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Chen Z, Cao P, Zhu T, Yan C, Zheng Z, Yao H. Plum blossom low molecular weight polypeptide protects HaCaT cells against UVB-induced oxidative damage in vitro and underlying mechanism. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13582. [PMID: 38282275 PMCID: PMC10823150 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing amounts of ultraviolet radiation occur as ozone depletion causes the earth's ozone layer to be destroyed, making antioxidant efficacy a research hotspot. Previous studies on plum blossom have mostly focused on Volatile Oils, Flavonoids, Phenylpropanoids, and other compounds, whereas few studies have focused on low molecular weight polypeptide (LMWP) of plum blossom. This research provides a reference for the deep processing and utilization of plum blossom. OBJECTIVES (a) Plum blossom low molecular weight polypeptides protect HaCaT cells against UVB-induced oxidative damage in vitro and the underlying mechanism. (b) Improve the theoretical basis for the intense processing and utilization of plum blossom. METHODS The safe concentration of LMWP and the survival rate of HaCaT cells were determined using the CCK-8 experiment. The fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was identified using the dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) method; Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in ruptured cells; Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of three proteins: nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and benzoquinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). RESULTS It was noted that a certain concentration of LMWP could promote cell proliferation. In oxidatively damaged HaCaT cells, SOD levels and survival rates were markedly reduced, but ROS and MDA levels were elevated. However, after treatment with LMWP, the survival rate of the cells and SOD levels were markedly increased, and the levels of ROS and MDA were markedly decreased. As shown by Western blotting, the model group exhibited lower levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression than the control group, whereas LMWP-treated cells had significantly higher levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression than their model-treated counterparts. CONCLUSIONS LMMP can effectively protect HaCaT cells against oxidative damage in vitro induced by UVB, and the underlying mechanism is linked to the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Cao
- Huzhou Jiahen Industrial Co., Ltd.HuzhouChina
| | | | - Cui Yan
- Huzhou Jiahen Industrial Co., Ltd.HuzhouChina
| | | | - Hong Yao
- Huzhou Jiahen Industrial Co., Ltd.HuzhouChina
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Liu L, Fu Z, Wang X, Xu C, Gan C, Fan D, Soon Chow W. Exposed anthocyanic leaves of Prunus cerasifera are special shade leaves with high resistance to blue light but low resistance to red light against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Ann Bot 2023; 132:163-177. [PMID: 37382489 PMCID: PMC10550276 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The photoprotective role of foliar anthocyanins has long been ambiguous: exacerbating, being indifferent to or ameliorating the photoinhibition of photosynthesis. The photoinhibitory light spectrum and failure to separate photo-resistance from repair, as well as the different methods used to quantify the photo-susceptibility of the photosystems, could lead to such a discrepancy. METHODS We selected two congeneric deciduous shrubs, Prunus cerasifera with anthocyanic leaves and Prunus triloba with green leaves, grown under identical growth conditions in an open field. The photo-susceptibilities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) to red light and blue light, in the presence of lincomycin (to block the repair), of exposed leaves were quantified by a non-intrusive P700+ signal from PSI. Leaf absorption, pigments, gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence were also measured. KEY RESULTS The content of anthocyanins in red leaves (P. cerasifera) was >13 times greater than that in green leaves (P. triloba). With no difference in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and apparent CO2 quantum yield (AQY) in red light, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed some shade-acclimated suites, including lower Chl a/b ratio, lower photosynthesis rate, lower stomatal conductance and lower PSII/PSI ratio (on an arbitrary scale), compared with green leaves (P. triloba). In the absence of repair of PSII, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed a rate coefficient of PSII photoinactivation (ki) that was 1.8 times higher than that of green leaves (P. triloba) under red light, but significantly lower (-18 %) under blue light. PSI of both types of leaves was not photoinactivated under blue or red light. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of repair, anthocyanic leaves exhibited an exacerbation of PSII photoinactivation under red light and a mitigation under blue light, which can partially reconcile the existing controversy in terms of the photoprotection by anthocyanins. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate methodology applied to test the photoprotection hypothesis of anthocyanins is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changqing Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dayong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Deng H, He R, Xia H, Xu N, Deng Q, Liang D, Lin L, Liao L, Xiong B, Xie X, Gao Z, Kang Q, Wang Z. Ultra-HPLC-MS pseudo-targeted metabolomic profiling reveals metabolites and associated metabolic pathway alterations in Asian plum ( Prunus salicina) fruits in response to gummosis disease. Funct Plant Biol 2022; 49:936-945. [PMID: 35817541 DOI: 10.1071/fp21168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plum (Prunus spp.) is an economically and nutritionally important stone fruit that is grown worldwide. Gummosis disease (GD) is one of the most common limiting factors that adversely affects the yield and quality of stone fruits such as plum. Elucidating plum fruit metabolomics responses is essential to develop sustainable agricultural practices to combat GD in the future. Herein, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) pseudo-targeted metabolomic profiling was first performed to elucidate the overall metabolic alterations in Asian plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) fruit in response to GD. The most pivotal differential metabolites, including certain amino acids and proanthocyanidins, in GD and control groups were identified by combining multivariate data analysis with strict statistical criteria. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that GD induced a series of coordinated defence responses and reprogramming of various metabolic pathways, including glucosinolate biosynthesis, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathways. Using UHPLC-MS-based pseudo-targeted metabolomic profiling, we systematically evaluated overall metabolic modifications in Asian plum fruits in response to GD for the first time. The identified metabolic pathway alterations helped to better understand the internal relationships and related metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Deng
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Runmei He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qunxian Deng
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Liao
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijian Gao
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qingxuan Kang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Huan C, Xu Q, Shuling S, Dong J, Zheng X. Effect of benzothiadiazole treatment on quality and anthocyanin biosynthesis in plum fruit during storage at ambient temperature. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3176-3185. [PMID: 33211342 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plums tend to experience a reduction in fruit quality due to ripening and they deteriorate quickly during storage at room temperature. Benzothiadiazole (BTH) is a plant elicitor capable of inducing disease resistance in many crops. In this study, the effect of BTH treatment on fruit ripening, fruit quality, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in 'Taoxingli' plum was investigated. RESULTS The results showed that BTH treatment could accelerate fruit ripening without affecting the incidence of fruit decay or the shelf life. Benzothiadiazole treatment improved the quality and consumer acceptability of 'Taoxingli' plums during storage by increasing the sweetness, red color formation, and the concentration of healthy antioxidant compounds. The BTH treatment could also effectively promote the biosynthesis of anthocyanin by enhancing the enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and uridine diphosphate flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) and up-regulating the gene expressions of PsPAL, PsCHI, PsDFR, PsANS, and PsUFGT during storage. CONCLUSION Benzothiadiazole treatment could be a potential postharvest technology for improving fruit quality and consumer acceptability in harvested plum fruit. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huan
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qihang Xu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shen Shuling
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingxian Dong
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Li W, Cheng M, Zhang W, He R, Yang H. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Polyphenol from Plum Fruit Inducing Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells Via PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 Pathway. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2021; 76:125-132. [PMID: 33641052 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have been found that polyphenols from plums fruits can inhibit the proliferation of multiple cancer cells, while the molecular mechanism was unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the pro-apoptotic effect of purified plum polyphenols (PPP) on human lung cancer A549 cells. Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside, 814.19 ± 40.71 mg/g) was identified as the primary polyphenol in PPP via ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). PPP showed a strong capacity for inhibiting the proliferation of the A549 cells by inducing apoptosis, which was reflected by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Additionally, the inhibitory rate of PPP on the A549 cells were higher than that of vitamin C when the treatment dose exceeded 160 μg/mL. Transcriptome analysis suggested that PPP-induced apoptosis was closely associated with regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/forkhead box protein O 1 (FOXO1) pathway in the A549 cells. Subsequently, as an activator of AKT, SC79 was applied to confirm that the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation play an important role in the PPP-induced apoptosis of the A549 cells. These results illustrated the potential of PPP as a dietary compound for the prevention of cancer or for use during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Road, Fuling district, Chongqing, 408100, China.
| | - Mengting Cheng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Road, Fuling district, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Road, Fuling district, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Ruiyan He
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Road, Fuling district, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, Changle-West road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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El-Sharkawy I, Ismail A, Darwish A, El Kayal W, Subramanian J, Sherif SM. Functional characterization of a gibberellin F-box protein, PslSLY1, during plum fruit development. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:371-384. [PMID: 32945838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between hormone signaling pathways. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) is known to regulate a diverse range of developmental processes; however, the mechanisms of GA action in perennial fruit species are yet to be elucidated. In the current study, a GA signaling gene PslSLY1, encoding a putative F-box protein that belongs to the SLY1 (SLEEPY1)/GID2 (gibberellin-insensitive dwarf2) gene family, was isolated from Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). PslSLY1 transcript abundance declined as fruit development progressed, along with potential negative feedback regulation of PslSLY1 by GA. Subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction assays suggested that PslSLY1 functions as an active GA signaling component that interacts with the ASK1 (Arabidopsis SKP1) subunit of an SCF-ubiquitin ligase complex and with PslDELLA repressors, in a GA-independent manner. By using a domain omission strategy, we illustrated that the F-box and C-terminal domains of PslSLY1 are essential for its interactions with the downstream GA signaling components. PslSLY1 overexpression in wild-type and Arabidopsissly1.10 mutant backgrounds resulted in a dramatic enhancement in overall plant growth, presumably due to triggered GA signaling. This includes germination characteristics, stem elongation, flower structure, and fertility. Overall, our findings shed new light on the GA strategy and signaling network in commercially important perennial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Sharkawy
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Damanhour, Behera, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Darwish
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Minia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Minia, Egypt
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sherif M Sherif
- Virginia Tech, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA, USA
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Sarker S, Woo YH, Lim UT. Developmental stages of peach, plum, and apple fruit influence development and fecundity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2105. [PMID: 33483578 PMCID: PMC7822840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host plant attributes are essential factors determining the population dynamics of herbivorous insects. The developmental stage of host plants, in particular, may affect the biology of Grapholita molesta (Busck), a possibility that has rarely been examined. Here we assessed the effect of developmental stage of plum, peach, and apple fruits on the development and fecundity performance of G. molesta, along with an examination of the firmness and sugar content of the fruits. Among the fruits collected earliest (May 31), plum and apple were better food sources for G. molesta compared to peach in terms of development, reproduction, and life table parameters. However, despite the higher sugar content in peach, G. molesta larvae showed a lower rate of fruit penetration in peach, probably due to fruit firmness. In the later-collected fruit (June 25), both peach and apple were better than plum, as peach and apple were softer and had higher sugar content. Nevertheless, the penetration rate of larva was still low in peach probably due to pubescence on the fruit surface. Although the plum fruits in the later collection date were softer with higher sugar content, there was a negative impact on the development and reproduction because fruits started to liquefy earlier. In conclusion, the developmental stage of fruits with changes in fruit firmness or sugar content affected the development and reproduction of G. molesta, and apple would be the best food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvic Sarker
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ha Woo
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Taek Lim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea.
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Lo Piccolo E, Landi M, Massai R, Remorini D, Guidi L. Girled-induced anthocyanin accumulation in red-leafed Prunus cerasifera: Effect on photosynthesis, photoprotection and sugar metabolism. Plant Sci 2020; 294:110456. [PMID: 32234225 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The feedback regulation of photosynthesis depends on the cooperation of multiple signals, including sugars. Herein, the effect of shoot girdling was monitored on a daily basis for three days in green- and red-leafed Prunus cerasifera plants (GLP and RLP, respectively). The effect of anthocyanin presence was investigated in terms of photosynthesis, sugar metabolism and photoprotection. Net photosynthesis (A390) and stomatal conductance were reduced on the first day at 12:00 only in the girdled GLP (29 and 33 %, respectively). Moreover, the girdled GLP displayed at 12:00 higher sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations than control leaves. Conversely, girdled RLP showed the first reduction of A390 at 18:00, with no significant differences at 12:00 in sucrose and glucose concentrations. The increased biosynthesis of anthocyanins that was only detected in girdled RLP contributed to lowering the accumulation of hexoses. Overall, these results revealed a sugar-buffering role exerted by anthocyanins that positively influence the feedback regulation of photosynthesis. Moreover, non-photochemical quenching, namely pNPQ, revealed the ability of anthocyanins to photoprotect photosystem II from supernumerary photons reaching the chloroplast, whose function was compromised by girdling. The present study provides a starting point to understand the possible link between photosynthesis regulation through sugar signalling and anthocyanin upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermes Lo Piccolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Savic I, Savic Gajic I, Gajic D. Physico-Chemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Fixed Oil from Plum Seeds ( Prunus domestica Linn.). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020294. [PMID: 32069964 PMCID: PMC7072487 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage of a great amount of plum kernel waste becomes a challenge for food industry. In this work, the plum seed was used as a source of fixed oil that can be an ingredient of commercial products. Soxhlet extraction was carried out using the different solvents, such as n-hexane, n-heptane, ethyl acetate, acetone, or chloroform:methanol mixture (2:1 v/v). The highest yield of oil (about 30%) was obtained using n-heptane and n-hexane, while the lowest yield was obtained using ethyl acetate. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters indicated that all samples of plum seed oil have an exceptional quality. Schaal oven test indicated that the fixed oil of plum seed exhibited satisfactory oxidative stability at moderate storage temperatures (up to 65 °C). The composition of phenolic compounds in the oil samples was determined using HPLC method. The most abundant compound of seven identified and quantified phenolic compounds was vanillic acid. The highest content of β-carotene (1.67 mg 100 g−1 fixed oil) spectrophotometrically determined was in the oil extracted with n-hexane. The lowest content of β-carotene (1.26 mg 100 g−1 fixed oil) was determined in the oil extracted with a mixture of chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v). This oil had the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 4.35 mg mL−1) compared to other oil samples. The antioxidant activity was probably caused by the presence of phenolic compounds. The investigated physico-chemical properties demonstrated that the plum seed oil has a potential for application in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-16-247-203
| | - Ivana Savic Gajic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Dragoljub Gajic
- Energy Efficiency and Climate Change, EBRD, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Rahaman A, Zeng XA, Kumari A, Rafiq M, Siddeeg A, Manzoor MF, Baloch Z, Ahmed Z. Influence of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration on texture, bioactive compounds and metabolites analysis of plum. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 58:104643. [PMID: 31450325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration on texture, retention of bioactive compounds, nutritional quality and metabolites of plum. The osmotic dehydration was performed using 50% glucose and sucrose in ultrasound (25 kHz) for 30 and 60 min. After osmotic treatment samples were dried at 55 °C using hot air oven. In this study, the texture of the sample was determined by 20% compression of texture profile analysis and solute diffusion coefficient was calculated by Fick's law of diffusion. Further, the volatile compound and nutritional quality were determined. Furthermore, treatment difference of osmo-dehydrated plum on metabolites was measured by 1H NMR. The results showed that the ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration increased water loss and solid gain. It also increases the reduction of moisture content from the plum. Textural result of osmo-dehydrated plum in glucose increases the softness of plum and decreases hardness. Moreover, the increased antioxidant and phenolics were obtained in plum treated in 50% sucrose for 30 and 60 min and also at 30 min of glucose. Color of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydrated plum was also affected by treatment time and the osmotic solution used. Ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration reveals that water loss, solid gain, texture and bioactive compounds affected by treatment time and osmotic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ankita Kumari
- School of Medicine, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Manzoor
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
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11
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Farcuh M, Toubiana D, Sade N, Rivero RM, Doron-Faigenboim A, Nambara E, Sadka A, Blumwald E. Hormone balance in a climacteric plum fruit and its non-climacteric bud mutant during ripening. Plant Sci 2019; 280:51-65. [PMID: 30824029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hormone balance plays a crucial role in the control of fruit ripening. We characterized and compared hormone balance in two Japanese plum cultivars (Prunus salicina Lindl.), namely Santa Rosa, a climacteric type, and Sweet Miriam, its non-climacteric bud-sport mutant. We assessed hormonal changes in gene expression associated with hormone biosynthesis, perception and signaling during ripening on-the tree and throughout postharvest storage and in response to ethylene treatments. Non-climacteric fruit displayed lower ethylene levels than climacteric fruit at all stages and lower auxin levels during the initiation of ripening on-the-tree and during most of post-harvest storage. Moreover, 1-MCP-induced ethylene decrease also resulted in low auxin contents in Santa Rosa, supporting the role of auxin in climacteric fruit ripening. The differences in auxin contents between Santa Rosa and Sweet Miriam fruit could be the consequence of different routed auxin biosynthesis pathways as indicated by the significant negative correlations between clusters of auxin metabolism-associated genes. Ethylene induced increased ABA levels throughout postharvest storage in both ripening types. Overall, ripening of Santa Rosa and Sweet Miriam fruit are characterized by distinct hormone accumulation pathways and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Farcuh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - David Toubiana
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Nir Sade
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | | | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Jiang CC, Fang ZZ, Zhou DR, Pan SL, Ye XF. Changes in secondary metabolites, organic acids and soluble sugars during the development of plum fruit cv. 'Furongli' (Prunus salicina Lindl). J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:1010-1019. [PMID: 30009532 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic acids, sugars and pigments are key components that determine the taste and flavor of plum fruit. However, metabolism of organic acid and sugar is not fully understood during the development of plum fruit cv. 'Furongli'. RESULTS Mature fruit of 'Furongli' has the highest content of anthocyanins and the lowest content of total phenol compounds and flavonoids. Malate is the predominant organic acid anion in 'Furongli' fruit, followed by citrate and isocitrate. Glucose was the predominant sugar form, followed by fructose and sucrose. Correlation analysis indicated that malate content increased with increasing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity and decreasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) activity. Citrate and isocitrate content increased with increasing PEPC and aconitase (ACO) activities, respectively. Both acid invertase and neutral invertase had higher activities at the early stage than later stage of fruit development. Fructose content decreased with increasing phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) activity, whereas glucose content increased with decreasing hexokinase (HK) activity. CONCLUSION Dynamics in organic acid anions were not solely controlled by a single enzyme but regulated by the integrated activity of enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-ME, PEPC, ACO and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. Sugar metabolism enzymes such as PGI, invertase and HK may play vital roles in the regulation of individual sugar metabolic processes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Jiang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Fang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan-Rong Zhou
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lin Pan
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Fu Ye
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Farcuh M, Li B, Rivero RM, Shlizerman L, Sadka A, Blumwald E. Sugar metabolism reprogramming in a non-climacteric bud mutant of a climacteric plum fruit during development on the tree. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5813-5828. [PMID: 29186495 PMCID: PMC5854140 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated sugar metabolism in leaves and fruits of two Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars, the climacteric Santa Rosa and its bud sport mutant the non-climacteric Sweet Miriam, during development on the tree. We previously characterized differences between the two cultivars. Here, we identified key sugar metabolic pathways. Pearson coefficient correlations of metabolomics and transcriptomic data and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data allowed the identification of 11 key sugar metabolism-associated genes: sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, cytosolic invertase, vacuolar invertase, invertase inhibitor, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, galactokinase, trehalase, galactinol synthase, and raffinose synthase. These pathways were further assessed and validated through the biochemical characterization of the gene products and with metabolite analysis. Our results demonstrated the reprogramming of sugar metabolism in both leaves and fruits in the non-climacteric plum, which displayed a shift towards increased sorbitol synthesis. Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits showed differences in their UDP-galactose metabolism towards the production of galactose and raffinose, respectively. The higher content of galactinol, myo-inositol, raffinose, and trehalose in the non-climacteric fruits could improve the ability of the fruits to cope with the oxidative processes associated with fruit ripening. Overall, our results support a relationship between sugar metabolism, ethylene, and ripening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bosheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
| | | | | | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Martínez-Esplá A, Serrano M, Valero D, Martínez-Romero D, Castillo S, Zapata PJ. Enhancement of Antioxidant Systems and Storability of Two Plum Cultivars by Preharvest Treatments with Salicylates. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091911. [PMID: 28878169 PMCID: PMC5618560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research the effect of salicylic acid (SA), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and methylsalicylate (MeSA) treatments, applied as a foliar spray during on-tree plum development, on fruit quality attributes, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes at harvest and after long-term cold storage was evaluated in two plum cultivars (“Black Splendor”, BS, and “Royal Rosa”, RR). At harvest, plum quality parameters, such as weight, total phenolics (including anthocyanins, in BS), total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity, in both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were found at higher levels in plums from SA-, ASA-, and MeSA-treated trees than in those from control trees. During storage, fruit firmness, total acidity, and antioxidant compounds were at higher levels in treated, than in control, plums, which show an effect of salicylate treatments on delaying the plum postharvest ripening process. In addition, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were also enhanced at the time of harvest in salicylate-treated plums as compared with plums from control trees. The activity of these antioxidant enzymes was also found at higher levels in salicylate-treated plums during storage. Thus, preharvest treatment with salicylates could be a safe, eco-friendly, and new tool to improve and maintain plum quality attributes, and especially their content of antioxidant compounds, with an additional effect on delaying the postharvest ripening process through increasing the levels of antioxidant compounds and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Serrano
- Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.
| | - Daniel Valero
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, University Miguel Hernández, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.
| | | | - Salvador Castillo
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, University Miguel Hernández, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.
| | - Pedro J Zapata
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, University Miguel Hernández, 03312 Orihuela, Spain.
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15
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Niu J, Zhang G, Zhang W, Goltsev V, Sun S, Wang J, Li P, Ma F. Anthocyanin concentration depends on the counterbalance between its synthesis and degradation in plum fruit at high temperature. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7684. [PMID: 28794463 PMCID: PMC5550432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin synthesis and degradation processes were analyzed at transcript, enzyme, and metabolite levels to clarify the effects of high temperature on the concentration of anthocyanin in plum fruit (Prunus salicina Lindl.). The transcript levels of PsPAL, PsCHS, and PsDFR decreased while those of PsANS and PsUFGT were similar at 35 °C compared with 20 °C. The activities of the enzymes encoded by these genes were all increased in fruits at 35 °C. The concentrations of anthocyanins were higher at 35 °C on day 5 but then decreased to lower values on day 9 compared with that at 20 °C. Furthermore, high temperature (35 °C) increased the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of class III peroxidase in the fruit. The concentration of procatechuic acid, a product of the reaction between anthocyanin and hydrogen peroxide, hardly changed at 20 °C but was significantly increased at 35 °C on day 9, indicating that anthocyanin was degraded by hydrogen peroxide, which was catalyzed by class III peroxidase. Based on mathematical modeling, it was estimated that more than 60-70% was enzymatically degraded on day 9 when the temperature increased from 20 °C to 35 °C. We conclude that at the high temperature, the anthocyanin content in plum fruit depend on the counterbalance between its synthesis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr. Tzankov Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shan Sun
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jinzheng Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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16
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Abstract
In cell culture studies, dried plum (Prunus domestica L.) polyphenols increased osteoblast alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralized nodule formation, and the expression of the bone marker genes runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osterix. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human serum collected 1 and 2 h after dried plum ingestion influenced osteoblast cell activity and gene expression. Five healthy women ingested 100 g of dried plum, and serum samples were collected at baseline (before dried plum ingestion) and 1 and 2 h postingestion of dried plum. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells were treated (2% of medium) with these serum samples for 3 or 9 days. Intracellular and extracellular ALP activities were significantly increased after 3 or 9 days of treatment with serum both postingestion time points, with no effect seen in baseline samples. Also, serum obtained 1 and 2 h postingestion significantly increased the mRNA expression of bone markers RUNX2 and connexin43 (CX43) after both 3 and 9 days of incubation periods. Finally, serum obtained 1 and 2 h postingestion increased the mRNA expression of β-catenin after 9 days of incubation. We conclude that osteoblast activity and function are increased by dried plum ingestion, which may, in part, explain its beneficial effects on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Delgado Cuenca
- 1 School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lama Almaiman
- 1 School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Simon Schenk
- 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark Kern
- 1 School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- 1 School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University , San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Vergeiner C, Scherzer G, Holzner B, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of the Plum Tree (Prunus domestica). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1441-1453. [PMID: 27533340 PMCID: PMC5123584 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cold extracts of senescent leaves of the plum tree (Prunus domestica ssp. domestica), six colorless non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were characterized, named Pd-NCCs. In addition, several minor NCC fractions were tentatively classified. The structure of the most polar one of the NCCs, named Pd-NCC-32, featured an unprecedented twofold glycosidation pattern. Three of the NCCs are also functionalized at their 32 -position by a glucopyranosyl group. In addition, two of these glycosidated NCCs carry a dihydroxyethyl group at their 18-position. In the polar Pd-NCC-32, the latter group is further glycosidated at the terminal 182 -position. Four other major Pd-NCCs and one minor Pd-NCC were identified with five NCCs from higher plants known to belong to the 'epi'-series. In addition, tentative structures were derived for two minor fractions, classified as yellow chlorophyll catabolites, which represented (formal) oxidation products of two of the observed Pd-NCCs. The chlorophyll catabolites in leaves of plum feature the same basic structural pattern as those found in leaves of apple and pear trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Clemens Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
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