from uninfected or BCG-infected BMDCs. Culturing BCG-infected BMDCs with lactoferrin also enhanced their ability to respond to IFN-gamma activation through up-regulation of maturation markers: MHC I, MHC II and the ratio of CD86:CD80 surface expression. Furthermore, lactoferrin-exposed BCG-infected DCs increased stimulation of BCG-specific CD3(+)CD4(+) splenocytes, as defined by increasing IFN-gamma production. Finally, BCG-/lactoferrin-vaccinated mice possessed an increased pool of BCG antigen-specific IFN-gamma producing CD3(+)CD4(+)CD62L(-) splenocytes. These studies suggest a mechanism in which lactoferrin may exert adjuvant activity by enhancing DC function to promote generation of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Aldwell FE. An oral Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine for wildlife produced in the absence of animal-derived reagents. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009; 16:1378-80. [PMID: 19571109 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00198-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, comprising predominantly single-cell bacilli, were prepared in broth without animal-derived reagents. When formulated into a vegetable-derived lipid matrix, the vaccine was stable in vitro and was immunogenic in vivo upon feeding it to mice. This formulation could be useful for oral vaccination of wildlife against tuberculosis, where concern over transmissible prions may preclude the field use of vaccines containing animal products.
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Ramsey D, Aldwell F, Cross M, de Lisle G, Buddle B. Protection of free-living and captive possums against pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium bovis following oral BCG vaccination. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Griffin JFT, Hughes AD, Liggett S, Farquhar PA, Mackintosh CG, Bakker D. Efficacy of novel lipid-formulated whole bacterial cell vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep. Vaccine 2009; 27:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Vipond J, Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Clark S, Aldwell FE, Williams A. Immunogenicity of orally-delivered lipid-formulated BCG vaccines and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1577-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Dobakhti F, Rahimi F, Dehpour AR, Taghikhani M, Ajdary S, Rafiei S, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Stabilizing effects of calcium alginate microspheres on mycobacterium bovis BCG intended for oral vaccination. J Microencapsul 2008; 23:844-54. [PMID: 17390626 DOI: 10.1080/02652040601034013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, alginate microspheres containing BCG were prepared at a diameter of approximately 10 microm by emulsification-internal gelation of an alginate-BCG solution dispersed in olive oil using a high rate speed stirrer. The stability of BCG was assayed at 4 degrees C showing that the encapsulated BCG was more stable than free BCG at least for 5 weeks; however, BCG in sodium alginate solution was not stable at all. On the other hand, the studies using media with different pH (1.2, 4.4, 6.2, 6.8 and 7.5) have demonstrated that the alginate microspheres are stable in acidic medium for upto 1.5 h without any sign of disintegration. Moreover, BCG incorporated in alginate microspheres demonstrated an almost 9-fold increase in viable bacilli in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) after 1.5 h in comparison with free BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dobakhti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Clark S, Cross ML, Smith A, Court P, Vipond J, Nadian A, Hewinson RG, Batchelor HK, Perrie Y, Williams A, Aldwell FE, Chambers MA. Assessment of different formulations of oral Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in rodent models for immunogenicity and protection against aerosol challenge with M. bovis. Vaccine 2008; 26:5791-7. [PMID: 18789366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis is causing considerable economic loss to farmers and Government in the United Kingdom as its incidence is increasing. Efforts to control bTB in the UK are hampered by the infection in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) that represent a wildlife reservoir and source of recurrent M. bovis exposure to cattle. Vaccination of badgers with the human TB vaccine, M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), in oral bait represents a possible disease control tool and holds the best prospect for reaching badger populations over a wide geographical area. Using mouse and guinea pig models, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy, respectively, of candidate badger oral vaccines based on formulation of BCG in lipid matrix, alginate beads, or a novel microcapsular hybrid of both lipid and alginate. Two different oral doses of BCG were evaluated in each formulation for their protective efficacy in guinea pigs, while a single dose was evaluated in mice. In mice, significant immune responses (based on lymphocyte proliferation and expression of IFN-gamma) were only seen with the lipid matrix and the lipid in alginate microcapsular formulation, corresponding to the isolation of viable BCG from alimentary tract lymph nodes. In guinea pigs, only BCG formulated in lipid matrix conferred protection to the spleen and lungs following aerosol route challenge with M. bovis. Protection was seen with delivery doses in the range 10(6)-10(7) CFU, although this was more consistent in the spleen at the higher dose. No protection in terms of organ CFU was seen with BCG administered in alginate beads or in lipid in alginate microcapsules, although 10(7) in the latter formulation conferred protection in terms of increasing body weight after challenge and a smaller lung to body weight ratio at necropsy. These results highlight the potential for lipid, rather than alginate, -based vaccine formulations as suitable delivery vehicles for an oral BCG vaccine in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Clark
- Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
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24
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Clark S, Cross ML, Nadian A, Vipond J, Court P, Williams A, Hewinson RG, Aldwell FE, Chambers MA. Oral vaccination of guinea pigs with a Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine in a lipid matrix protects against aerosol infection with virulent M. bovis. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3771-6. [PMID: 18519560 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00052-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased incidence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in the United Kingdom caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis is a cause of considerable economic loss to farmers and the government. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) represents a wildlife source of recurrent M. bovis infections of cattle in the United Kingdom, and its vaccination against TB with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attractive disease control option. Delivery of BCG in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. Using a guinea pig pulmonary challenge model, we evaluated the protective efficacy of candidate badger oral vaccines, based on broth-grown or ball-milled BCG, delivered either as aqueous suspensions or formulated in two lipids with differing fatty acid profiles (one being animal derived and the other being vegetable derived). Protection was determined in terms of increasing body weight after aerosol challenge with virulent M. bovis, reduced dissemination of M. bovis to the spleen, and, in the case of one oral formulation, restricted growth of M. bovis in the lungs. Only oral BCG formulated in lipid gave significant protection. These data point to the potential of the BCG-lipid formulation for further development as a tool for controlling tuberculosis in badgers.
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25
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Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Influence of bovine lactoferrin on expression of presentation molecules on BCG-infected bone marrow derived macrophages. Biochimie 2009; 91:76-85. [PMID: 18486627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). BCG has proven to be effective in children, however, efficacy wanes in adulthood. Lactoferrin, a natural protein with immunomodulatory properties, is a potential adjuvant candidate to enhance efficacy of BCG. These studies define bovine lactoferrin as an enhancer of the BCG vaccine, functioning in part by modulating macrophage ability to present antigen and stimulate T-cells. BCG-infected bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs) cultured with bovine lactoferrin increased the number of MHC II(+) expressing cells. Addition of IFN-gamma and lactoferrin to BCG-infected BMMs enhanced MHC II expressiona dna increased the ratio of CD86/CD80. Lactoferrin treated BCG-infected BMMs were able to stimulate an increase in IFN-gamma production from presensitized CD3(+) splenocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that bovine lactoferrin is capable of modulating BCG-infected macrophages to enhance T-cell stimulation through increased surface expression of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules, which potentially explains the observed in vivo bovine lactoferrin enhancement of BCG vaccine efficacy to protect against virulent MTB infection.
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26
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Arenas-Gamboa AM, Ficht TA, Kahl-McDonagh MM, Rice-Ficht AC. Immunization with a single dose of a microencapsulated Brucella melitensis mutant enhances protection against wild-type challenge. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2448-55. [PMID: 18362129 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00767-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and efficacious immunization systems to prevent brucellosis is needed to overcome the disadvantages of the currently licensed vaccine strains that restrict their use in humans. Alginate microspheres coated with a protein of the parasite Fasciola hepatica (vitelline protein B [VpB]) and containing live Brucella melitensis attenuated mutant vjbR::Tn5 (BMEII1116) were evaluated for vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity in mice. A single immunization dose in BALB/c mice with the encapsulated vjbR mutant improved protection against wild-type B. melitensis 16M challenge compared to the nonencapsulated vaccine strain (P < 0.05). The encapsulated mutant was also shown to induce a sustained elevation of Immunoglobulin G levels. Cytokine secretion from spleen cells of mice vaccinated with the encapsulated vjbR::Tn5 revealed elevated secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin-12, but no interleukin-4, suggesting an induction of a T helper 1 response reflecting the enhanced immunity associated with microencapsulation. Together, these results suggest that microencapsulation of live attenuated organisms offers the ability to increase the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
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27
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Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Aldwell FE. Murine cytokine responses following multiple oral immunizations using lipid-formulated mycobacterial antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:214-7. [PMID: 17998917 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination of mice with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid-formulation induces a gamma-interferon response that can be measured systemically, and confers protection against aerosolized mycobacterial challenge. Here, we have investigated cytokine responses following the vaccination, drawing comparisons between mice that received single or multiple oral immunizations and between mice receiving formulations containing live BCG or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens. Single oral immunization with lipid-formulated live BCG invoked secreted and cellular IFN-gamma responses in mice 8 weeks post-vaccination, the magnitudes of which were significantly elevated in mice receiving multiple immunizations over the 8-week period. Single oral immunization with live BCG also invoked an interleukin-2 response (but not TNF-alpha or IL-4), although the magnitude was not elevated by multiple immunizations. Multiple immunizations with lipid-formulated soluble or particulate non-replicating mycobacterial antigens failed to invoke cytokine responses, except for a low-level IFN-gamma response in mice multiple immunized with lipid-formulated heat-killed BCG. These results are discussed in contrast to the known patterns of cytokine induction following parenteral-route immunization with live or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens and with practical reference to the development of oral-delivery vaccines against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Cross
- Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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28
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Abstract
The use of a bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-based vaccine could represent a viable strategy for controlling bovine tuberculosis (TB), principally in those cases where a wildlife disease vector exists. This article focuses on recent progress in animal TB vaccinology, outlining that oral-route vaccination represents the most feasible means of distributing a vaccine to control disease in wildlife. Drawing on historical successes of previous wildlife vaccination programs, the article suggests how, and in what form, an oral-delivery BCG-based vaccine might become operational, considering the wide diversity of TB reservoir species and the inherent problems associated with field delivery of a live-attenuated microbial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Cross
- Immune Solutions, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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29
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Ajdary S, Dobakhti F, Taghikhani M, Riazi-Rad F, Rafiei S, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Oral administration of BCG encapsulated in alginate microspheres induces strong Th1 response in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:4595-601. [PMID: 17498857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of the first vaccines administered to the newborns in developing countries. As an alternative to parenteral administration of vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant logistical advantages. Successful oral immunization, however, requires that vaccine antigens be protected from gastric secretions. In the present study, BALB/c mice were vaccinated orally with BCG encapsulated in alginate microspheres and the immune responses and protective effect were compared with those of mice vaccinated with free BCG by subcutaneous and oral routes. Proliferative and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and IFN-gamma production were significantly higher in mice immunized orally with encapsulated BCG in comparison with results of mice immunized orally with free BCG. Following systemic infection with BCG, mice vaccinated with encapsulated BCG had lower mean bacterial count compared to those vaccinated orally with free BCG. The immune responses induced by oral administration of encapsulated BCG were equal to or better than the responses induced by standard BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Ajdary
- Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran IR, Iran.
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30
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Cross ML, Lambeth MR, Coughlan Y, Aldwell FE. Oral vaccination of mice with lipid-encapsulated Mycobacterium bovis BCG: Effect of reducing or eliminating BCG load on cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 2007; 25:1297-303. [PMID: 17067728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of lipid-encapsulated BCG represents an effective method for vaccination against tuberculosis (Tb). This method establishes live, replicating BCG in the lymphatic tissues of the alimentary tract, and promotes systemic-level cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and consequent protection against virulent mycobacterial challenge. Here, we investigated the effects of reducing or eliminating the BCG load on CMI responses in mice. Mice receiving a standard immunising dose of approximately 10(7) BCG (range, 1-5 x 10(7)) developed mycobacterial antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses, as well as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion, at 8 and 18 weeks post-oral vaccination. These responses were concurrent with establishment of viable, replicating BCG in the alimentary tract lymphatics in over 90% of cases. Reducing the immunising dose by 10-fold reduced the magnitude of CMI, concurrent with abridged establishment of BCG in the lymphatics; reducing the dose 100-fold ablated BCG establishment, and diminished the production of IFN-gamma by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes of these mice. In mice immunised using the standard dose, replicating BCG were eliminated from the alimentary tract lymphatics using selective antibiotics. Interestingly, while lymphocyte transformation and interleukin-2 responses remained largely unaltered in these mice, levels of IFN-gamma produced by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes were shown to be reduced significantly. This study identifies a dosage threshold for effective oral vaccination using lipid-encapsulated BCG, and furthermore highlights the requirement of on-going intra-lymphatic BCG replication for the maintenance of strong IFN-gamma production, above other indicator CMI responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cross
- Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Cross ML, Buddle BM, Aldwell FE. The potential of oral vaccines for disease control in wildlife species. Vet J 2006; 174:472-80. [PMID: 17113798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous infectious diseases caused by bacteria or viruses persist in developed and developing countries due to ongoing transmission among wildlife reservoir species. Such diseases become the target of control and management programmes in cases where they represent a threat to public health (for example rabies, sylvatic plague, Lyme disease), or livestock production (for example bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies), or where they threaten the survival of endangered animal populations. In the majority of cases, lethal control operations are neither economically feasible nor publicly supported as a practical means for disease management. Prophylactic vaccination has emerged over the last 15 years as an alternative control strategy for wildlife diseases, mainly driven by the success of widescale oral rabies vaccination programmes for meso-carnivores in North America and Northern Europe. Different methods have been trialled for the effective delivery of wildlife vaccines in the field, however oral vaccination remains the most widely used approach. Successful implementation of an oral wildlife vaccine is dependent on a combination of three components: an efficacious immunogen, a suitable delivery vehicle, and a species-specific bait. This review outlines the major wildlife disease problems for which oral vaccination is currently under consideration as a disease management tool, and also focuses on the technological challenges that face wildlife vaccine development. The major conclusion is that attenuated or recombinant live microbes represent the most widely-used vaccines that can be delivered by the oral route; this in turn places major emphasis on effective delivery systems (to maintain vaccine viability), and on selective baiting systems, as the keys to wildlife vaccine success. Oral vaccination is a valuable adjunct or alternative strategy to culling for the control of diseases which persist in wildlife reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cross
- Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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32
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Aldwell FE, Cross ML, Fitzpatrick CE, Lambeth MR, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Oral delivery of lipid-encapsulated Mycobacterium bovis BCG extends survival of the bacillus in vivo and induces a long-term protective immune response against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2005; 24:2071-8. [PMID: 16332403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The success of oral-route vaccination using Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) relies on delivery of live, actively metabolising bacilli to confer protection. Here, we describe that lipid-microencapsulation can extend the in vivo survival of bacilli when fed to mice, and can induce a long-lasting protective immune response. Feeding mice with lipid-encapsulated BCG (L-BCG) resulted in greater recovery of viable BCG bacilli from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) compared to mice fed non-encapsulated BCG. A time-course study indicated persistence of viable BCG bacilli in MLN up to 30 weeks post-vaccination, similar to the duration of viable BCG recovery from the spleen following subcutaneous vaccination. The persistence of viable bacilli in the MLN of L-BCG mice invoked long-lasting systemic cell-mediated immune reactivity, with responses similar to those observed in subcutaneously-vaccinated mice. Further, L-BCG-vaccinated mice showed a high degree of protection against aerogenic challenge with virulent M. bovis at 30 weeks post-vaccination, with significant reductions in lung and spleen pathogen burdens. This study identifies that lipid-encapsulation of live BCG bacilli can facilitate increased in vivo survival and immunogenicity of the vaccine in orally-vaccinated mice, and highlights protection via this route for up to 7 months post-immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Aldwell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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