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Liu L, Fu Z, Wang X, Xu C, Gan C, Fan D, Soon Chow W. Exposed anthocyanic leaves of Prunus cerasifera are special shade leaves with high resistance to blue light but low resistance to red light against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Ann Bot 2023; 132:163-177. [PMID: 37382489 PMCID: PMC10550276 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The photoprotective role of foliar anthocyanins has long been ambiguous: exacerbating, being indifferent to or ameliorating the photoinhibition of photosynthesis. The photoinhibitory light spectrum and failure to separate photo-resistance from repair, as well as the different methods used to quantify the photo-susceptibility of the photosystems, could lead to such a discrepancy. METHODS We selected two congeneric deciduous shrubs, Prunus cerasifera with anthocyanic leaves and Prunus triloba with green leaves, grown under identical growth conditions in an open field. The photo-susceptibilities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) to red light and blue light, in the presence of lincomycin (to block the repair), of exposed leaves were quantified by a non-intrusive P700+ signal from PSI. Leaf absorption, pigments, gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence were also measured. KEY RESULTS The content of anthocyanins in red leaves (P. cerasifera) was >13 times greater than that in green leaves (P. triloba). With no difference in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and apparent CO2 quantum yield (AQY) in red light, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed some shade-acclimated suites, including lower Chl a/b ratio, lower photosynthesis rate, lower stomatal conductance and lower PSII/PSI ratio (on an arbitrary scale), compared with green leaves (P. triloba). In the absence of repair of PSII, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed a rate coefficient of PSII photoinactivation (ki) that was 1.8 times higher than that of green leaves (P. triloba) under red light, but significantly lower (-18 %) under blue light. PSI of both types of leaves was not photoinactivated under blue or red light. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of repair, anthocyanic leaves exhibited an exacerbation of PSII photoinactivation under red light and a mitigation under blue light, which can partially reconcile the existing controversy in terms of the photoprotection by anthocyanins. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate methodology applied to test the photoprotection hypothesis of anthocyanins is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changqing Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dayong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Mattila H, Tyystjärvi E. Red pigments in autumn leaves of Norway maple do not offer significant photoprotection but coincide with stress symptoms. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:751-768. [PMID: 36715646 PMCID: PMC10177003 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The reasons behind autumn colors, a striking manifestation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants, are poorly understood. Usually, not all leaves of an anthocyanic plant turn red or only a part of the leaf blade turns red. In the present study, we compared green, red and yellow sections of senescing Norway maple leaves, asking if red pigments offer photoprotection, and if so, whether the protection benefits the senescing tree. Green and senescing maple leaves were illuminated with strong white, green or red light in the absence or presence of lincomycin which blocks photosystem II (PSII) repair. Irrespective of the presence of anthocyanins, senescing leaves showed weaker capacity to repair PSII than green leaves. Furthermore, the rate of photoinhibition of PSII did not significantly differ between red and yellow sections of senescing maple leaves. We also followed pigment contents and photosynthetic reactions in individual leaves, from the end of summer until abscission of the leaf. In maple, red pigments accumulated only during late senescence, but light reactions stayed active until most of the chlorophyll had been degraded. PSII activity was found to be lower and non-photochemical quenching higher in red leaf sections, compared with yellow sections of senescing leaves. Red leaf sections were also thicker. We suggest that the primary function of anthocyanin synthesis is not to protect senescing leaves from excess light but to dispose of carbohydrates. This would relieve photosynthetic control, allowing the light reactions to produce energy for nutrient translocation at the last phase of autumn senescence when carbon skeletons are no longer needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Life Technologies/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Huey RB, Miles DB. Signatures of geography, climate and foliage on given names of baby girls. Evol Hum Sci 2022; 4:e56. [PMID: 37588901 PMCID: PMC10426070 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents often weigh social, familial and cultural considerations when choosing their baby's name, but the name they choose could potentially be influenced by their physical or biotic environments. Here we examine whether the popularity of month and season names of girls covary geographically with environmental variables. In the continental USA, April, May and June (Autumn, Summer) are the most common month (season) names: April predominates in southern states (early springs), whereas June predominates in northern states (later springs). Whether April's popularity has increased with recent climate warming is ambiguous. Autumn is most popular in northern states, where autumn foliage is notably colourful, and in eastern states having high coverage of deciduous foliage. On a continental scale, Autumn was most popular in English-speaking countries with intense colouration of autumn foliage. These analyses are descriptive but indicate that climate and vegetation sometimes influence parental choice of their baby's name.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donald B. Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Davies KM, Landi M, van Klink JW, Schwinn KE, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Chagné D, Jibran R, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Bowman JL. Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants. Ann Bot 2022; 130:613-636. [PMID: 36070407 PMCID: PMC9670752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments. SCOPE In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure-function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kitao M, Yazaki K, Tobita H, Agathokleous E, Kishimoto J, Takabayashi A, Tanaka R. Exposure to strong irradiance exacerbates photoinhibition and suppresses N resorption during leaf senescence in shade-grown seedlings of fullmoon maple ( Acer japonicum). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1006413. [PMID: 36388579 PMCID: PMC9650427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of fullmoon maple (Acer japonicum) turn brilliant red with anthocyanins synthesis in autumn. Based on field observations, autumn coloring mainly occurs in outer-canopy leaves exposed to sun, whereas inner-canopy leaves remain green for a certain longer period before finally turn yellowish red with a smaller amount of anthocyanins. Here, we hypothesized that outer-canopy leaves protect themselves against photooxidative stress via anthocyanins while simultaneously shading inner canopy leaves and protecting them from strong light (holocanopy hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we investigated photoinhibition and leaf N content during autumn senescence in leaves of pot-grown seedlings of fullmoon maple either raised under shade (L0, ≈13% relative irradiance to open) or transferred to full sunlight conditions on 5th (LH1), 12th (LH2), or 18th (LH3) Oct, 2021. Dry mass-based leaf N (Nmass) in green leaves in shade-grown seedlings was ≈ 30 mg N g-1 in summer. Nmass in shed leaves (25th Oct to 1st Nov) was 11.1, 12.0, 14.6, and 10.1 mg N g-1 in L0, LH1, LH2, and LH3 conditions, respectively. Higher Nmass was observed in shed leaves in LH2, compared to other experimental conditions, suggesting an incomplete N resorption in LH2. Fv/Fm after an overnight dark-adaptation, measured on 19th Oct when leaf N was actively resorbed, ranked L0: 0.72 > LH3: 0.56 > LH1: 0.45 > LH2: 0.25. As decreased Fv/Fm indicates photoinhibition, leaves in LH2 condition suffered the most severe photoinhibition. Leaf soluble sugar content decreased, but protein carbonylation increased with decreasing Fv/Fm across shade-grown seedlings (L0, LH1, LH2, and LH3) on 19th Oct, suggesting impaired photosynthetic carbon gain and possible membrane peroxidation induced by photooxidative stress, especially in LH2 condition with less N resorption efficiency. Although the impairment of N resorption seems to depend on the timing and intensity of strong light exposure, air temperature, and consequently the degree of photoinhibition, the photoprotective role of anthocyanins in outer-canopy leaves of fullmoon maple might also contribute to allow a safe N resorption in inner-canopy leaves by prolonged shading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China
| | - Junko Kishimoto
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lev‐Yadun S. The phenomenon of red and yellow autumn leaves: Hypotheses, agreements and disagreements. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1245-1282. [PMID: 35975328 PMCID: PMC9804425 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Yellow and red autumn leaves are typical of many temperate/boreal woody plants. Since the 19th century, it has been either considered the non-functional outcome of chlorophyll degradation that unmasks the pre-existing yellow and red pigments or that the de novo synthesis of red anthocyanins in autumn leaves indicated that it should have a physiological function, although it was commonly ignored. Defending free amino acids and various other resources released especially following the breakdown of the photosynthetic system, and mobilizing them for storage in other organs before leaf fall, is the cornerstone of both the physiological and anti-herbivory hypotheses about the functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration. The complicated phenomenon of conspicuous autumn leaf colouration has received significant attention since the year 2000, especially because ecologists started paying attention to its anti-herbivory potential. The obvious imperfection of the hypotheses put forth in several papers stimulated many other scientists. Hot debates among physiologists, among ecologists, and between physiologists and ecologists have been common since the year 2000, first because the various functions of yellow and red autumn leaf colouration are non-exclusive, and second because many scientists were trained to focus on a single subject. Here, I will review the debates, especially between the photoprotective and the anti-herbivory hypotheses, and describe both the progress in their understanding and the required progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simcha Lev‐Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaTivonIsrael
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Renner SS, Zohner CM. Trees growing in Eastern North America experience higher autumn solar irradiation than their European relatives, but is nitrogen limitation another factor explaining anthocyanin‐red autumn leaves? J Evol Biol 2022; 35:183-188. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S. Renner
- Department of Biology Washington University Saint Louis Missouri USA
| | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Joly S. Red and yellow pigments in autumn leaves are associated with higher nitrogen resorption. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:180-182. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joly
- Jardin Botanique de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
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Hughes NM, George CO, Gumpman CB, Neufeld HS. Coevolution and photoprotection as complementary hypotheses for autumn leaf reddening: a nutrient-centered perspective. New Phytol 2022; 233:22-29. [PMID: 34738236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Christian O George
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Corinne B Gumpman
- Department of Biology, High Point University, 1 N University Pkwy, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, 287 Rivers St.,, Boone, NC, 28608, USA
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Agati G, Guidi L, Landi M, Tattini M. Anthocyanins in photoprotection: knowing the actors in play to solve this complex ecophysiological issue. New Phytol 2021; 232:2228-2235. [PMID: 34449083 PMCID: PMC9291080 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute of Applied Physics ‘Nello Carrara’Via Madonna del Piano 10Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceI‐50019Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaVia del Borghetto 80I‐56124PisaItaly
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaVia del Borghetto 80I‐56124PisaItaly
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council of ItalyVia Madonna del Piano 10I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
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Schoonderwoerd KM, Friedman WE. Naked resting bud morphologies and their taxonomic and geographic distributions in temperate, woody floras. New Phytol 2021; 232:523-536. [PMID: 34028040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resting bud cataphylls are often assumed to play an essential protective role in winter due to their widespread presence among temperate, woody plants. This view is challenged by our documentation of significant numbers of temperate woody angiosperm taxa with naked buds that overwinter without cataphyll protection. We inventoried temperate, woody angiosperm taxa reported to have resting buds without cataphyll protection in winter and for the first time characterised the morphological and functional diversity of naked buds. Using this new classification of bud types, the taxonomic and geographic distributions of taxa with naked buds were summarised and relationships between plant functional traits and bud type were investigated. Naked buds are not, as long presumed, markedly rare in temperate, woody floras. They occur in at least 87 genera in 42 families throughout the angiosperm phylogeny in various morphologically distinct manifestations. The geographic distribution of species with naked buds in temperate areas was found to be associated with summer precipitation, but not with winter climatic variables. Resting bud structure is not necessarily a trait optimised solely for winter survival. A taxon's bud composition may be influenced by factors such as biogeographic history and ontogenetic pattern of leaf formation over the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel M Schoonderwoerd
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - William E Friedman
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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