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Ritwika VPS, Gopinathan A, Yeakel JD. Beyond the kill: The allometry of predation behaviours among large carnivores. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:554-566. [PMID: 38459609 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The costs of foraging can be high while also carrying significant risks, especially for consumers feeding at the top of the food chain. To mitigate these risks, many predators supplement active hunting with scavenging and kleptoparasitic behaviours, in some cases specializing in these alternative modes of predation. The factors that drive differential utilization of these tactics from species to species are not well understood. Here, we use an energetics approach to investigate the survival advantages of hunting, scavenging and kleptoparasitism as a function of predator, prey and potential competitor body sizes for terrestrial mammalian carnivores. The results of our framework reveal that predator tactics become more diverse closer to starvation, while the deployment of scavenging and kleptoparasitism is strongly constrained by the ratio of predator to prey body size. Our model accurately predicts a behavioural transition away from hunting towards alternative modes of predation with increasing prey size for predators spanning an order of magnitude in body size, closely matching observational data across a range of species. We then show that this behavioural boundary follows an allometric power-law scaling relationship where the predator size scales with an exponent nearing 3/4 with prey size, meaning that this behavioural switch occurs at relatively larger threshold prey body size for larger carnivores. We suggest that our approach may provide a holistic framework for guiding future observational efforts exploring the diverse array of predator foraging behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P S Ritwika
- Department of Physics, UC Merced, Merced, California, USA
- Department of Communication, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Life and Environmental Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | | | - Justin D Yeakel
- Life and Environmental Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, California, USA
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Boron V, Deere NJ, Hyde M, Bardales R, Stasiukynas D, Payán E. Habitat modification destabilizes spatial associations and persistence of Neotropical carnivores. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3722-3731.e4. [PMID: 37625415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Spatial relationships between sympatric species underpin biotic interactions, structure ecological communities, and maintain ecosystem health. However, the resilience of interspecific spatial associations to human habitat modification remains largely unknown, particularly in tropical regions where anthropogenic impacts are often greatest. We applied multi-state multi-species occurrence models to camera trap data across nine tropical landscapes in Colombia to understand how prominent threats to forest ecosystems influence Neotropical carnivore occurrence and interspecific spatial associations, with implications for biotic interactions. We show that carnivore occurrence represents a delicate balance between local environmental conditions and interspecific interactions that can be compromised in areas of extensive habitat modification. The stability of carnivore spatial associations depends on forest cover to mediate antagonistic encounters with apex predators and structurally intact forests to facilitate coexistence between competing mesocarnivores. Notably, we demonstrate that jaguars play an irreplaceable role in spatially structuring mesocarnivore communities, providing novel evidence on their role as keystone species. With increasing global change, conserving both the extent and quality of tropical forests is imperative to support carnivores and preserve the spatial associations that underpin ecosystem stability and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Boron
- Panthera, 8W 40th Street, New York 10018, USA; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), The Living Planet Centre, Rufford House, Brewery Road, Woking, Surrey GU21 4LL, UK.
| | - Nicolas J Deere
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Panthera, 8W 40th Street, New York 10018, USA; Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | - Esteban Payán
- Panthera, 8W 40th Street, New York 10018, USA; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA
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3
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Fonteyn D, Vermeulen C, Gorel A, Silva de Miranda PL, Lhoest S, Fayolle A. Biogeography of central African forests: Determinants, ongoing threats and conservation priorities of mammal assemblages. DIVERS DISTRIB 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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de Almeida AB, Magioli M, Gheler-Costa C, Verdade LM, Marques TS, de Cássia Gilli de Lima L, Püttker T. Trophic niche overlap among Neotropical carnivores in a silvicultural landscape. MAMMALIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To enable long-term coexistence, species need to differentiate at least one of the three main dimensions of the ecological niche (temporal, spatial, or trophic dimension). Here, we investigated whether mammalian predators (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous, Lycalopex vetulus, and Puma concolor) follow the prediction of trophic niche partitioning, which is expected when partitioning of food resources represents an important mechanism for coexistence. We predicted low niche overlap in general and low between P. concolor and the other species. We analyzed 207 fecal samples collected at a landscape composed of forest remnants immersed in Eucalyptus plantations. Food items (animals and plants) were identified using exoskeletons, feathers, scales, teeth, hair, and seeds. We calculated the frequency and percentage of occurrence of food items, niche breadth, and niche overlap between pairs of species. Prey size was similar among all predators, consuming mainly small-sized prey (<1 kg). However, niche breadth was larger for smaller carnivores compared to larger ones. No species pair showed significantly lower niche overlap than expected by chance. Our study provided detailed information on trophic resource use of sympatric carnivores, showing that trophic niche partitioning seems not to be crucial for the coexistence of carnivores in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema , SP 05508-900 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada , Escola Superior de Agricultura , Luiz de Queiroz , Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Magioli
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros , Atibaia , SP , Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) , Atibaia , SP , Brazil
| | - Carla Gheler-Costa
- Ecologia Aplicada: Pesquisa, Ensino e Serviços Ambientais , Vale do Igapó , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Simon Marques
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais (NEAS), Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Püttker
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema , SP , Brazil
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Pires MM, Benchimol M, Cruz LR, Peres CA. Terrestrial food web complexity in Amazonian forests decays with habitat loss. Curr Biol 2023; 33:389-396.e3. [PMID: 36580916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of natural ecosystems into human-modified landscapes (HMLs) is the main driver of biodiversity loss in terrestrial ecosystems.1,2,3 Even when species persist within habitat remnants, populations may become so small that ecological interactions are functionally lost, disrupting local interaction networks.4,5 To uncover the consequences of land use changes toward ecosystem functioning, we need to understand how changes in species richness and abundance in HMLs6,7,8 rearrange ecological networks. We used data from forest vertebrate surveys and combined modeling and network analysis to investigate how the structure of predator-prey networks was affected by habitat insularization induced by a hydroelectric reservoir in the Brazilian Amazonia.9 We found that network complexity, measured by interaction diversity, decayed non-linearly with decreasingly smaller forest area. Although on large forest islands (>100 ha) prey species were linked to 3-4 potential predators, they were linked to one or had no remaining predator on small islands. Using extinction simulations, we show that the variation in network structure cannot be explained by abundance-related extinction risk or prey availability. Our findings show that habitat loss may result in an abrupt disruption of terrestrial predator-prey networks, generating low-complexity ecosystems that may not retain functionality. Release from predation on some small islands may produce cascading effects over plants that accelerate forest degradation, whereas predator spillover on others may result in overexploited prey populations. Our analyses highlight that in addition to maintaining diversity, protecting large continuous forests is required for the persistence of interaction networks and related ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Benchimol
- Applied Ecology & Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45650-000 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Livia R Cruz
- Programa de Pós Graduaçao em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Conservation Innovation Lab, Biology and Society Graduation Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4601, USA
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR47TJ, UK; Instituto Juruá, Rua Ajuricaba 359, 69057-060 Manaus, Brazil.
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Magioli M, Attias N, Massocato G, Kluyber D, Moreira MZ, Ferraz KMPMDB, Chiarello AG, Desbiez ALJ. What a few hairs can tell us about the resource use of giant armadillos. Integr Zool 2023; 18:129-142. [PMID: 35278278 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of resource requirements of vulnerable species is key for conservation planning. Here, we used stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15 N) of hair from giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) to understand individual resource use. We collected hair from 19 giant armadillos analyzing 34 samples from the Brazilian Pantanal and compared the resource use between sexes and age classes. We also assessed the relationship of isotopic values with individuals' body mass and the habitat type used. We observed a wide variation in resource use by giant armadillos, showing that individuals consume prey that feeds on distinct resources and occupies different habitat types, indicating that there is individual variation in foraging behavior. Most giant armadillos presented a mixed diet (C3 /C4 resources, forests/open areas), but a quarter of individuals had strictly C4 diets (open areas). Males are more prone to forage on C4 resources, presenting an isotopic niche 2.6-times larger than that of females. Subadults presented diets more associated with habitats with high arboreal cover (C3 resources, forests), while adults foraged more in open areas (C4 resources). This result is mirrored by the positive relationship between δ13 C values and body mass, suggesting that larger giant armadillos tend to feed more in open areas. We observed that δ13 C values decreased as individuals increased the use of habitats with high arboreal cover. We stress the importance of conserving the natural mosaic in the Pantanal landscape for the species persistence, given that giant armadillos require all habitat types to fulfill their dietary, spatial, and developmental needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Magioli
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nina Attias
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Massocato
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Organização Não Governamental, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.,Houston Zoo, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Danilo Kluyber
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Organização Não Governamental, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.,Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens, Naples, Florida, USA
| | - Marcelo Zacharias Moreira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros Ferraz
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre (LEMaC), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Garcia Chiarello
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaud L J Desbiez
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Organização Não Governamental, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.,RZSS-Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS), Murrayfield, Edinburgh, UK
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Karandikar H, Serota MW, Sherman WC, Green JR, Verta G, Kremen C, Middleton AD. Dietary patterns of a versatile large carnivore, the puma ( Puma concolor). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9002. [PMID: 35784054 PMCID: PMC9240727 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores play critical roles in terrestrial ecosystems but have suffered dramatic range contractions over the past two centuries. Developing an accurate understanding of large carnivore diets is an important first step towards an improved understanding of their ecological roles and addressing the conservation challenges faced by these species.The puma is one of seven large felid species in the world and the only one native to the non-tropical regions of the New World. We conducted a meta-analysis of puma diets across the species' range in the Americas and assessed the impact of varying environmental conditions, niche roles, and human activity on puma diets. Pumas displayed remarkable dietary flexibility, consuming at least 232 different prey species, including one Critically Endangered and five Endangered species.Our meta-analysis found clear patterns in puma diets with changing habitat and environmental conditions. Pumas consumed more larger-bodied prey species with increasing distance from the equator, but consumption of medium-sized species showed the opposite trend.Puma diets varied with their realized niche; however, contrary to our expectations, puma consumption of large species did not change with their trophic position, and pumas consumed more small prey and birds as apex predators. Consumption of domestic species was negatively correlated with consumption of medium-sized wild species, a finding which underscores the importance of maintaining intact native prey assemblages.The tremendous dietary flexibility displayed by pumas represents both an opportunity and a challenge for understanding the puma's role in ecosystems and for the species' management and conservation. Future studies should explore the linkages between availability and selection of primary and other wild prey, and consequent impacts on predation of domestic species, in order to guide conservation actions and reduce conflict between pumas and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Karandikar
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Mitchell W Serota
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Wilson C Sherman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Jennifer R Green
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Guadalupe Verta
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA.,Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Department of Zoology Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Arthur D Middleton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management Mulford Hall University of California Berkeley California USA
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Galindo-aguilar RE, Luna-olivera BC, Ramírez-ibáñez M, Lavariega MC. Spatiotemporal co-occurrence of predators and prey in a neotropical mammal community in southern Mexico. J Trop Ecol . [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions are one of the central themes in ecology due to their importance as a key mechanism in structuring biotic communities. In the predator-prey systems, the behaviours of persecution and avoidance impact on the ecosystem dynamics as much as the trophic interactions. We aimed to analyse the spatiotemporal co-occurrences between prey and predators in a community of medium- and large-sized mammals in southern Mexico. We predict prey will avoid sites where a predator previously passed. Contrarily, we expect a search behaviour by predators and a synchronization in activity patterns among them. We found prey does not occur either in time or space where predators have passed, suggesting an avoidance behaviour. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find significant search behaviours from predators to prey. Synchronization in the daily temporal overlap between predators was higher (Δ = 0.77–0.82) than with their prey (Δ = 0.43 – 0.81). The results suggest prey perceives the risk of predation and displays avoidance behaviour both spatially and temporally, which is consistent with the fear theory. This study provides a complementary approach to understanding the behaviour mechanism between predators and prey through camera-trapping or similar data of spatiotemporal co-occurrences.
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Cruz LR, Pires MM. Body mass ratios determine dietary patterns and help predicting predator–prey interactions of Neotropical Carnivora. MAMMAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-022-00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Luque-Machaca HA, Oberheim BE, Llerena-Reátegui G, Rodríguez-Bravo O, Carpio ALD, Pacheco JI, Iriarte A, Zúñiga AH. Diet of the puma (Puma concolor) in the alpine highlands of the Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Peru. Food Webs 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Galetti M, Carmignotto AP, Percequillo AR, Santos MCDO, Ferraz KMPMDB, Lima F, Vancine MH, Muylaert RL, Bonfim FCG, Magioli M, Abra FD, Chiarello AG, Duarte JMB, Morato R, de Mello Beisiegel B, Olmos F, Galetti Jr. PM, Ribeiro MC. Mammals in São Paulo State: diversity, distribution, ecology, and conservation. Biota Neotrop 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Mammals are charismatic organisms that play a fundamental role in ecological functions and ecosystem services, such as pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, and pest control. The state of São Paulo represents only 3% of the Brazilian territory but holds 33% of its mammalian diversity. Most of its territory is dominated by agriculture, pastures, and urban areas which directly affect the diversity and persistence of mammals in the landscape. In addition, São Paulo has the largest port in Latin America and the largest offshore oil reservoir in Brazil, with a 600 km stretch of coastline with several marine mammal species. These human-made infrastructures affect the diversity, distribution, ecology, and the future of mammals in the state. Here, we answer five main questions: 1) What is the diversity of wild mammals in São Paulo state? 2) Where are they? 3) What is their positive and negative impact on human well-being? 4) How do mammals thrive in human-modified landscapes? 5) What is the future of mammals in the state? The state of São Paulo holds 255 species of native mammals, with four endemic species, two of them globally endangered. At least six species (two marsupials, Giant otter, Pampas deer, Brazilian dwarf brocket deer, and Giant armadillo) were extirpated from the state due to hunting and habitat loss. The intense human land use in the state forced many mammalian species to change their diet to cope with the intense fragmentation and agriculture. Large-scale monoculture has facilitated the invasion of exotic species such as wild boars (javali) and the European hare. Several “savanna-dwelling” species are expanding their ranges (Maned wolf, Brocket deer) over deforested areas and probably reflect changes towards a drier climate. Because the state has the largest road system, about 40,000 mammals from 33 species are killed per year in collisions causing an economic loss of 12 million dollars/year. The diversity of mammals is concentrated in the largest forest remnants of Serra do Mar and in the interior of the State, mainly in the regions of Ribeirão Preto and Jundiaí. Sampling gaps are concentrated throughout the interior of the state, particularly in the northwest region. Wild mammals play a fundamental role in many ecosystem services, but they can also be a concern in bringing new emergent diseases to humans. Although the taxonomy of mammals seems to be well known, we show that new species are continuously being discovered in the state. Therefore, continuous surveys using traditional and new technologies (eDNA, iDNA, drones), long-term population monitoring, investigation of the interface of human-wildlife conflict, and understanding of the unique ecosystem role played by mammals are future avenues for promoting sustainable green landscapes allied to human well-being in the state. The planting of forest or savanna corridors, particularly along with major river systems, in the plateau, controlling illegal hunting in the coastal areas, managing fire regimes in the Cerrado, and mitigating roadkill must be prioritized to protect this outstanding mammal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcelo Magioli
- Instituto Pró-Carnivoros, Brasil; Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasil
| | - Fernanda D. Abra
- Instituto Pró-Carnivoros, Brasil; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, USA
| | | | | | - Ronaldo Morato
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Brasil
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