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Holder T, Srinivasan S, McGoldrick A, Williams GA, Palmer S, Clarke J, O'Brien A, Conlan AJK, Juleff N, Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ, Kapur V. Temporal dynamics of the early immune response following Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2600. [PMID: 38297023 PMCID: PMC10831113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease of global significance that remains endemic in many countries. Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle is characterized by a cell-mediated immune response (CMI) that precedes humoral responses, however the timing and trajectories of CMI and antibody responses determined by newer generation assays remain undefined. Here we used defined-antigen interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) and an eleven-antigen multiplex ELISA (Enferplex TB test) alongside traditional tuberculin-based IGRA and IDEXX M. bovis antibody tests to assess immune trajectories following experimental M. bovis infection of cattle. The results show CMI responses developed as early as two-weeks post-infection, with all infected cattle testing positive three weeks post-infection. Interestingly, 6 of 8 infected animals were serologically positive with the Enferplex TB assay as early as 4 weeks post-infection. As expected, application of the tuberculin skin test enhanced subsequent serological reactivity. Infrequent M. bovis faecal shedding was observed but was uncorrelated with observed immune trajectories. Together, the results show that early antibody responses to M. bovis infection are detectable in some individuals and highlight an urgent need to identify biomarkers that better predict infection outcomes, particularly for application in low-and-middle income countries where test-and-slaughter based control methods are largely unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holder
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John Clarke
- Enfer Scientific, Unit T, M7 Business Park, Newhall, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Brien
- Enfer Scientific, Unit T, M7 Business Park, Newhall, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK.
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Williams GA, Scott-Baird E, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Wood E, Houghton S, Vordermeier HM. The safety of BCG vaccination in cattle: results from good laboratory practice safety studies in calves and lactating cows. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12356. [PMID: 36590473 PMCID: PMC9800532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a global disease of livestock that has damaging economic, animal health and public health consequences. Conventional bTB disease control strategies, based around the testing and slaughter of cattle infected with bTB, are typically used to help limit or reduce the transmission of this disease but in many low- and middle-income countries such strategies may often be economically unviable, culturally unacceptable or logistically impracticable. The use of vaccination to protect cattle against bTB could provide a potentially more affordable, ethically acceptable and practical additional disease control measure. The protective efficacy of the commercially produced and readily available human vaccine against tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin; BCG) in cattle has been demonstrated in many experimental laboratory and field studies. However, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) studies assessing the safety of BCG vaccination in cattle have not previously been reported. We describe here the results of two GLP safety studies in which calves and lactating cows were vaccinated with BCG (Danish 1331 strain). From an animal health and welfare perspective, the results of these studies indicate that BCG vaccine is well tolerated in these categories of cattle with only transient and minor local or systemic reactions. Furthermore, there was no evidence that BCG was shed in raw milk, saliva or faeces collected from vaccinates and vaccination did not have a detrimental effect on milk yields in lactating cattle. These data, underpinned by GLP principles, further support the existing data on the safety of BCG vaccine in cattle and complement the abundant available cattle efficacy data for this potential cattle bTB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A. Williams
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emma Wood
- Queens Hall, Narberth, Pembs, SA67 7AS, UK
| | - Steve Houghton
- Veterinary Vaccines Consultancy Ltd, Paulerspury, Northants, NN12 7NN, UK
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Palmer S, Williams GA, Brady C, Ryan E, Malczewska K, Bull TJ, Hogarth PJ, Sawyer J. Assessment of the frequency of Mycobacterium bovis shedding in the faeces of naturally and experimentally TB infected cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1832-1842. [PMID: 35729710 PMCID: PMC9544641 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis bacilli in faecal samples of tuberculous cattle, and to better understand the risk of environmental dissemination of bovine tuberculosis (TB) through the spreading of manure or slurry. Methods and Results Faecal samples were collected from 72 naturally infected cattle with visible lesions of TB that had reacted to the tuberculin skin test and 12 cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. These were examined by microbial culture and PCR to assess the presence of M. bovis bacilli. There were no positive cultures from any naturally infected test reactor animal. A single M. bovis colony was cultured from a faecal sample from one of the experimentally infected animals. A single PCR positive result was obtained from the faecal sample of one naturally infected test reactor. Conclusions The prevalence of M. bovis in the faecal samples of TB‐infected cattle was extremely low. Significance and Impact of the Study The results suggest that the risk of spreading TB through the use of slurry or manure as an agricultural fertilizer is lower than that suggested in some historical literature. The results could inform a reconsideration of current risk assessments and guidelines on the disposal of manure and slurry from TB‐infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Surrey
| | - Gareth A Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Surrey
| | - Colm Brady
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Tim J Bull
- St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Surrey
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Surrey
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Yankovich TL, Roberts M, Brown J, Mori Y, Williams GA, Charalambous F, Pepin S. Practical application of international recommendations and safety standards in the systematic planning and implementation of remediation of sites or areas with residual radioactive material. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:020513. [PMID: 35551120 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac6a87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The IAEA fundamental safety objective is'to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation'and this must be done 'without unduly limiting the operation of facilities or the conduct of activities that give rise to radiation risks', while ensuring that people and the environment, present and future are protected against radiation risks (IAEA 2006Fundamental Safety Principles, Safety FundamentalsNo. SF-1). In addition,'protective actions to reduce existing or unregulated radiation risks must be justified and optimized'(IAEA 2006Fundamental Safety Principles, Safety FundamentalsNo. SF-1). An international system of radiological protection can be applied such that processes, such as remediation, can be systematically undertaken to address the wide range of'existing exposure situations'present globally. In doing so, decisions made regarding actions undertaken can be demonstrated to be'justified'and'optimized'(i.e. balanced), such that the amount of effort should be commensurate with the risk (applying a'graded approach'). In addition, protection of people and the environment can be demonstrated by comparing the actual exposure to appropriate criteria over the lifetime of remediation. This paper provides an overview of the current IAEA safety standards on remediation of sites or areas contaminated with residual radioactive material within the international system of radiological protection and provides practical examples of their application through case studies considered in IAEA international model validation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Yankovich
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Roberts
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Brown
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Y Mori
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - G A Williams
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F Charalambous
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Pepin
- Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Brussels, Belgium
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Hui TY, Crickenberger S, Lau JWT, Williams GA. Why are "suboptimal" temperatures preferred in a tropical intertidal ectotherm? J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1400-1415. [PMID: 35302242 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In thermally extreme environments it is challenging for organisms to maximize performance due to risks associated with stochastic variation in temperature and, subsequently, over evolutionary time minimizing the exposure to risk can serve as one of the mechanisms that result in organisms preferring suboptimal temperatures. We tested this hypothesis in a slow-moving intertidal snail on tropical rocky shores, where temperature variability increases with time from 30 min to 20 h when recorded at 30 min intervals (due to short-term environmental autocorrelation where temperatures closer in time are more similar as compared to temperatures over a long period of time). Failure to accommodate temporal variation in thermal stress by selecting cool habitats can result in mortality. Thermal performance curves for different traits (heart rate and locomotion) were measured and compared to the snail's thermal preferences in both the field and laboratory. Predicted performances of the snails were simulated based on thermal performance curves for different traits over multiple time scales and simulated carryover effects. A strong mismatch was found between physiological and behavioural thermal maxima of the snails (physiological thermal maximum being higher by ~ 7 °C), but the snails avoided these maxima and sought temperatures 7 - 14 °C cooler. Such a risk-averse strategy can be explained by their predicted performances where the snails should make decisions about preferred temperatures based on time periods ≥ 5 h to avoid underestimating the temporal variation in body temperature. In extreme and stochastic environments, where the temporal variation in environmental conditions can lead to substantial divergence between instantaneous and time-averaged thermal performances, "cooler is better" and "suboptimal" body temperatures are preferred as they provide sufficient buffer to reduce mortality risk from heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Hui
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - S Crickenberger
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - J W T Lau
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - G A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn CL, Birch CP, Williams GA, Chambers MA, Bacon J. Optimisation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Fermentation and Storage Survival. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090900. [PMID: 32971826 PMCID: PMC7558299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (M. bovis BCG) was generated over a century ago for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is one the oldest vaccines still in use. The BCG vaccine is currently produced using a pellicle growth method, which is a complex and lengthy process that has been challenging to standardise. Fermentation for BCG vaccine production would reduce the complexity associated with pellicle growth and increase batch to batch reproducibility. This more standardised growth lends itself to quantification of the total number of bacilli in the BCG vaccine by alternative approaches, such as flow cytometry, which can also provide information about the metabolic status of the bacterial population. The aim of the work reported here was to determine which batch fermentation conditions and storage conditions give the most favourable outcomes in terms of the yield and stability of live M. bovis BCG Danish bacilli. We compared different media and assessed growth over time in culture, using total viable counts, total bacterial counts, and turbidity throughout culture. We applied fluorescent viability dyes and flow cytometry to measure real-time within-culture viability. Culture samples were stored in different cryoprotectants at different temperatures to assess the effect of these combined conditions on bacterial titres. Roisin’s minimal medium and Middlebrook 7H9 medium gave comparable, high titres in fermenters. Flow cytometry proved to be a useful tool for enumeration of total bacterial counts and in the assessment of within-culture cell viability and cell death. Of the cryoprotectants evaluated, 5% (v/v) DMSO showed the most significant positive effect on survival and reduced the negative effects of low temperature storage on M. bovis BCG Danish viability. In conclusion, we have shown a reproducible, more standardised approach for the production, evaluation, and storage of high titre, viable, BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Pascoe
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Colin P.D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lesellier S, Birch CPD, Davé D, Dalley D, Gowtage S, Palmer S, McKenna C, Williams GA, Ashford R, Weyer U, Beatham S, Coats J, Nunez A, Sanchez-Cordon P, Spiropoulos J, Powell S, Sawyer J, Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn C, Bacon J, Chambers MA. Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent Mycobacterium bovis When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080782. [PMID: 32824778 PMCID: PMC7463497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers (Meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB. The delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. There are practical limitations over the volume and concentration of Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) that can be prepared for inclusion in bait. The production of BCG in a bioreactor may overcome these issues. We evaluated the efficacy of oral, bioreactor-grown BCG against experimental TB in badgers. We demonstrated repeatable protection through the direct administration of at least 2.0 × 108 colony forming units of BCG to the oral cavity, whereas vaccination via voluntary consumption of bait containing the same preparation of BCG did not result in demonstrable protection at the group-level, although a minority of badgers consuming bait showed immunological responses and protection after challenge equivalent to badgers receiving oral vaccine by direct administration. The need to deliver oral BCG in the context of a palatable and environmentally robust bait appears to introduce such variation in BCG delivery to sites of immune induction in the badger as to render experimental studies variable and inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Laboratoire de la Rage et de la Faune Sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt-Bât. H., CS 40009-54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Colin P. D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Simonette Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Claire McKenna
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Roland Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Ute Weyer
- Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Sarah Beatham
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Julia Coats
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Alex Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Pedro Sanchez-Cordon
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Stephen Powell
- Data Systems Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordan Pascoe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Charlotte Hendon-Dunn
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bacon
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Oso AO, Lala OA, Oke EO, Williams GA, Taiwo AG, Ogunsola ZO. Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E, selenium yeast or both on egg incubation response, embryonic development, keet quality, and posthatch growth of helmeted guinea fowl breeders. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2667-2675. [PMID: 32474755 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E (vit. E), selenium yeast (Se yeast), or both on egg incubation response, embryonic development, keet quality, and posthatch growth of helmeted guinea fowls. Two hundred and forty 24-week old helmeted guinea fowl hens (average weight 1.75 + 0.22 kg) and cocks (average weight 2.15 + 0.20 kg) were assigned into 24 pens; each pen housed 10 hens and 2 cocks. There were four dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with vit. E (30 IU/kg), Se yeast (0.3 mg/kg Se), or both. Six pens were assigned to each treatment. Egg incubation response were estimated using 504 settable eggs sampled from each treatment collected during 15 to 17 weeks in lay. A total of 72 fertile eggs sampled from each treatment were used for the estimation of embryonic development. Quality of day-old keets hatched was scored based on physical conditions, while posthatch growth was measured for 21 days. Guinea fowl breeders fed diet supplemented with both vit. E and Se yeast produced the highest (P < 0.05) number of fertile eggs, percentage fertility, number of hatchlings, hatchability of total eggs, and hatchability of fertile eggs. Supplementation with vit. E + Se yeast resulted in the heaviest (P < 0.05) embryo weight, relative embryo weight, least (P < 0.05) yolk sac weight, and relative yolk sac weight on 25 days of incubation. Hatchlings from breeders fed diet supplemented with Se yeast and vit. E + Se yeast showed normal swallowed yolk. Supplementation of maternal diet with vit. E, Se yeast, and vit. E + Se yeast resulted in improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of subsequent hatchlings during 1 to 7-day posthatch growth. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vit. E + Se yeast in guinea fowl breeders resulted in improved egg fertility, hatchability, heavier embryo weights, hatchlings of good quality, and improved posthatch growth during the first 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria.
| | - O A Lala
- Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - E O Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - G A Williams
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - A G Taiwo
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - Z O Ogunsola
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, PMB 2240, Nigeria
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9
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Lesellier S, Boschiroli ML, Barrat J, Wanke C, Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Nunez A, Godinho A, Spiropoulos J, Palmer S, Dave D, Anderson P, Boucher JM, de Cruz K, Henault S, Michelet L, Gowtage S, Williams GA, Nadian AK, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Boué F, Chambers MA, Richomme C. Detection of live M. bovis BCG in tissues and IFN-γ responses in European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:445. [PMID: 31810466 PMCID: PMC6898942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) has provided protection against M. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. There is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live BCG within the host is important for maintaining protection against TB. Here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live BCG. The targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small intestine (ileum). Results We showed that significant quantities of live BCG persisted within badger in tissues of vaccinated badgers for at least 8 weeks following oral vaccination with only very mild pathological features and induced the circulation of IFNγ-producing mononuclear cells. The uptake of live BCG by tonsils and drainage to retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes was repeatable in the animal group vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation whereas those vaccinated directly in the ileum displayed a lower frequency of BCG detection in the enteric wall or draining mesenteric lymph nodes. No faecal excretion of live BCG was observed, including when BCG was delivered directly in the ileum. Conclusions The apparent local loss of BCG viability suggests an unfavorable gastro-enteric environment for BCG in badgers, which should be taken in consideration when developing an oral vaccine for use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK. .,Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France. .,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Christoph Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery B.V., High Tech Campus 10, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Alex Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Boué
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
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10
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Crickenberger S, Hui TY, Landry Yuan F, Bonebrake TC, Williams GA. Preferred temperature of intertidal ectotherms: Broad patterns and methodological approaches. J Therm Biol 2019; 87:102468. [PMID: 32001017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Preferred temperature (Tpref) has been measured in over 100 species of aquatic and 300 species of terrestrial ectotherms as a metric for assessing behavioural thermoregulation in variable environments and, as such, has been linked to ecological processes ranging from individual behaviour to population and community dynamics. Due to the asymmetric shape of performance curves, Tpref is typically lower than the optimal temperature (Topt, where physiological performance is at its peak), and the degree of this mismatch increases with variability in Tb. Intertidal ectotherms experience huge variability in Tb on a daily basis and therefore provide a good system to test whether the relationship between Tpref and variation in Tb holds in more extreme environments. A review of the literature, however, only revealed comparisons between Tpref and Topt for five intertidal species and measurements of Tpref for 23 species. An analysis of this limited literature for intertidal ectotherms showed a positive relationship between acclimation temperature and Tpref. There was, however, great variation in the methodologies employed to make these assessments. Factors contributing to behavioural thermoregulation in intertidal ectotherms including small body size; low mobility; interactions among individuals; endogenous clocks; metabolic effects; thermal sensitivity; sampling of the thermal environment and recent acclimation history were considered to varying degrees when measuring Tpref, confounding comparisons between species. The methodologies used to measure Tpref in intertidal ectotherms were reviewed in light of each of these factors, and methodologies proposed to standardize approaches. Given the theoretical predictions about the relationships between Tpref and variability in Tb, the spatial and temporal thermal variability experienced by intertidal ectotherms provides numerous opportunities to test these expectations if assessed in a standardized manner, and can potentially provide insights into the value of behavioural thermoregulation in the more thermally variable environments predicted to occur in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Crickenberger
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - T Y Hui
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - F Landry Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - T C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - G A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Williams GA, Koenen ME, Havenaar R, Wheeler P, Gowtage S, Lesellier S, Chambers MA. Survival of Mycobacterium bovis BCG oral vaccine during transit through a dynamic in vitro model simulating the upper gastrointestinal tract of badgers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214859. [PMID: 31002668 PMCID: PMC6474584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing an oral bait BCG vaccine against tuberculosis in badgers we wanted to understand the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and their impact on vaccine viability. Conditions mimicking stomach and small-intestine caused substantial reduction in BCG viability. We performed in vivo experiments using a telemetric pH monitoring system and used the data to parameterise a dynamic in vitro system (TIM-1) of the stomach and small intestine. Some BCG died in the stomach compartment and through the duodenum and jejunum compartments. BCG survival in the stomach was greatest when bait was absent but by the time BCG reached the jejunum, BCG viability was not significantly affected by the presence of bait. Our data suggest that from a starting quantity of 2.85 ± 0.45 x 108 colony-forming units of BCG around 2 log10 may be killed before delivery to the intestinal lymphoid tissue. There are economic arguments for reducing the dose of BCG to vaccinate badgers orally. Our findings imply this could be achieved if we can protect BCG from the harsh environment of the stomach and duodenum. TIM-1 is a valuable, non-animal model with which to evaluate and optimise formulations to maximise BCG survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie E. Koenen
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Havenaar
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Wheeler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Perrett S, Lesellier S, Rogers F, Williams GA, Gowtage S, Palmer S, Dalley D, Davé D, Weyer U, Wood E, Salguero FJ, Nunez A, Reed N, Chambers MA. Assessment of the safety of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine administered orally to badgers (Meles meles). Vaccine 2018. [PMID: 29525277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
European badgers (Meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) in parts of England, Wales and Ireland, constituting a potential source of tuberculosis (TB) infection for cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is one of the tools available for helping reduce the prevalence of bovine TB in badgers, made possible by the licensing in 2010 of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for intramuscular administration to badgers (BadgerBCG). However, practical limitations associated with administering an injected vaccine to wild animals make an oral, bait-delivered form of the vaccine highly desirable. Evaluation of the safety of oral BCG to badgers and the environment is a mandatory step on the road to licensing an oral vaccine. This study had the following objectives: (a) to determine whether adverse effects followed the oral administration of BCG vaccine to badgers; (b) to measure the quantity and frequency of BCG excreted in the faeces of vaccinated badgers; and (c) to assess whether there was evidence of the vaccine spreading to unvaccinated, 'sentinel' badgers sharing the same environment as vaccinated animals. We report here that the oral administration per badger of ≥6.4 × 109 cfu BCG, followed 14 days later by a single oral dose of ≥6.4 × 107 cfu BCG caused no adverse physical effects and did not affect the social behaviour and feeding habits of the vaccinated animals. BCG was cultured from the faeces of two of nine vaccinated animals (372 cfu/g and 996 cfu/g, respectively) approximately 48 h after the higher dose of BCG was administered and by one of the nine vaccinated animal (80 cfu/g) approximately 24 h after receiving the lower dose of BCG. We found no evidence for the transmission of BCG to unvaccinated, sentinel, badgers housed with the vaccinated animals despite the occasional excretion of BCG in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Perrett
- Scientific Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fiona Rogers
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gareth A Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Si Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ute Weyer
- Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Emma Wood
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alex Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nick Reed
- Scientific Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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13
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Williams GA, O'Brien RS, Grzechnik M, Wise KN. ESTIMATES OF RADIATION DOSES TO THE SKIN FOR PEOPLE CAMPED AT WALLATINNA DURING THE UK TOTEM 1 ATOMIC WEAPONS TEST. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2017; 174:322-336. [PMID: 27881792 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A group of Aboriginal people was camped at Wallatinna in South Australia, ~170 km downwind from Emu Field, where an atomic test (the Totem 1 test) was carried out at 07.00 on 15 October 1953 local time (21.30 on 14 October 1953 GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)). They left the camp ~24 hours later. These people stated that a phenomenon that has become known as a 'black mist' rolled through their camp site ~5 hours after detonation and that some of them subsequently became sick, displaying skin reddening and nausea. They feared that the sickness was a result of exposure to high levels of radiation. The purpose of this paper is to determine if these people could have received ionising radiation doses high enough to cause the symptoms displayed. The methodology used for the dose estimates is described in the paper. The exposure modes considered were external exposure due to the passage of a contaminated plume over the camp site, inhalation of material from this plume, external exposure from material deposited on the ground as the plume passed, and consumption of contaminated food and water. The contaminants considered in the airborne cloud and the ground plume were fission products and unburnt plutonium from the nuclear detonation, and neutron activation products caused by vaporisation of the tower used to position the weapon. The source was approximated by a line source. An upper estimate of the effective doses received is ~4 mSv, which is well below the level at which acute radiation effects are observed. This estimate is consistent with earlier assessments, which did not consider inhalation of the contribution from neutron activation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Williams
- ARPANSA, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC 3085, Australia
| | - R S O'Brien
- ARPANSA, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC 3085, Australia
| | - M Grzechnik
- ARPANSA, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC 3085, Australia
| | - K N Wise
- 11 Kinnear Court, Montmorency, VIC 3094, Australia
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14
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Chambers MA, Aldwell F, Williams GA, Palmer S, Gowtage S, Ashford R, Dalley DJ, Davé D, Weyer U, Salguero FJ, Nunez A, Nadian AK, Crawshaw T, Corner LAL, Lesellier S. The Effect of Oral Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG on the Development of Tuberculosis in Captive European Badgers ( Meles meles). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:6. [PMID: 28174695 PMCID: PMC5258709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The European badger (Meles meles) is a reservoir host of Mycobacterium bovis and responsible for a proportion of the tuberculosis (TB) cases seen in cattle in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. An injectable preparation of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is licensed for use in badgers in the UK and its use forms part of the bovine TB eradication plans of England and Wales. However, there are practical limitations to the widespread application of an injectable vaccine for badgers and a research priority is the development of an oral vaccine deliverable to badgers in bait. Previous studies reported the successful vaccination of badgers with oral preparations of 108 colony forming units (CFU) of both Pasteur and Danish strains of BCG contained within a lipid matrix composed of triglycerides of fatty acids. Protection against TB in these studies was expressed as a reduction in the number and apparent progression of visible lesions, and reductions in the bacterial load and dissemination of infection. To reduce the cost of an oral vaccine and reduce the potential for environmental contamination with BCG, it is necessary to define the minimal efficacious dose of oral BCG for badgers. The objectives of the two studies reported here were to compare the efficacy of BCG Danish strain in a lipid matrix with unformulated BCG given orally, and to evaluate the efficacy of BCG Danish in a lipid matrix at a 10-fold lower dose than previously evaluated in badgers. In the first study, both BCG unformulated and in a lipid matrix reduced the number and apparent progression of visible lesions and the dissemination of infection from the lung. In the second study, vaccination with BCG in the lipid matrix at a 10-fold lower dose produced a similar outcome, but with greater intra-group variability than seen with the higher dose in the first study. Further research is needed before we are able to recommend a final dose of BCG for oral vaccination of badgers against TB or to know whether oral vaccination of wild badgers with BCG will significantly reduce transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Frank Aldwell
- Immune Solutions Ltd, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Si Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Roland Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Deanna J Dalley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Ute Weyer
- Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestone, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | - Allan K Nadian
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Addlestone, UK
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Gowtage S, Williams GA, Henderson R, Aylett P, MacMorran D, Palmer S, Robertson A, Lesellier S, Carter SP, Chambers MA. Testing of a palatable bait and compatible vaccine carrier for the oral vaccination of European badgers (Meles meles) against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2017; 35:987-992. [PMID: 28077246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral vaccination of wild badgers (Meles meles) with live Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is one of the tools being considered for the control of bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in the UK. The design of a product for oral vaccination requires that numerous, and often competing, conditions are met. These include the need for a highly palatable, but physically stable bait that will meet regulatory requirements, and one which is also compatible with the vaccine formulation; in this case live BCG. In collaboration with two commercial bait companies we have developed a highly attractive and palatable bait recipe designed specifically for European badgers (Meles meles) that meets these requirements. The palatability of different batches of bait was evaluated against a standardised palatable control bait using captive badgers. The physical properties of the bait are described e.g. firmness and colour. The microbial load in the bait was assessed against European and US Pharmacopoeias. The bait was combined with an edible vaccine carrier made of hydrogenated peanut oil in which BCG vaccine was stable during bait manufacture and cold storage, demonstrating <0.5 log10 reduction in titre after 117weeks' storage at -20°C. BCG stability in bait was also evaluated at +4°C and under simulated environmental conditions (20°C, 98% Relative Humidity; RH). Finally, iophenoxic acid biomarkers were utilised as a surrogate for the BCG vaccine, to test variants of the vaccine-bait design for their ability to deliver biomarker to the gastrointestinal tract of individual animals. These data provide the first detailed description of a bait-vaccine delivery system developed specifically for the oral vaccination of badgers against Mycobacterium bovis using live BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Gowtage
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Gareth A Williams
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ray Henderson
- Pest-Tech Ltd., Branch Drain Road, Brookside, RD2 Leeston, New Zealand.
| | - Paul Aylett
- Connovation Ltd., East Tamaki, Manukau 2013, New Zealand.
| | | | - Si Palmer
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Andy Robertson
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ, UK; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK.
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Stephen P Carter
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodchester Park, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ, UK.
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK.
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Chadwick RA, Marchant BP, Williams GA. CO2 storage monitoring: leakage detection and measurement in subsurface volumes from 3D seismic data at Sleipner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Williams GA, Ott TL, Michal JJ, Gaskins CT, Wright RW, Daniels TF, Jiang Z. BRIEF NOTES: Development of a model for mapping cryptorchidism in sheep and initial evidence for association of INSL3 with the defect. Anim Genet 2007; 38:189-91. [PMID: 17355391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Williams
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6351, USA
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Abstract
Macular hole size is a predictor for anatomical closure. Holes >400 μm in aperture size on an OCT scan are more likely to close when ILM is peeled
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Hermel M, Mahgoub M, Youssef T, Azrak MI, Raza H, Alldredge C, Trese M, Williams GA, Hartzer M. Safety profile of the intravitreal streptokinase-plasmin complex as an adjunct to vitrectomy in the rabbit. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 244:996-1002. [PMID: 16365737 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of an atraumatic posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), a common goal in vitreoretinal surgery, is a challenge, particularly in children and young trauma patients. Plasmin has been proposed as an adjunct to vitrectomy to enzymatically generate a PVD. Low doses of streptokinase-activated plasmin were tested in human pilot studies. This dose-escalation study assesses the safety range of intravitreal human streptokinase-plasmin in rabbits. METHODS Plasminogen was isolated from human plasma by affinity chromatography, followed by activation with streptokinase (1:1), to generate the streptokinase-plasmin complex. Enzyme doses from 0.1-7 activity units (AU, in 0.1 ml) were injected into the mid-vitreous of 35 eyes; six control eyes were injected with balanced salt solution (BSS, 0.1 ml). Thirty minutes after injection, a two-port vitrectomy was performed. Fundus and slit lamp examinations were performed on days 1 and 7. On days 2 and 7, bright flash electroretinography was performed and compared with preoperative recordings. Some animals receiving higher doses of streptokinase-plasmin (1-7 AU) were followed clinically and with electroretinography for up to 9 months. RESULTS A mild-to-moderate inflammatory response was seen in both control and plasmin-treated eyes on day 1, but had disappeared completely by day 7 in most eyes. In the 7 AU group, inflammation was stronger and more protracted. Two of three eyes from this group developed wrinkling of the medullary rays; one of them showed discoloration and traction at the medullary rays in the late follow-up. Electroretinograms (ERGs) of vitrectomized control eyes showed the following changes from preoperative values: 48 h, a-wave -11.10% [no significant (n.s.)], b-wave -14.62% (P=0.046); 7 days, a-wave +9.18% (n.s.), b wave +11.69% (n.s.). For the enzyme-treated eyes: 48 h: a-wave -20.43% (P<0.001), b-wave -9.57% (p<0.001); 7 days: a wave -14.21% (P<0.001), b-wave +2.48% (P<0.001). There was no evidence of dose-dependent ERG changes in enzyme-treated eyes at doses up to 5 AU. Groups of up to 3 AU were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, without evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSION Streptokinase-plasmin doses up to 3 AU were found to be safe when injected into rabbit eyes followed by vitrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermel
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057, Aachen, Germany.
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Pal B, Mohamed MD, Keen TJ, Williams GA, Bradbury JA, Sheridan E, Inglehearn CF. A new phenotype of recessively inherited foveal hypoplasia and anterior segment dysgenesis maps to a locus on chromosome 16q23.2-24.2. J Med Genet 2005; 41:772-7. [PMID: 15466012 PMCID: PMC1735603 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Farah ME, Cardillo JA, Luzardo AC, Calucci D, Williams GA, Costa RA. Indocyanine green mediated photothrombosis for the management of predominantly classic choroidal neovascularisation caused by age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:1055-9. [PMID: 15258024 PMCID: PMC1772261 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.035808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effectiveness of indocyanine green mediated photothrombosis in the management of predominantly classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation associated with age related macular degeneration. METHODS Prospective, non-comparative, interventional case series of nine patients with predominantly classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to age related macular degeneration who declined photocoagulation or verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Patients were submitted to one or more treatments with an intravenous injection of a small volume of high concentration indocyanine green solution followed by low irradiance, large spot 810 nm continuous laser application via a transpupillary approach. Main outcome measures were change in best corrected visual acuity and macular exudative manifestations. RESULTS After 12 months of follow up, the final best corrected visual acuity was the same (plus or minus two ETDRS lines) in five eyes (55%), improved more than two ETDRS lines in three eyes (33%), and worsened by more than two lines in the remaining eye. The improved vision was probably related to partial or complete restoration of the macular architecture as a result of fluid resolution, whereas the worsened vision was primarily the result of treatment failure in achieving substantial choroidal neovascular occlusion. There were no complications related to the procedure. CONCLUSION Indocyanine green mediated photothrombosis may be an effective alternative treatment for predominantly classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation caused by age related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Farah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto da Visão-IPEPO, Federal University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Brazil.
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Chelazzi G, De Pirro M, Williams GA. Different cardiac response to copper in limpets from metal polluted and clean shores of Hong Kong. Mar Environ Res 2004; 58:83-93. [PMID: 15046947 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The gastropod limpet, Cellana grata, is common on moderately exposed to exposed Hong Kong rocky shores. On the basis of the existing literature on trace metal contamination in Hong Kong, four sites were identified, representative of highly polluted (Aberdeen and Lei Yue Mun) and clean (Cape d'Aguilar and Clear Water Bay) conditions. Limpets from the two polluted sites showed similar, but significantly higher body concentrations of copper than limpets from the two clean sites, which were also similar. Non-invasive measurements of cardiac activity of limpets from the four sites showed between site differences in baseline heart rates under standard seawater, irrespective of pollution level. When acutely exposed to water borne copper (2 h, 0.5+/-0.06 SD ppm), however, limpets from clean sites showed a significantly higher increase in inter-beating time (bradycardia) than those from polluted sites. These results highlight the potential use of cardiac activity to assess the exposure of natural populations of limpets to trace metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chelazzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Jacobs GH, Calderone JB, Fenwick JA, Krogh K, Williams GA. Visual adaptations in a diurnal rodent, Octodon degus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2003; 189:347-61. [PMID: 12679876 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-003-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2002] [Revised: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The degu (Octodon degus) is a diurnal rodent, native to Chile. Basic features of vision and visual organization in this species were examined in a series of anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. The lens of the degu eye selectively absorbs short-wavelength light and shows a progressive increase in optical density as a function of age. Electroretinograms recorded using a flicker-photometric procedure reveal three spectral mechanisms: a rod with peak sensitivity of about 500 nm and two types of cone having respective spectral peaks of about 362 nm and 507 nm. Opsin antibody labeling was used to determine the retinal distributions of the three receptor types. A total of about one-third of the approximately 9 million photoreceptors of the degu retina are cones with the two types (507 nm/362 nm) represented in a ratio of about 13:1. The contributions to vision of all three receptor types were examined in a series of behavioral experiments. A consistent feature of both the electrophysiological and behavioral results is that relatively high levels of light adaptation are required to effect the full transition from rod-based to cone-based vision. In behavioral tests degus were shown to be able to make color discriminations between ultraviolet and visible lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Jacobs
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Finding optimal three-dimensional molecular configurations based on a limited amount of experimental and/or theoretical data requires efficient nonlinear optimization algorithms. Optimization methods must be able to find atomic configurations that are close to the absolute, or global, minimum error and also satisfy known physical constraints such as minimum separation distances between atoms (based on van der Waals interactions). The most difficult obstacles in these types of problems are that 1) using a limited amount of input data leads to many possible local optima and 2) introducing physical constraints, such as minimum separation distances, helps to limit the search space but often makes convergence to a global minimum more difficult. We introduce a constrained global optimization algorithm that is robust and efficient in yielding near-optimal three-dimensional configurations that are guaranteed to satisfy known separation constraints. The algorithm uses an atom-based approach that reduces the dimensionality and allows for tractable enforcement of constraints while maintaining good global convergence properties. We evaluate the new optimization algorithm using synthetic data from the yeast phenylalanine tRNA and several proteins, all with known crystal structure taken from the Protein Data Bank. We compare the results to commonly applied optimization methods, such as distance geometry, simulated annealing, continuation, and smoothing. We show that compared to other optimization approaches, our algorithm is able combine sparse input data with physical constraints in an efficient manner to yield structures with lower root mean squared deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Williams
- Stanford Medical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5479, USA.
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Sarrafizadeh R, Hassan TS, Ruby AJ, Williams GA, Garretson BR, Capone A, Trese MT, Margherio RR. Incidence of retinal detachment and visual outcome in eyes presenting with posterior vitreous separation and dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:2273-8. [PMID: 11733270 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine visual outcomes and the incidence of retinal detachment in eyes presenting with posterior vitreous separation and dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage. DESIGN Retrospective consecutive noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six eyes (15 right eyes and 21 left eyes) of 34 patients (18 female and 16 male) ranging in age from 42 to 94 years. Mean follow-up was 14 months. METHODS A comparison of the best-corrected initial visual acuities versus final visual acuities after spontaneous resolution of vitreous hemorrhage or surgical intervention. The number of eyes that were found to have retinal tears or that had a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment develop was documented. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution-converted visual acuities was used for comparison. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and population means were compared by Student's t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Final mean visual acuities, number of eyes with at least one retinal tear, location of retinal tears, number of eyes that had retinal detachment develop, and the number of eyes repaired with scleral buckling surgery and/or pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS Twenty-four of 36 eyes (67%) were found to have at least one retinal break (range, 0-4 breaks), with 88% of breaks located in the superior retina. Eleven eyes (31%) had more than one retinal break. Fourteen of 36 eyes (39%) had a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment develop that was repaired with pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling. An additional 14 eyes (39%) underwent vitrectomy for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage. The incidence of retinal detachment in eyes with a history of retinal detachment in the contralateral eye was 75% (P = 0.04). Seven of 14 eyes (50%) with retinal detachment had coexisting proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Most retinal breaks and detachments occurred in emmetropic or myopic eyes. For all 36 eyes the mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/1233, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/62 (P < 0.0001). Eyes that had a macula-off retinal detachment develop had worse final visual outcomes (20/264; P = 0.01), as did eyes that had proliferative vitreoretinopathy develop (20/129; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Acute, spontaneous, nontraumatic posterior vitreous separation with dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage is associated with a high incidence of retinal tears and detachment. Close follow-up with clinical examination and ultrasonography is necessary, because many of these eyes may eventually require surgical intervention. Aggressive management with early vitrectomy should be considered when there is a history of retinal detachment in the contralateral eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarrafizadeh
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, 3535 W 13 Mile Road, Suite 632, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in deer hunters. METHODS AND RESULTS The authors describe five young men presenting with flu-like symptoms followed by visual loss due to a unilateral, focal necrotizing retinitis. All five men gave a history of ingesting undercooked or uncooked venison. All five had elevated toxoplasma serology, and all five improved clinically with an antitoxoplasma regimen. CONCLUSION In previously healthy young men, flu-like symptoms associated with visual loss and retinitis should prompt questioning about hunting and raw game meat ingestion, especially when toxoplasmosis is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Ross
- Retina Vitreous Center, Grand Blanc, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE This is a pilot study to assess the use of autologous plasmin enzyme (APE) as an adjunct to vitreous surgery in eyes with advanced diabetic retinopathy. DESIGN Prospective noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Seven patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy selected at random from our practice population. METHODS Seven eyes were treated with APE as an adjunct to standard vitreous surgery. Six eyes had macular tractional retinal detachments, and one eye had refractory macular edema. Three fellow eyes had standard vitreous surgery performed for macular tractional retinal detachments without APE. All 10 eyes had macular edema and background diabetic retinopathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures included induction of a posterior vitreous detachment, retinal reattachment, improvement in visual acuity, and resolution of macular edema. RESULTS All seven APE-treated eyes achieved spontaneous or easy removal of the posterior hyaloid including one eye that had vitreoschisis over areas of detached retina. All eyes treated with APE had resolution of intraretinal edema. Retinas of all eyes treated with APE were reattached. The three fellow eyes were treated by vitreous surgery without APE. Two of the three fellow eyes had reattached retinas, but none had resolution of intraretinal edema without further focal photocoagulation treatment. Mean visual acuity improvement was 0.7 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) units in APE-treated eyes and 0.1 LogMAR units in eyes without APE. The average follow-up period was 14 months. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that APE may be beneficial in the surgical management of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Williams
- William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the results of retinal tears and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RD) in adults with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). DESIGN Noncomparitive interventional case series. METHODS Retrospective cohort of 216 eyes of 108 patients, 15 years or older, followed for up to 23 years (median, 6.2 years). RESULTS One eye was initially seen with an RD, and during follow-up 30 eyes had an RD develop. An additional surgical procedure was required in 7 of the 31 eyes (23%) with an RD. Four eyes were initially seen with retinal tears, and during follow-up 19 eyes had a retinal tear develop. Seven of the 23 eyes (30%) with a retinal tear had initial repair fail. Eyes with minimal cicatricial changes from ROP were still at high risk for tears and detachments developing. Eighty percent of eyes with retinal tears and 60% of eyes with an RD that started with vision >20/60 maintained that level of vision at the final examination. CONCLUSION In patients with a history of premature birth, features of fundus examinations do not correlate with the occurrence of a retinal tear or RD. Repair of a tear or detachment in such a patient is more likely to require multiple procedures but can still be associated with good visual results. Physicians should consider widespread relief of vitreoretinal traction for a tear or detachment in any patient with a history of premature birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kaiser
- Associated Retinal Consultants, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
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29
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Pollack AL, McDonald HR, Ai E, Green WR, Halpern LS, Jampol LM, Leahy JM, Johnson RN, Spencer WH, Stern WH, Weinberg DV, Werner JC, Williams GA. Sympathetic ophthalmia associated with pars plana vitrectomy without antecedent penetrating trauma. Retina 2001; 21:146-54. [PMID: 11321141 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200104000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate, describe, and categorize the clinical presentation, clinical course, histopathology, and response to therapy in patients without a history of penetrating ocular trauma who developed sympathetic ophthalmia following pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS The records of patients without a history of trauma who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and developed sympathetic ophthalmia were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were analyzed with respect to clinical presentation, fluorescein angiographic findings, anatomic and visual outcomes, histopathology, and response to therapy. RESULTS Eight eyes were identified. The median age at presentation was 55 years, with a range of 14 to 62 years. The time from vitrectomy to diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia ranged from 2 months to greater than 2 years, with a median of 7 months. Six of eight patients (75%) presented with anterior chamber reaction. All eight patients presented with a vitreous inflammatory response. The optic nerve was inflamed clinically or angiographically in four of eight cases (50%). Small yellow-white sub-retinal pigment epithelial deposits were present in four of eight cases (50%). Two eyes had lesions characterized as multifocal choroiditis. One eye had larger yellow placoid-like lesions. One eye presented with vitritis but no retinal lesions. Subretinal choroidal neovascularization was noted in the inciting eye of one patient. Vision improved in the sympathizing eye with immunosuppressive therapy in five of eight cases (62.5%). CONCLUSIONS Sympathetic ophthalmia can be seen following pars plana vitrectomy in patients without penetrating injuries or a history of trauma. Indeed, it may be seen after successful vitrectomy for retinal detachment. Diverse clinical presentations are possible, and persistent or atypical uveitis following vitrectomy should alert the surgeon to the development of sympathetic ophthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Pollack
- Retina Research Fund, St. Mary's Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Hiner AN, Hernández-Ruiz J, Williams GA, Arnao MB, García-Cánovas F, Acosta M. Catalase-like oxygen production by horseradish peroxidase must predominantly be an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 392:295-302. [PMID: 11488605 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was provided as the only substrate for horseradish peroxidase C (HRP-C) the catalase-like emission of oxygen gas was observed. The reaction was favored at neutral compared to acidic pH. Addition of the superoxide radical scavengers tetranitromethane (TNM) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased activity. TNM's effect was concentration dependent but SOD's was not, indicating that only some of the superoxide generated was released into solution. Manganous ions (Mn2+) react with superoxide radicals to regenerate H2O2 but not oxygen; when added to the reaction medium oxygen production was reduced but not abolished. The effect was essentially concentration independent, suggesting that most oxygen was produced enzymatically and not by chemical disproportionation of superoxide. The catalase-like activities of some site-directed mutants of HRP-C suggest that active site residues histidine 42 and arginine 38 are influential in determining this activity. A clear correlation also existed between catalase activity and the enzymes' resistance to inactivation by H2O2. Computer simulation of a reaction scheme that included catalase-like activity agreed well with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hiner
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Rats (Rattus norvegicus) have two classes of cone, one containing an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photopigment and the other housing a pigment maximally sensitive in the middle (M) wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The manner in which signals from these two cone types contribute to rat vision was investigated through recordings of a gross electrical potential (the electroretinogram, ERG) and behavioral discrimination tests. Spectral sensitivity functions obtained from both types of measurement indicate clear contributions from each of the cone classes, but there is a marked enhancement of the relative sensitivity to UV light in the behavioral index; for instance, under some photopic test conditions, rats are approximately equally sensitive to middle-wavelength and UV lights. In adaptation tests, thresholds for UV and M lights were found to be differentially elevated in the presence of chromatic adapting backgrounds, thus providing the possibility that signals from the two cones could be used by the rat visual system to support color discriminations. Evidence of dichromatic color vision in the rat was subsequently obtained from tests of wavelength discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Jacobs
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
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32
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Benson WE, Cruickshanks KC, Fong DS, Williams GA, Bloome MA, Frambach DA, Kreiger AE, Murphy RP. Surgical management of macular holes: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:1328-35. [PMID: 11425696 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The document describes macular hole surgery and examines the available evidence to address questions about the efficacy of the procedure for different stages of macular hole, complications during and after surgery, and modifications to the technique. METHODS A literature search conducted for the years 1968 to 2000 retrieved over 400 citations that matched the search criteria. This information was reviewed by panel members and a methodologist, and it was evaluated for the quality of the evidence presented. RESULTS There are three multicenter, controlled, randomized trials that constitute Level I evidence and compare the value of surgery versus observation for macular hole. There are three multicenter, controlled, randomized trials studying the use of adjuvant therapy in macular hole repair. Postoperative vision of 20/40 or better has been reported in 22% to 49% of patients in randomized trials. The risks of surgical complications include retinal detachment (3%), endophthalmitis (<1%), cataract (>75%), and late reopening the hole (2% to 10%). CONCLUSIONS The evidence does not support surgery for patients with stage 1 holes. Level I evidence supports surgery for stage 2 holes to prevent progression to later stages of the disease and further visual loss. Level I evidence shows that surgery improves the vision in a majority of patients with stage 3 and stage 4 holes. There is no strong evidence that adjuvant therapy used at the time of surgery results in improved surgical outcomes. Patient inconvenience, patient preference, and quality of life issues have not been studied.
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Abstract
Given the high rate at which biological data are being collected and made public, it is essential that computational tools be developed that are capable of efficiently accessing and analyzing these data. High-performance distributed computing resources can play a key role in enabling large-scale analyses of biological databases. We use a distributed computing environment, Legion, to enable large-scale computations on the Protein Data Bank (PDB). In particular, we employ the Feature program to scan all protein structures in the PDB in search for unrecognized potential cation binding sites. We evaluate the efficiency of Legion's parallel execution capabilities and analyze the initial biological implications that result from having a site annotation scan of the entire PDB. We discuss four interesting proteins with unannotated, high-scoring candidate cation binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Waugh
- Stanford Medical Informatics, 251 Campus Drive, MSOB X-215, Stanford, CA 94305-5479, USA.
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Baghdassarian O, Chu HC, Tabbert B, Williams GA. Spectrum of luminescence from laser-created bubbles in water. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:4934-4937. [PMID: 11384385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of the luminescence emitted at the collapse of single laser-induced bubbles in water is measured for different maximum bubble radii. Bubbles as large as 2 mm show a molecular OH(*) band at 310 nm in the spectrum, which otherwise can be fitted approximately with a blackbody curve at a temperature of 7800 K. This finding provides a connection between the light emission of single bubbles and multibubble sonoluminescence, since in the latter case the same molecular band is observed. Surface instabilities are observed in the larger bubbles, and may be connected with the OH(*) emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Baghdassarian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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35
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Cohen MH, Hirschfeld S, Flamm Honig S, Ibrahim A, Johnson JR, O'Leary JJ, White RM, Williams GA, Pazdur R. Drug approval summaries: arsenic trioxide, tamoxifen citrate, anastrazole, paclitaxel, bexarotene. Oncologist 2001; 6:4-11. [PMID: 11161223 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.6-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report summarizes information on drugs recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, Office of Drug Evaluation I, Division of Oncology Drug Products. Five applications supporting new claims will be discussed: Trisenox (arsenic trioxide) for induction of remission and consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who are refractory to, or have relapsed from, retinoid and anthracycline chemotherapy, and whose disease is characterized by the presence of the t(15;17) translocation or PML/RAR-alpha gene expression; Nolvadex (tamoxifen citrate) in women with ductal carcinoma in situ, following breast surgery and radiation, to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer; Arimidex (anastrazole) for first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive or hormone receptor unknown locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer; Taxol (paclitaxel), 175 mg/m(2) by 3 h infusion in combination with cisplatin for first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer; and Targretin gel (bexarotene) for the topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with stage IA and IB cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who have not tolerated other therapies or who have refractory or persistent disease. Information provided includes rationale for drug development, study design, efficacy and safety results, and pertinent literature references.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Cohen
- Division of Oncology Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Rich C, Bernstein DS, Gates S, Heaney RP, Johnston CC, Rosenberg CA, Schnaper HW, Tewksbury RB, Williams GA. Factors involved in an objective study of the efficacy of treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 45:63-6. [PMID: 5937374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chu HC, Williams GA. Quenched Kosterlitz-Thouless superfluid transitions. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:2585-2588. [PMID: 11289986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly quenched Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) superfluid transitions are studied by solving the Fokker-Planck equation for the vortex-pair dynamics in conjunction with the KT recursion relations. Power-law decays of the vortex density at long times are found, and the results are in agreement with a scaling proposal made by Minnhagen and co-workers for the dynamical critical exponent. The superfluid density is strongly depressed after a quench, with the subsequent recovery being logarithmically slow for starting temperatures near T(KT). No evidence is found of vortices being "created" in a rapid quench; there is only decay of the existing thermal vortex pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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38
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Horn EP, McDonald HR, Johnson RN, Ai E, Williams GA, Lewis JM, Rubsamen PE, Sternberg P, Bhisitkul RB, Mieler WF. Soccer ball-related retinal injuries: a report of 13 cases. Retina 2001; 20:604-9. [PMID: 11131412 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200011000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical characteristics and management of retinal injuries caused by soccer ball impact as well as the mechanism of injury, prognostic features, risk factors, and possible prevention strategies. METHODS Thirteen cases of soccer ball injuries from retina referral practices were retrospectively reviewed, with attention to the mechanism of associated ocular complications and the anatomic and visual outcomes. RESULTS Soccer ball injuries occurred in both male and female patients (9 male, 4 female) with ages ranging from 8 to 21 years (median 14 years). These patients were observed from 0 to 64 months (median follow-up, 8 months). Four patients had traumatic macular holes, two eyes had retinal detachment associated with retinal dialysis, two had retinal tears associated with hemorrhage, one had a choroidal rupture, and one had only vitreous hemorrhage and Berlin's edema. Although six eyes had some degree of traumatic retinal pigment epitheliopathy, it was the primary diagnosis in only three. Visual acuity at presentation ranged from 20/20 to count fingers, with 7/13 (54%) having 20/200 or worse vision. Seven eyes underwent surgical procedures; the remainder were observed. Final visions ranged from 20/20 to count fingers, with 3/13 (23%) having 20/200 or worse vision. Six eyes (46%) improved by two or more lines by the last follow-up. CONCLUSION Soccer ball-related ocular injuries disproportionately affect young players, are more frequent in females than previously reported, and have more severe visual consequences than previously recognized. Injury prevention strategies to minimize contact between the eye and the soccer ball may reduce the incidence and severity of eye injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Horn
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
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39
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Chow DR, Garretson BR, Kuczynski B, Williams GA, Margherio R, Cox MS, Trese MT, Hassan T, Ferrone P. External versus internal approach to the removal of metallic intraocular foreign bodies. Retina 2001; 20:364-9. [PMID: 10950413 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200007000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the management of metallic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) at a single institution and to compare the use of internal and external approaches for their removal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on 70 eyes from 70 patients who underwent surgical removal of a metallic IOFB with either an internal (vitrectomy followed by forceps or internal magnet use) or external approach (large electromagnet) by seven vitreoretinal surgeons at a single institution between 1973 and 1996. Visual acuity and complications occurring with the two approaches were the main outcome measures studied. RESULTS Overall, patients showed significant improvement in visual acuity following surgical intervention (P < 0.001) despite widely varying surgical techniques. When the authors compared patients treated with an external versus an internal approach they found no statistically significant difference with regard to visual outcome and a trend toward a higher rate of postoperative endophthalmitis in the external approach group. CONCLUSION Surgical removal of metallic IOFB results in significant visual improvement. The external approach to the removal of magnetic metallic IOFB remains a viable treatment option in select cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Chow
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarrafizadeh
- Associated Retinal Consultants and William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA
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Banach MJ, Hassan TS, Cox MS, Margherio RR, Williams GA, Garretson BR, Trese MT. Clinical course and surgical treatment of macular epiretinal membranes in young subjects. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:23-6. [PMID: 11150258 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the surgical and nonsurgical visual outcomes of young subjects with idiopathic macular epiretinal membranes (ERMs). DESIGN Retrospective observational and noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen consecutive subjects (20 eyes) aged 40 years or less with an idiopathic macular ERM. METHODS Group 1: 10 consecutive eyes were initially seen with visual acuity of 20/50 or better; 7 eyes were observed, and 3 eyes with progressive visual loss to <20/50 underwent vitrectomy and membrane peeling. Group 2: 10 consecutive eyes with presenting visual acuity of 20/60 or worse underwent vitrectomy and membrane peeling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual acuity, cataract formation, ERM recurrence, operative complications. RESULTS Group 1: With no surgery, visual acuity remained stable or improved in 5 of 10 eyes (50%), with a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. Three of 10 eyes (30%) had visual loss < or =20/60 develop and underwent vitrectomy. Postoperative visual acuity improved an average of 6 lines with a mean follow-up of 17.6 months. Group 2: After vitrectomy, visual acuity improved 2 or more lines in 7 of 10 eyes (70%), with a mean improvement of 4.4 lines and mean follow-up of 29.2 months. Groups 1 and 2: Three of 13 eyes (23%) that underwent vitrectomy had recurrent ERM formation. CONCLUSIONS Young subjects with idiopathic macular ERMs and a presenting visual acuity of 20/50 or better had a favorable visual outcome with observation. Subjects with an initial vision of 20/60 or worse, or those who had a visual decrease to < or =20/60 had significantly improved visual acuity after vitrectomy. ERM recurrence is relatively high after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Banach
- Retina Consultants, PC, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sarrafizadeh R, Ruby AJ, Hassan TS, Williams GA, Garretson BR, Trese MT, Margherio RR. A comparison of visual results and complications in eyes with posterior chamber intraocular lens dislocation treated with pars plana vitrectomy and lens repositioning or lens exchange. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:82-9. [PMID: 11150269 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the visual results and the postoperative complications in eyes with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) dislocation that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens repositioning with eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens exchange. DESIGN Nonrandomized consecutive comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-nine eyes (27 right eyes and 32 left eyes) of 56 subjects (28 women and 28 men) ranging in age from 59 to 90 years. Mean follow-up was 34 months. METHODS A comparison of the best-corrected preoperative visual acuities, final visual acuities, and postoperative complications in subjects with dislocated PCIOLs that underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR)-converted visual acuities were used for comparison. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and population means were compared by a pooled Student's t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Final mean visual acuities, change in mean visual acuities, and postoperative complications. RESULTS For all 59 eyes the mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/152, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/48. Final visual results were similar between the eyes that underwent lens repositioning (20/55) and the eyes that underwent lens exchange (20/43; P = 0.19). Final visual results were also similar between the eyes that underwent lens exchange with sutured PCIOL placement (20/51) and the eyes that underwent lens exchange with anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL) placement (20/38; P = 0.26). Final mean visual acuity in eyes that received an ACIOL (20/38) was better than in eyes that underwent repositioning of the dislocated lens into the ciliary sulcus (20/65; P = 0.01). The mean increase in visual acuities was greater for eyes with ACIOL placement compared with eyes with sutured PCIOL placement (P = 0.01). For all eyes, final visual results were unaffected by a concurrent diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (20/52; P: = 0.71), glaucoma (20/48; P = 0.95), or postoperative cystoid macular edema (20/55; P = 0.45). Final visual acuities were significantly worse in eyes with a detectable preoperative afferent pupillary defect (20/200; P<0.0001). Postoperative retinal detachments developed in 4 of 29 eyes (14%) that underwent lens repositioning and in 2 of 30 eyes (7%) that had lens exchange (P = 0.42). Postoperative lens subluxations occurred in 6 of 29 eyes (21%) that underwent lens repositioning and in 1 of 30 eyes (3%) that underwent lens exchange (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The final visual results in eyes with dislocated PCIOLs that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens repositioning were similar to the visual results obtained in eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens exchange. For eyes that underwent lens exchange, final visual results in eyes that received an ACIOL were similar to the visual results obtained in eyes that received a PCIOL; however, eyes with an ACIOL showed a greater increase in mean visual acuity. Eyes with a preoperative afferent pupillary defect had worse final visual results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarrafizadeh
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Berinstein DM, Hassan TS, Williams GA, Margherio RR, Ruby AJ, Garretson BR. Surgical repair of full-thickness idiopathic macular holes associated with significant macular drusen. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:2233-9. [PMID: 11097602 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the visual and anatomic results of surgically repaired macular holes in eyes with intermediate or large-sized macular drusen. DESIGN Retrospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four eyes of 32 patients undergoing macular hole surgery with preoperative intermediate or large-sized macular drusen as defined by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). INTERVENTION Pars plana vitrectomy for standard macular hole repair performed by multiple surgeons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual acuity, anatomic hole closure. RESULTS Initial hole closure failed in 8 eyes (24%) overall, 5 of 28 eyes (18%) with AREDS category 2 drusen and 3 of 6 eyes (50%) with category 3 drusen (P = 0.1263). Final macular hole closure was seen in 93% of category 2 and 67% of category 3 eyes (P = 0.1347). Mean final visual acuity was 20/60 overall, 20/60 for category 2, and 20/50 for category 3 eyes. CONCLUSIONS A trend of reduced initial macular hole closure was seen in eyes with significant macular drusen. Reoperation improved closure rates. If closure was accomplished, visual outcomes were excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Berinstein
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, Department of Ophthalmology, Beaumont Eye Institute, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Mansur AH, Williams GA, Bishop DT, Markham AF, Lewis S, Britton J, Morrison JF. Evidence for a role of HLA DRB1 alleles in the control of IgE levels, strengthened by interacting TCR A/D marker alleles. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1371-8. [PMID: 10998012 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MHC class II alleles at human chromosome 6p21.1 and alleles in the TCR A/D locus at human chromosome 14q11.2 have been implicated in susceptibility to specific allergies and the modulation of total serum IgE. It has also been hypothesized that HLA and TCR allelic interactions may have a strong influence on predisposition to allergic disease. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the influence of HLA-DRB and DQB1 alleles and D14S50 alleles (adjacent to TCR A/D locus on 14q11.2), individually and in-combination, on total serum IgE levels, and on the development of specific allergies. METHODS We performed an association study between HLA-DRB, HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms, D14S50 alleles, total serum IgE expression and specific allergies to house dust mite, grass pollens and cat fur. A sample of 181 individuals was drawn from a larger set of 2415 adults, sampled at random from a district in Nottingham. RESULTS Strong association was observed between HLA-DRB1*0701 allele and high total serum IgE expression (P < 0.001). D14S50 alleles alone showed no evidence for independent association. However, there was a significant interaction between DRB1*0701 and D14S50 allele 170 such that, when both were present, there was a further increase in total serum IgE levels. CONCLUSION This study suggests that DRB1*0701 allele is involved in the modulation of total serum IgE, and that there is an interaction between DRB1*0701 and a marker adjacent to TCR A/D in the control of IgE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Mansur
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, Clinical Sciences Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Williams GA, Sarrafizadeh R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and retinal thrombosis in patients without risk factors: a prospective case-control study. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130:538-9. [PMID: 11183560 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility of a surgical approach that might be possible in an office setting for idiopathic stage 3 macular holes. The posterior hyaloid of the vitreous and perihole tissue is enzymatically manipulated to create an atraumatic posterior vitreous separation and may stimulate cell proliferation to close macular holes. DESIGN Prospective noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Nine eyes of eight patients with idiopathic stage 3 macular holes were treated. METHODS The patients were treated with an injection of 0.4 IU of autologous plasmin enzyme into the midvitreous cavity and lavage of the vitreous cavity with an infusion light pipe and vitreous cutter followed by filling 70% to 80% of the vitreous cavity with 14% C3F8 and head-down positioning. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Posterior vitreous detachment, macular hole closure, and vision improvement. RESULTS Eight of nine eyes showed a spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment. One eye required minimal suction of less than 50 mmHg to elevate the posterior hyaloid off the retinal surface. Eyes were followed for a minimum of 6 months. All holes closed, and there was an average visual acuity improvement of four lines. The average surgical time for this procedure was 20 minutes. CONCLUSIONS Autologous plasmin enzyme-assisted vitreous surgery techniques can reduce operative time, expense, and patient inconvenience while maintaining excellent surgical results, which may allow office-based vitreous surgery for idiopathic stage 3 macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Trese
- Associated Retinal Consultants, PC, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Pendergast SD, Hassan TS, Williams GA, Cox MS, Margherio RR, Ferrone PJ, Garretson BR, Trese MT. Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130:178-86. [PMID: 11004291 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of vitrectomy in eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut posterior hyaloid. METHODS Records of 55 eyes of 50 patients with diabetic retinopathy and diffuse clinically significant diabetic macular edema who underwent vitrectomy with stripping of the premacular posterior hyaloid were reviewed. In all 55 eyes, diffuse diabetic macular edema was present on contact lens examination and confirmed with fluorescein angiography. On fundus examination, the premacular posterior hyaloid was attached and appeared taut. RESULTS The mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 20/160, and the mean final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/80 (P <.0001, Wilcoxon signed rank test), with 27 (49.1%) of the 55 eyes demonstrating improvement in best-corrected visual acuity of 2 or more lines. Fifty-two (94.5%) of the 55 vitrectomized eyes showed improvement in clinically significant macular edema and in 45 eyes (81.8%) the macular edema resolved completely during a mean period of 4.5 months (range, 1 to 13 months). Eyes with macular ischemia and preoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or less tended to respond less favorably to vitrectomy than eyes lacking these characteristics. All eyes had at least 6 months of follow-up after surgery, with a mean follow-up of 23.2 months. CONCLUSION In eyes with persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid face unresponsive to laser therapy, vitrectomy with removal of the posterior hyaloid appears to be beneficial in some cases. Careful selection of eyes with favorable preoperative clinical characteristics may improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Pendergast
- Retina Associates of Cleveland, Inc, Beachwood, Ohio 44122, USA.
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McCabe CM, Flynn HW, McLean WC, Brod RD, McDonald HR, Johnson MW, Williams GA, Mieler WF. Nonsurgical management of macular hemorrhage secondary to retinal artery macroaneurysms. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118:780-5. [PMID: 10865314 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.118.6.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report visual acuity outcomes of nonsurgical management of macular hemorrhage secondary to retinal artery macroaneurysms. METHODS Forty-one patients at multiple centers with macular hemorrhage secondary to retinal artery macroaneurysms managed with observation alone were reviewed. Time to clearance of macular hemorrhage, visual acuity at final follow-up, and presence or absence of macular pigmentary changes after absorption of the hemorrhage were recorded for each patient. RESULTS On initial examination, visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in all except 4 patients (3 with 20/70, 1 with 20/80). At an average follow-up of 15. 7 months, a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 15 eyes (37%), between 20/50 and 20/100 in 12 (29%), and 20/200 or worse in 14 (34%). Macular pigmentary abnormalities were noted after clearance of the hemorrhage in 23 (56%) of 41 cases, and these eyes generally had worse visual acuity outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In eyes with macular hemorrhage secondary to retinal artery macroaneurysms managed with observation alone, good visual acuity outcomes can often be achieved. Poorer visual acuity outcomes are associated with macular pigmentary changes after resorption of blood. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:780-785
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McCabe
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 900 NW 17th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Banach
- Associated Retinal Consultants, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
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Margherio RR, Margherio AR, Williams GA, Chow DR, Banach MJ. Effect of perifoveal tissue dissection in the management of acute idiopathic full-thickness macular holes. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118:495-8. [PMID: 10766135 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.118.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of perifoveal tissue dissection (PTD) on patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic macular holes of less than 1-year's duration. METHODS Pars plana core vitrectomy was performed on 107 eyes of 104 consecutive patients with acute idiopathic macular holes. One cohort had routine PTD. In the other cohort, no attempt was made to strip preretinal tissue. Follow-up was longer than 6 months (follow-up range, 6 to 36 months). RESULTS Overall, 95 (89%) of all macular holes were closed. Visual acuity improved 2 lines or more of the Snellen letter chart in 91 eyes (85%). A postoperative visual acuity of 20/50 or better was achieved in 79 eyes (74%). A transient increase in intraocular pressure (230 mm Hg) developed in 25 eyes (23.4%). In 6 eyes (5.6%) a retinal detachment developed. One eye had retinal pigment epithelial changes and 1 patient reported peripheral field loss. No statistically significant differences were noted between eyes having PTD and those without PTD for any outcome measure. CONCLUSION In this series, no beneficial or adverse effect could be demonstrated by performing PTD in eyes undergoing pars plana core vitrectomy for acute idiopathic macular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Margherio
- Associated Retinal Consultants and William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Mich, USA.
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