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Peng T, Ding M, Yan H, Zhang P, Tian R, Guo Y, Zheng L. Endurance exercise upregulates mtp expression in aged Drosophila to ameliorate age-related diastolic dysfunction and extend lifespan. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15929. [PMID: 38307709 PMCID: PMC10837045 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction is a major cardiac dysfunction, and an important predisposing factor is age. Although exercise training is often used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease nowadays, little is currently known about whether exercise interventions associated with the slowing of cardiac aging are related to mtp-related pathways. In the present study, the UAS/Tub-Gal4 system was used to knockdown whole-body mtp expression levels in Drosophila, which underwent 2 weeks of endurance training. By conducting different assays and quantifying different indicators, we sought to investigate the relationship between mtp, exercise, and age-related diastolic dysfunction. We found that (1) Drosophila in the mtpRNAi youth group exhibited age-related diastolic dysfunction and had a significantly shorter mean lifespan. (2) Endurance exercise could improve diastolic dysfunction and prolong lifespan in aged Drosophila. (3) Endurance exercise could increase the expression levels of apolpp and Acox3, and decrease the levels of TC, LDL-C, and TG in the aged group. In summary, aging causes age-associated diastolic dysfunction in Drosophila, and systemic knockdown of mtp causes premature age-associated diastolic dysfunction in young Drosophila. Besides, endurance exercise improves age-related diastolic dysfunction and prolongs lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hanhui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Rui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan ProvinceHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
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2
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Gu W, Li Q, Ding M, Cao Y, Wang T, Zhang S, Feng J, Li H, Zheng L. Regular Exercise Rescues Heart Function Defects and Shortens the Lifespan of Drosophila Caused by dMnM Downregulation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16554. [PMID: 36554435 PMCID: PMC9779684 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that myomesin 2 (MYOM2) mutations can lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common cardiovascular disease that has a serious impact on human life, the effect of MYOM2 on cardiac function and lifespan in humans is unknown. In this study, dMnM (MYOM2 homologs) knockdown in cardiomyocytes resulted in diastolic cardiac defects (diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias) and increased cardiac oxidative stress. Furthermore, the knockdown of dMnM in indirect flight muscle (IFM) reduced climbing ability and shortened lifespan. However, regular exercise significantly ameliorated diastolic cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and oxidative stress triggered by dMnM knockdown in cardiac myocytes and also reversed the reduction in climbing ability and shortening of lifespan caused by dMnM knockdown in Drosophila IFM. In conclusion, these results suggest that Drosophila cardiomyocyte dMnM knockdown leads to cardiac functional defects, while dMnM knockdown in IFM affects climbing ability and lifespan. Furthermore, regular exercise effectively upregulates cardiomyocyte dMnM expression levels and ameliorates cardiac functional defects caused by Drosophila cardiomyocyte dMnM knockdown by increasing cardiac antioxidant capacity. Importantly, regular exercise ameliorates the shortened lifespan caused by dMnM knockdown in IFM.
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3
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Willantarra I, Leung S, Choi YS, Chhana A, McGlashan SR. Chondrocyte-specific response to stiffness-mediated primary cilia formation and centriole positioning. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C236-C247. [PMID: 35649254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix are key drivers of tissue development and homeostasis. Aberrant mechanosensation is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including osteoarthritis. Matrix (or substrate) stiffness plays a major role in cell spreading, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. However, how specific cells sense substrate stiffness still remains unclude. The primary cilium is an essential cellular organelle that senses and integrates mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment. We hypothesised that the primary cilium dynamically alters its length and position to fine-tune cell mechanosignalling based on substrate stiffness alone. We used a hydrogel system of varying substrate stiffness to examine the role of stiffness on cilia frequency, length and centriole position as well as cell and nuclei area over time. Contrary to other cell types, we show that chondrocyte primary cilia shorten on softer substrates demonstrating tissue-specific mechanosensing which is aligned with the tissue stiffness the cells originate from. We further show that stiffness determines centriole positioning to either the basal or apical membrane during attachment and spreading, with centriole positioned towards the basal membrane on stiffer substrates. These phenomena are mediated by force generation actin-myosin stress fibres in a time-dependent manner. Finally we show on stiff substrates, that primary cilia are involved in tension-mediated cell spreading. We propose that substrate stiffness plays a role in cilia positioning, regulating cellular responses to external forces, and may be a key driver of mechanosignalling-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Willantarra
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashika Chhana
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Blice-Baum AC, Guida MC, Hartley PS, Adams PD, Bodmer R, Cammarato A. As time flies by: Investigating cardiac aging in the short-lived Drosophila model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1831-1844. [PMID: 30496794 PMCID: PMC6527462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in heart function across the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. The risk of cardiovascular disease grows significantly over time, and as developed countries continue to see an increase in lifespan, the cost of cardiovascular healthcare for the elderly will undoubtedly rise. The molecular basis for cardiac function deterioration with age is multifaceted and not entirely clear, and there is a limit to what investigations can be performed on human subjects or mammalian models. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a useful model organism for studying aging in a short timeframe, benefitting from a suite of molecular and genetic tools and displaying highly conserved traits of cardiac senescence. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of cardiac aging and how the fruit fly has aided in these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Clara Guida
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Paul S Hartley
- Bournemouth University, Department of Life and Environmental Science, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Peter D Adams
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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5
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Pacholska-Bogalska J, Szymczak M, Marciniak P, Walkowiak-Nowicka K, Rosiński G. Heart mechanical and hemodynamic parameters of a beetle, Tenebrio molitor, at selected ages. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2018; 99:e21474. [PMID: 29851138 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiological processes that occur during the aging of insects are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in contractile activity and hemodynamic parameters of the heart that take place as the coleopteran beetle, Tenebrio molitor, ages. The frequency of heart contractions in beetles that had just undergone metamorphosis (median 24.7 beats/min) was significantly lower than the frequency of heart contractions in older beetles. In 56% of beetles that were < 1 week of age, a pattern of contractile activity with alternating periods of higher and lower contraction frequency was detected, suggesting that some posteclosion developmental processes occur during the first week of adulthood. All beetles that were 1 week of age showed a regular rhythm of heart contractions (median 72 beats/min). In older beetles, abnormalities such as heart arrhythmias or heart arrest were observed. The incidence of arrhythmia as well as the arrhythmicity index was highest in beetles that were 8-18 weeks old. The calculated stroke volume (SV) was also found to increase from eclosion to 12 weeks of age, and then decreased as adults aged further. Interestingly, cardiac output increased gradually, but the ejection fraction did not change significantly with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland
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6
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Sessions AO, Min P, Cordes T, Weickert BJ, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Metallo CM, Engler AJ. Preserved cardiac function by vinculin enhances glucose oxidation and extends health- and life-span. APL Bioeng 2018; 2. [PMID: 30105314 PMCID: PMC6086353 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite limited regenerative capacity as we age, cardiomyocytes maintain their function in part through compensatory mechanisms, e.g., Vinculin reinforcement of intercalated discs in aged organisms. This mechanism, which is conserved from flies to non-human primates, creates a more crystalline sarcomere lattice that extends lifespan, but systemic connections between the cardiac sarcomere structure and lifespan extension are not apparent. Using the rapidly aging fly system, we found that cardiac-specific Vinculin-overexpression [Vinculin heart-enhanced (VincHE)] increases heart contractility, maximal cardiac mitochondrial respiration, and organismal fitness with age. Systemic metabolism also dramatically changed with age and VincHE; steady state sugar concentrations, as well as aerobic glucose metabolism, increase in VincHE and suggest enhanced energy substrate utilization with increased cardiac performance. When cardiac stress was induced with the complex I inhibitor rotenone, VincHE hearts sustain contractions unlike controls. This work establishes a new link between the cardiac cytoskeleton and systemic glucose utilization and protects mitochondrial function from external stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla O Sessions
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Peter Min
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Barry J Weickert
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Adam J Engler
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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7
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Abstract
Heart failure places an enormous burden on health and economic systems worldwide. It is a complex disease that is profoundly influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Neither the molecular mechanisms underlying heart failure nor effective prevention strategies are fully understood. Fortunately, relevant aspects of human heart failure can be experimentally studied in tractable model animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila, allowing the in vivo application of powerful and sophisticated molecular genetic and physiological approaches. Heart failure in Drosophila, as in humans, can be classified into dilated cardiomyopathies and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Critically, many genes and cellular pathways directing heart development and function are evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to humans. Studies of molecular mechanisms linking aging with heart failure have revealed that genes involved in aging-associated energy homeostasis and oxidative stress resistance influence cardiac dysfunction through perturbation of IGF and TOR pathways. Importantly, ion channel proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and integrins implicated in aging of the mammalian heart have been shown to play significant roles in heart failure. A number of genes previously described having roles in development of the Drosophila heart, such as genes involved in Wnt signaling pathways, have recently been shown to play important roles in the adult fly heart. Moreover, the fly model presents opportunities for innovative studies that cannot currently be pursued in the mammalian heart because of technical limitations. In this review, we discuss progress in our understanding of genes, proteins, and molecular mechanisms that affect the Drosophila adult heart and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhu
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Qun Zeng
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Xiushan Wu
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
| | - Wuzhou Yuan
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
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8
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Abstract
Unlike diet and exercise, which individuals can modulate according to their lifestyle, aging is unavoidable. With normal or healthy aging, the heart undergoes extensive vascular, cellular, and interstitial molecular changes that result in stiffer less compliant hearts that experience a general decline in organ function. Although these molecular changes deemed cardiac remodeling were once thought to be concomitant with advanced cardiovascular disease, they can be found in patients without manifestation of clinical disease. It is now mostly acknowledged that these age-related mechanical changes confer vulnerability of the heart to cardiovascular stresses associated with disease, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, recent studies have aimed at differentiating the initial compensatory changes that occur within the heart with age to maintain contractile function from the maladaptive responses associated with disease. This work has identified new targets to improve cardiac function during aging. Spanning invertebrate to vertebrate models, we use this review to delineate some hallmarks of physiological versus pathological remodeling that occur in the cardiomyocyte and its microenvironment, focusing especially on the mechanical changes that occur within the sarcomere, intercalated disc, costamere, and extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla O Sessions
- From the Biomedical Sciences Program (A.O.S., A.J.E.) and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.J.E.); and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA (A.J.E.)
| | - Adam J Engler
- From the Biomedical Sciences Program (A.O.S., A.J.E.) and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.J.E.); and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA (A.J.E.).
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9
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Hughes CJR, Jacobs JR. Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E24. [PMID: 29056683 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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10
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Blice-Baum AC, Zambon AC, Kaushik G, Viswanathan MC, Engler AJ, Bodmer R, Cammarato A. Modest overexpression of FOXO maintains cardiac proteostasis and ameliorates age-associated functional decline. Aging Cell 2017; 16:93-103. [PMID: 28090761 PMCID: PMC5242305 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart performance declines with age. Impaired protein quality control (PQC), due to reduced ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) activity, autophagic function, and/or chaperone‐mediated protein refolding, contributes to cardiac deterioration. The transcription factor FOXO participates in regulating genes involved in PQC, senescence, and numerous other processes. Here, a comprehensive approach, involving molecular genetics, novel assays to probe insect cardiac physiology, and bioinformatics, was utilized to investigate the influence of heart‐restricted manipulation of dFOXO expression in the rapidly aging Drosophila melanogaster model. Modest dFOXO overexpression was cardioprotective, ameliorating nonpathological functional decline with age. This was accompanied by increased expression of genes associated predominantly with the UPS, relative to other PQC components, which was validated by a significant decrease in ubiquitinated proteins. RNAi knockdown of UPS candidates accordingly compromised myocardial physiology in young flies. Conversely, excessive dFOXO overexpression or suppression proved detrimental to heart function and/or organismal development. This study highlights D. melanogaster as a model of cardiac aging and FOXO as a tightly regulated mediator of proteostasis and heart performance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Blice-Baum
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Alexander C. Zambon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Keck Graduate Institute; Claremont CA 91711 USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Meera C. Viswanathan
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD 21205 USA
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Cannon L, Zambon AC, Cammarato A, Zhang Z, Vogler G, Munoz M, Taylor E, Cartry J, Bernstein SI, Melov S, Bodmer R. Expression patterns of cardiac aging in Drosophila. Aging Cell 2017; 16:82-92. [PMID: 28090760 PMCID: PMC5242310 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging causes cardiac dysfunction, often leading to heart failure and death. The molecular basis of age-associated changes in cardiac structure and function is largely unknown. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is well-suited to investigate the genetics of cardiac aging. Flies age rapidly over the course of weeks, benefit from many tools to easily manipulate their genome, and their heart has significant genetic and phenotypic similarities to the human heart. Here, we performed a cardiac-specific gene expression study on aging Drosophila and carried out a comparative meta-analysis with published rodent data. Pathway level transcriptome comparisons suggest that age-related, extra-cellular matrix remodeling and alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, protein handling, and contractile functions are conserved between Drosophila and rodent hearts. However, expression of only a few individual genes similarly changed over time between and even within species. We also examined gene expression in single fly hearts and found significant variability as has been reported in rodents. We propose that individuals may arrive at similar cardiac aging phenotypes via dissimilar transcriptional changes, including those in transcription factors and micro-RNAs. Finally, our data suggest the transcription factor Odd-skipped, which is essential for normal heart development, is also a crucial regulator of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cannon
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Alexander C. Zambon
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Keck Graduate Institute; Claremont CA USA
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Georg Vogler
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Matthew Munoz
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Keck Graduate Institute; Claremont CA USA
| | - Erika Taylor
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Jérôme Cartry
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Sanford I. Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, and The Heart Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging; Novato CA USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla CA USA
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12
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Kaushik G, Leijten J, Khademhosseini A. Concise Review: Organ Engineering: Design, Technology, and Integration. Stem Cells 2016; 35:51-60. [PMID: 27641724 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Engineering complex tissues and whole organs has the potential to dramatically impact translational medicine in several avenues. Organ engineering is a discipline that integrates biological knowledge of embryological development, anatomy, physiology, and cellular interactions with enabling technologies including biocompatible biomaterials and biofabrication platforms such as three-dimensional bioprinting. When engineering complex tissues and organs, core design principles must be taken into account, such as the structure-function relationship, biochemical signaling, mechanics, gradients, and spatial constraints. Technological advances in biomaterials, biofabrication, and biomedical imaging allow for in vitro control of these factors to recreate in vivo phenomena. Finally, organ engineering emerges as an integration of biological design and technical rigor. An overall workflow for organ engineering and guiding technology to advance biology as well as a perspective on necessary future iterations in the field is discussed. Stem Cells 2017;35:51-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia, USA.,Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Sessions AO, Kaushik G, Parker S, Raedschelders K, Bodmer R, Van Eyk JE, Engler AJ. Extracellular matrix downregulation in the Drosophila heart preserves contractile function and improves lifespan. Matrix Biol 2016; 62:15-27. [PMID: 27793636 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with extensive remodeling of the heart, including basement membrane (BM) components that surround cardiomyocytes. Remodeling is thought to impair cardiac mechanotransduction, but the contribution of specific BM components to age-related lateral communication between cardiomyocytes is unclear. Using a genetically tractable, rapidly aging model with sufficient cardiac genetic homology and morphology, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, we observed differential regulation of BM collagens between laboratory strains, correlating with changes in muscle physiology leading to cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to understand the extent to which BM proteins modulate contractile function during aging. Cardiac-restricted knockdown of ECM genes Pericardin, Laminin A, and Viking in Drosophila prevented age-associated heart tube restriction and increased contractility, even under viscous load. Most notably, reduction of Laminin A expression correlated with an overall preservation of contractile velocity with age and extension of organismal lifespan. Global heterozygous knockdown confirmed these data, which provides new evidence of a direct link between BM homeostasis, contractility, and maintenance of lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla O Sessions
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, UC, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah Parker
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute; Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center; Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute; Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center; Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute; Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center; Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, UC, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wen DT, Zheng L, Ni L, Wang H, Feng Y, Zhang M. The expression of CG9940 affects the adaptation of cardiac function, mobility, and lifespan to exercise in aging Drosophila. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:6-14. [PMID: 27448710 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CG9940 gene, which encodes the NAD(+) synthase protein in Drosophila, is conserved in human, zebra fish, and mosquito. NAD(+) synthase is a homodimer, which catalyzes the final step in de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis, an amide transfer from either ammonia or glutamine to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Both the CG9940 and exercise are closely relative to NAD(+) level, and NAD(+) plays important roles not only in energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions but also in aging. In our study, the expression of CG9940 was changed by UAS/GAL4 system in Drosophila. Flies were trained by a training device. Cardiac function was analyzed by M-mode traces, climbing index was measured through negative geotaxis assay, and lifespan was measured via lifespan assays. The important new findings from our present study included the following: (1) the expression of the CG9940 could affect cardiac function, mobility, and lifespan in Drosophila. Over-expression of the CG9940 gene had positive effects on Drosophila, such as enhanced aging cardiac output, reduced heart failure, delayed age-related mobility decline, and prolonged lifespan, but lower-expression of the CG9940 had negative effects on them. (2) Different expressions of the CG9940 resulted in different influences on the adaptation of cardiac function, mobility, and lifespan to exercise in aging Drosophila. Both normal-expression and over-expression of the CG9940 resulted in positive influences on the adaptation of cardiac functions, mobility, and lifespan to exercise in aging Drosophila such as exercise slowed age-related decline of cardiac function, mobility and extent of lifespan in these flies, while lower-expression of the CG9940 led to negative impacts on the adaptation of mobility and lifespan to exercise in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Tai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China.
| | - Liu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha 410012, Hunan, China
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15
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Rotstein B, Paululat A. On the Morphology of the Drosophila Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:E15. [PMID: 29367564 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system of Drosophilamelanogaster represents an easily amenable genetic model whose analysis at different levels, i.e., from single molecules up to functional anatomy, has provided new insights into general aspects of cardiogenesis, heart physiology and cardiac aging, to name a few examples. In recent years, the Drosophila heart has also attracted the attention of researchers in the field of biomedicine. This development is mainly due to the fact that several genes causing human heart disease are also present in Drosophila, where they play the same or similar roles in heart development, maintenance or physiology as their respective counterparts in humans. This review will attempt to briefly introduce the anatomy of the Drosophila circulatory system and then focus on the different cell types and non-cellular tissue that constitute the heart.
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Taghli-Lamallem O, Plantié E, Jagla K. Drosophila in the Heart of Understanding Cardiac Diseases: Modeling Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies in the Fruitfly. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3010007. [PMID: 29367558 PMCID: PMC5715700 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and, among them, channelopathies and cardiomyopathies are a major cause of death worldwide. The molecular and genetic defects underlying these cardiac disorders are complex, leading to a large range of structural and functional heart phenotypes. Identification of molecular and functional mechanisms disrupted by mutations causing channelopathies and cardiomyopathies is essential to understanding the link between an altered gene and clinical phenotype. The development of animal models has been proven to be efficient for functional studies in channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. In particular, the Drosophila model has been largely applied for deciphering the molecular and cellular pathways affected in these inherited cardiac disorders and for identifying their genetic modifiers. Here we review the utility and the main contributions of the fruitfly models for the better understanding of channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. We also discuss the investigated pathological mechanisms and the discoveries of evolutionarily conserved pathways which reinforce the value of Drosophila in modeling human cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Taghli-Lamallem
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development laboratory), INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Ferrand, 28 place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Emilie Plantié
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development laboratory), INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Ferrand, 28 place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD (Genetics, Reproduction and Development laboratory), INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Ferrand, 28 place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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17
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Abstract
Ageing in humans is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. We still do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning this correlation. However, a number of insights into which genes control cardiac ageing have come from studying hearts of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The fly's simple heart tube has similar molecular structure and basic physiology to the human heart. Also, both fly and human hearts experience significant age-related morphological and functional decline. Studies on the fly heart have highlighted the involvement of key nutrient sensing, ion channel and sarcomeric genes in cardiac ageing. Many of these genes have also been implicated in ageing of the mammalian heart. Genes that increase oxidative stress, or are linked to cardiac hypertrophy or neurodegenerative diseases in mammals also affect cardiac ageing in the fruit fly. Moreover, fly studies have demonstrated the potential of exercise and statins to treat age-related cardiac disease. These results show the value of Drosophila as a model to discover the genetic causes of human cardiac ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cannon
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kaushik G, Spenlehauer A, Sessions AO, Trujillo AS, Fuhrmann A, Fu Z, Venkatraman V, Pohl D, Tuler J, Wang M, Lakatta EG, Ocorr K, Bodmer R, Bernstein SI, Van Eyk JE, Cammarato A, Engler AJ. Vinculin network-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling regulates contractile function in the aging heart. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:292ra99. [PMID: 26084806 PMCID: PMC4507505 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human heart is capable of functioning for decades despite minimal cell turnover or regeneration, suggesting that molecular alterations help sustain heart function with age. However, identification of compensatory remodeling events in the aging heart remains elusive. We present the cardiac proteomes of young and old rhesus monkeys and rats, from which we show that certain age-associated remodeling events within the cardiomyocyte cytoskeleton are highly conserved and beneficial rather than deleterious. Targeted transcriptomic analysis in Drosophila confirmed conservation and implicated vinculin as a unique molecular regulator of cardiac function during aging. Cardiac-restricted vinculin overexpression reinforced the cortical cytoskeleton and enhanced myofilament organization, leading to improved contractility and hemodynamic stress tolerance in healthy and myosin-deficient fly hearts. Moreover, cardiac-specific vinculin overexpression increased median life span by more than 150% in flies. A broad array of potential therapeutic targets and regulators of age-associated modifications, specifically for vinculin, are presented. These findings suggest that the heart has molecular mechanisms to sustain performance and promote longevity, which may be assisted by therapeutic intervention to ameliorate the decline of function in aging patient hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alice Spenlehauer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayla O Sessions
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriana S Trujillo
- Department of Biology, Heart Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Alexander Fuhrmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zongming Fu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Danielle Pohl
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy Tuler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sanford I Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Heart Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Freedman BR, Bade ND, Riggin CN, Zhang S, Haines PG, Ong KL, Janmey PA. The (dys)functional extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:3153-64. [PMID: 25930943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the biomechanical environment with which cells interact, and it plays important roles in both normal development and disease progression. Mechanical and biochemical factors alter the biomechanical properties of tissues by driving cellular remodeling of the ECM. This review provides an overview of the structural, compositional, and mechanical properties of the ECM that instruct cell behaviors. Case studies are reviewed that highlight mechanotransduction in the context of two distinct tissues: tendons and the heart. Although these two tissues demonstrate differences in relative cell-ECM composition and mechanical environment, they share similar mechanisms underlying ECM dysfunction and cell mechanotransduction. Together, these topics provide a framework for a fundamental understanding of the ECM and how it may vary across normal and diseased tissues in response to mechanical and biochemical cues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan D Bade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corinne N Riggin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip G Haines
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katy L Ong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Khare SM, Awasthi A, Venkataraman V, Koushika SP. Colored polydimethylsiloxane micropillar arrays for high throughput measurements of forces applied by genetic model organisms. Biomicrofluidics 2015; 9:014111. [PMID: 25713693 PMCID: PMC4312341 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measuring forces applied by multi-cellular organisms is valuable in investigating biomechanics of their locomotion. Several technologies have been developed to measure such forces, for example, strain gauges, micro-machined sensors, and calibrated cantilevers. We introduce an innovative combination of techniques as a high throughput screening tool to assess forces applied by multiple genetic model organisms. First, we fabricated colored Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars where the color enhances contrast making it easier to detect and track pillar displacement driven by the organism. Second, we developed a semi-automated graphical user interface to analyze the images for pillar displacement, thus reducing the analysis time for each animal to minutes. The addition of color reduced the Young's modulus of PDMS. Therefore, the dye-PDMS composite was characterized using Yeoh's hyperelastic model and the pillars were calibrated using a silicon based force sensor. We used our device to measure forces exerted by wild type and mutant Caenorhabditis elegans moving on an agarose surface. Wild type C. elegans exert an average force of ∼1 μN on an individual pillar and a total average force of ∼7.68 μN. We show that the middle of C. elegans exerts more force than its extremities. We find that C. elegans mutants with defective body wall muscles apply significantly lower force on individual pillars, while mutants defective in sensing externally applied mechanical forces still apply the same average force per pillar compared to wild type animals. Average forces applied per pillar are independent of the length, diameter, or cuticle stiffness of the animal. We also used the device to measure, for the first time, forces applied by Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Peristaltic waves occurred at 0.4 Hz applying an average force of ∼1.58 μN on a single pillar. Our colored microfluidic device along with its displacement tracking software allows us to measure forces applied by multiple model organisms that crawl or slither to travel through their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth M Khare
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - V Venkataraman
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
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21
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Wen JH, Vincent LG, Fuhrmann A, Choi YS, Hribar K, Taylor-Weiner H, Chen S, Engler AJ. Interplay of matrix stiffness and protein tethering in stem cell differentiation. Nat Mater 2014; 13:979-87. [PMID: 25108614 PMCID: PMC4172528 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells regulate their fate by binding to, and contracting against, the extracellular matrix. Recently, it has been proposed that in addition to matrix stiffness and ligand type, the degree of coupling of fibrous protein to the surface of the underlying substrate, that is, tethering and matrix porosity, also regulates stem cell differentiation. By modulating substrate porosity without altering stiffness in polyacrylamide gels, we show that varying substrate porosity did not significantly change protein tethering, substrate deformations, or the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells and marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Varying protein-substrate linker density up to 50-fold changed tethering, but did not affect osteogenesis, adipogenesis, surface-protein unfolding or underlying substrate deformations. Differentiation was also unaffected by the absence of protein tethering. Our findings imply that the stiffness of planar matrices regulates stem cell differentiation independently of protein tethering and porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Wen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ludovic G. Vincent
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexander Fuhrmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kolin Hribar
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hermes Taylor-Weiner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine; La Jolla, CA 92037
- Corresponding author: Phone: (858) 246-0678; Fax: (858) 534-5722;
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22
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Nishimura M, Kumsta C, Kaushik G, Diop SB, Ding Y, Bisharat-Kernizan J, Catan H, Cammarato A, Ross RS, Engler AJ, Bodmer R, Hansen M, Ocorr K. A dual role for integrin-linked kinase and β1-integrin in modulating cardiac aging. Aging Cell 2014; 13:431-40. [PMID: 24400780 PMCID: PMC4032615 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac performance decreases with age, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in the aging human population, but the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac aging are still poorly understood. Investigating the role of integrin-linked kinase (ilk) and β1-integrin (myospheroid, mys) in Drosophila, which colocalize near cardiomyocyte contacts and Z-bands, we find that reduced ilk or mys function prevents the typical changes of cardiac aging seen in wildtype, such as arrhythmias. In particular, the characteristic increase in cardiac arrhythmias with age is prevented in ilk and mys heterozygous flies with nearly identical genetic background, and they live longer, in line with previous findings in Caenorhabditis elegans for ilk and in Drosophila for mys. Consistent with these findings, we observed elevated β1-integrin protein levels in old compared with young wild-type flies, and cardiac-specific overexpression of mys in young flies causes aging-like heart dysfunction. Moreover, moderate cardiac-specific knockdown of integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/integrin pathway-associated genes also prevented the decline in cardiac performance with age. In contrast, strong cardiac knockdown of ilk or ILK-associated genes can severely compromise cardiac integrity, including cardiomyocyte adhesion and overall heart function. These data suggest that ilk/mys function is necessary for establishing and maintaining normal heart structure and function, and appropriate fine-tuning of this pathway can retard the age-dependent decline in cardiac performance and extend lifespan. Thus, ILK/integrin-associated signaling emerges as an important and conserved genetic mechanism in longevity, and as a new means to improve age-dependent cardiac performance, in addition to its vital role in maintaining cardiac integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Nishimura
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Caroline Kumsta
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine; University of California at San Diego; 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Soda B. Diop
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yun Ding
- School of Medicine; VA San Diego Healthcare System; University of California at San Diego; 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, Cardiology Section 111A San Diego CA 92161 USA
| | - Jumana Bisharat-Kernizan
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Hannah Catan
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Robert S. Ross
- School of Medicine; VA San Diego Healthcare System; University of California at San Diego; 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, Cardiology Section 111A San Diego CA 92161 USA
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine; University of California at San Diego; 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; 10901 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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23
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Ocorr K, Vogler G, Bodmer R. Methods to assess Drosophila heart development, function and aging. Methods 2014; 68:265-72. [PMID: 24727147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the Drosophila heart has become an established model for many different aspects of human cardiac disease. This model has allowed identification of disease-causing mechanisms underlying congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies and has permitted the study of underlying genetic, metabolic and age-related contributions to heart function. In this review we discuss methods currently employed in the analysis of the Drosophila heart structure and function, such as optical methods to infer heart function and performance, electrophysiological and mechanical approaches to characterize cardiac tissue properties, and conclude with histological techniques used in the study of heart development and adult structure.
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24
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Abstract
Stem cell differentiation into a variety of lineages is known to involve signaling from the extracellular niche, including from the physical properties of that environment. What regulates stem cell responses to these cues is there ability to activate different mechanotransductive pathways. Here, we will review the structures and pathways that regulate stem cell commitment to a cardiomyocyte lineage, specifically examining proteins within muscle sarcomeres, costameres, and intercalated discs. Proteins within these structures stretch, inducing a change in their phosphorylated state or in their localization to initiate different signals. We will also put these changes in the context of stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, their subsequent formation of the chambered heart, and explore negative signaling that occurs during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Viswanathan MC, Kaushik G, Engler AJ, Lehman W, Cammarato A. A Drosophila melanogaster model of diastolic dysfunction and cardiomyopathy based on impaired troponin-T function. Circ Res 2013; 114:e6-17. [PMID: 24221941 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regulation of striated muscle contraction is achieved by Ca2+ -dependent steric modulation of myosin cross-bridge cycling on actin by the thin filament troponin-tropomyosin complex. Alterations in the complex can induce contractile dysregulation and disease. For example, mutations between or near residues 112 to 136 of cardiac troponin-T, the crucial TnT1 (N-terminal domain of troponin-T)-tropomyosin-binding region, cause cardiomyopathy. The Drosophila upheld(101) Glu/Lys amino acid substitution lies C-terminally adjacent to this phylogenetically conserved sequence. OBJECTIVE Using a highly integrative approach, we sought to determine the molecular trigger of upheld(101) myofibrillar degeneration, to evaluate contractile performance in the mutant cardiomyocytes, and to examine the effects of the mutation on the entire Drosophila heart to elucidate regulatory roles for conserved TnT1 regions and provide possible mechanistic insight into cardiac dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Live video imaging of Drosophila cardiac tubes revealed that the troponin-T mutation prolongs systole and restricts diastolic dimensions of the heart, because of increased numbers of actively cycling myosin cross-bridges. Elevated resting myocardial stiffness, consistent with upheld(101) diastolic dysfunction, was confirmed by an atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation approach. Direct visualization of mutant thin filaments via electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction resolved destabilized tropomyosin positioning and aberrantly exposed myosin-binding sites under low Ca2+ conditions. CONCLUSIONS As a result of troponin-tropomyosin dysinhibition, upheld(101) hearts exhibited cardiac dysfunction and remodeling comparable to that observed during human restrictive cardiomyopathy. Thus, reversal of charged residues about the conserved tropomyosin-binding region of TnT1 may perturb critical intermolecular associations required for proper steric regulation, which likely elicits myopathy in our Drosophila model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Cozhimuttam Viswanathan
- From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.C.V., A.C.); Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (G.K., A.J.E.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (W.L.)
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Vincent LG, Choi YS, Alonso-Latorre B, del Álamo JC, Engler AJ. Mesenchymal stem cell durotaxis depends on substrate stiffness gradient strength. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:472-84. [PMID: 23390141 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to the elasticity of their environment, which varies between and within tissues. Stiffness gradients within tissues can result from pathological conditions, but also occur through normal variation, such as in muscle. MSC migration can be directed by shallow stiffness gradients before differentiating. Gradients with fine control over substrate compliance - both in range and rate of change (strength) - are needed to better understand mechanical regulation of MSC migration in normal and diseased states. We describe polyacrylamide stiffness gradient fabrication using three distinct systems, generating stiffness gradients of physiological (1 Pa/μm), pathological (10 Pa/μm), and step change (≥ 100Pa/μm) strength. All gradients spanned a range of physiologically relevant elastic moduli for soft tissues (1-12 kPa). MSCs migrated to the stiffest region on each gradient. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that migration velocity correlated directly with gradient strength. Directed migration was reduced in the presence of the contractile agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and cytoskeleton-perturbing drugs nocodazole and cytochalasin. LPA- and nocodazole-treated cells remained spread and protrusive on the substrate, while cytochalasin-treated cells did not. Nocodazole-treated cells spread in a similar manner to untreated cells, but exhibited greatly diminished traction forces. These data suggest that a functional actin cytoskeleton is required for migration whereas microtubules are required for directed migration. The data also imply that, in vivo, MSCs may preferentially accumulate in regions of high elastic modulus and make a greater contribution to tissue repairs in these locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic G Vincent
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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