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Calvigioni M, Mazzantini D, Celandroni F, Ghelardi E. Animal and In Vitro Models as Powerful Tools to Decipher the Effects of Enteric Pathogens on the Human Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 38257894 PMCID: PMC10818369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Examining the interplay between intestinal pathogens and the gut microbiota is crucial to fully comprehend the pathogenic role of enteropathogens and their broader impact on human health. Valid alternatives to human studies have been introduced in laboratory practice to evaluate the effects of infectious agents on the gut microbiota, thereby exploring their translational implications in intestinal functionality and overall health. Different animal species are currently used as valuable models for intestinal infections. In addition, considering the recent advances in bioengineering, futuristic in vitro models resembling the intestinal environment are also available for this purpose. In this review, the impact of the main human enteropathogens (i.e., Clostridioides difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus cereus) on intestinal microbial communities is summarized, with specific emphasis on results derived from investigations employing animal and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.)
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Xiao Z, Cheng M, Hu X, Xue M, Jiang N, Liu W, Fan Y, Meng Y, Xu C, Zhou Y. Pathological changes of highly pathogenic Bacillus cereus on Pelodiscus sinensis. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 38010068 PMCID: PMC11003482 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2287191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a disease with a high mortality rate occurred in a Chinese Softshell Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) farm in Hubei Province. This study isolated a highly pathogenic Bacillus cereus strain (Y271) from diseased P. sinensis. Y271 has β hemolysis, containing both Hemolysin BL (hblA, hblC, and hblD), Non-hemolytic enterotoxin, NHE (nheA, nheB, and nheC), and Enterotoxin FM (entFM) genes. Y271 is highly pathogenic against P. sinensis with an LD50 = 6.80 × 103 CFU/g weight. B. cereus was detected in multiple tissues of the infected P. sinensis. Among them, spleen tissue showed the highest copy number density (1.54 ± 0.12 × 104 copies/mg). Multiple tissues and organs of diseased P. sinensis exhibited significant pathological damage, especially the spleen, liver, kidney, and intestine. It showed obvious tissue structure destruction, lesions, necrosis, red blood cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. B. cereus proliferating in the spleen, liver, and other tissues was observed. The intestinal microbiota of the diseased P. sinensis was altered, with a greater abundance of Firmicutes, Fusobacterium, and Actinomyces than in the healthy group. Allobaculum, Rothia, Aeromonas, and Clostridium abundance were higher in the diseased group than in the healthy group. The number of unique microbial taxa (472) in the disease group was lower than that of the healthy group (705). Y271 was sensitive to multiple drugs, including florfenicol, enrofloxacin, neomycin, and doxycycline. B. cereus is the etiological agent responsible for the massive death of P. sinensis and reveals its potential risks during P. sinensis cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Fisheries Development, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Calvigioni M, Panattoni A, Biagini F, Donati L, Mazzantini D, Massimino M, Daddi C, Celandroni F, Vozzi G, Ghelardi E. Impact of Bacillus cereus on the Human Gut Microbiota in a 3D In Vitro Model. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1826. [PMID: 37512998 PMCID: PMC10385275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models for culturing complex microbial communities are progressively being used to study the effects of different factors on the modeling of in vitro-cultured microorganisms. In previous work, we validated a 3D in vitro model of the human gut microbiota based on electrospun gelatin scaffolds covered with mucins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Bacillus cereus, a pathogen responsible for food poisoning diseases in humans, on the gut microbiota grown in the model. Real-time quantitative PCR and 16S ribosomal RNA-gene sequencing were performed to obtain information on microbiota composition after introducing B. cereus ATCC 14579 vegetative cells or culture supernatants. The adhesion of B. cereus to intestinal mucins was also tested. The presence of B. cereus induced important modifications in the intestinal communities. Notably, levels of Proteobacteria (particularly Escherichia coli), Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia were reduced, while abundances of Bifidobacterium and Mitsuokella increased. In addition, B. cereus was able to adhere to mucins. The results obtained from our in vitro model stress the hypothesis that B. cereus is able to colonize the intestinal mucosa by stably adhering to mucins and impacting intestinal microbial communities as an additional pathogenetic mechanism during gastrointestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calvigioni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adelaide Panattoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Biagini
- Department of Information Bioengineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Research Centre "Enrico Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Donati
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Mazzantini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Massimino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Costanza Daddi
- Department of Information Bioengineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Research Centre "Enrico Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Celandroni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Department of Information Bioengineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Research Centre "Enrico Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Xiao D, Tong C, Yang T, Huo Z, Li Y, Zeng Z, Xiong W. First insights into antimicrobial resistance, toxigenic profiles, and genetic diversity in Bacillus cereus isolated from Chinese sausages. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Tirloni E, Bernardi C, Celandroni F, Mazzantini D, Massimino M, Stella S, Ghelardi E. Prevalence, Virulence Potential, and Growth in Cheese of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Fresh and Short-Ripened Cheeses Sold on the Italian Market. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020521. [PMID: 36838486 PMCID: PMC9964947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated B. cereus presence in 122 samples belonging to 34 typologies of fresh or short-ripened cheeses made from cow, sheep, goat, or buffalo pasteurized milk, and sold on the Italian market. B. cereus was isolated at a prevalence of 9.8%, with a marked variability among cheese categories, and at low counts (always below 2.26 Log CFU/g). Twelve isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis and typified by RAPD PCR as belonging to different B. cereus strains. All the strains were tested for the production of hemolysin BL, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, proteases, and biofilm formation, and for the presence of chromosomal toxin-encoding genes (sph, plcA, cytK, entFM, bcet, nheA, nheB, nheC). Overall, 92% of strains harbored bcet, 75% the three genes nheA, nheB, and nheC, as well as plcA and sph, 67% entFM, and 33% cytK. All strains showed biofilm-forming ability. A chemical-physical characterization of the cheeses was also performed to show their suitability as substrates for B. cereus growth, showing high heterogeneity in terms of pH, aw, salt content, and concentration of organic acids. Finally, the ability to support spore germination and vegetative cell growth of a selected cheese was investigated in spores-inoculated samples maintained at 10 °C and 15 °C, showing the inhibitory effect of low storage temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Cristian Bernardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Celandroni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Diletta Mazzantini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Massimino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Stella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health-Nutrafood, University of Pisa, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2213679
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