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Jaimes-Dueñez J, Tique-Oviedo M, Arias-Vega L, Castiblanco-Diaz E, Rivero-Rodriguez L, Marin-Cossio L, Gongora-Orjuela A, Jimenez-Leaño A. Epidemiological assessment of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis infections in Colombian creole cattle breeds: A molecular survey in northeastern Colombia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101011. [PMID: 38644043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are globally distributed arthropod-borne diseases known for causing substantial economic losses due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aims to assess the frequency and epidemiological features associated with the infection of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis in three Creole cattle breeds (Chino Santandereano (Chino), Casanareño (CAS), and Sanmartinero (SM)) in northeastern Colombia. Between June 2019 and March 2020, a total of 252 Creole cattle were sampled, with Chino, CAS, and SM accounting for 42.8%, 29.5%, and 29.5% of the samples, respectively. Blood samples were subjected to molecular analysis to detect the DNA of A. marginale, B. bigemina, and B. bovis, using species-specific primers. Additionally, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total serum proteins, and body condition were evaluated. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of B. bigemina, A. marginale, and B. bovis in 83.7% (211/252; 95% CI = 79.1%-88.3%), 59.9% (151/252; 95% CI = 53.8%-66.1%), and 40.9% (103/252; 95% CI = 34.7%-46.9%) of the samples, respectively, with 69% (174/252; 95% CI = 57.8%-80.3%) exhibiting coinfections. Notably, in infected animals, no significant alterations in PCV, total serum proteins, or body condition were observed. Multivariate analyses indicated a statistically significant association between the frequency of A. marginale infection and the breed and season, with a higher frequency in SM during the rainy season (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first molecular survey that evaluates multiple arthropod-borne pathogens in Colombian Creole breeds. The results revel a high frequency of B. bigemina and A. marginale infections, coupled with a notable frequency of coinfections, all without significant alteration in the PCV, total serum proteins and body conditions. Our findings enhance the understanding of the epidemiological aspects of arthropod-borne pathogens in Colombian Creole breed and contribute to the improvement of sanitary programs for these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Marisol Tique-Oviedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Laura Arias-Vega
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Edinson Castiblanco-Diaz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Leslie Rivero-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Laura Marin-Cossio
- Grupo de Investigación en Reproducción y Genética Animal - GIRGA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Agustín Gongora-Orjuela
- Grupo de Investigación en Reproducción y Genética Animal - GIRGA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Angela Jimenez-Leaño
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Kaemmerer AS, Ciotola F, Geißdörfer W, Harig F, Mattner J, Seitz T, Suleiman MN, Weyand M, Heim C. A Dual-Pathogen Mitral Valve Endocarditis Caused by Coxiella burnetii and Streptococcus gordonii-Which Came First? Pathogens 2023; 12:1130. [PMID: 37764938 PMCID: PMC10537458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is still a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality. While usually caused by a single bacterium, poly-microbial infective endocarditis (IE) is rare. Here, we report a (blood-culture-negative) dual pathogen mitral valve IE caused by Coxiella burnetii and Streptococcus gordonii: A 53-year-old woman was presented to an internal medicine department with abdominal pain for further evaluation. Within the diagnostic work up, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed an irregularly shaped echogenic mass (5 × 13 mm) adherent to the edge of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and protruding into the left atrium. As infected endocarditis was suspected, blood cultures were initially obtained, but they remained negative. Chronic Q fever infection was diagnosed using serologic testing. After the occurrence of cerebral thromboembolic events, the patient was admitted for mitral valve surgery. Intraoperatively, a massively destructed mitral valve with adhering vegetations was noted. Examination of the mitral valve by broad-range bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing confirmed Coxiella burnetii infection and yielded Streptococcus gordonii as the second pathogen. Based on the detailed diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy of both pathogens was initiated, and the patient could be discharged uneventfully on the 11th postoperative day after a successful minimal-invasive mitral valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Kaemmerer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Francesco Ciotola
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumonology (Med 1), Klinikum Fürth, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-90766 Fürth, Germany;
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Institute of Microbiology—Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (W.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Frank Harig
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Institute of Microbiology—Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (W.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Timo Seitz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Mathieu N. Suleiman
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Michael Weyand
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Christian Heim
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.H.); (T.S.); (M.N.S.); (M.W.); (C.H.)
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Byrne A, Bissonnette N, Ollier S, Tahlan K. Investigating in vivo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis microevolution and mixed strain infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0171623. [PMID: 37584606 PMCID: PMC10581078 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for significant economic loss to the global dairy industry. Mixed strain infection (MSI) refers to the concurrent infection of a susceptible host with genetically distinct strains of a pathogen, whereas within-host changes in an infecting strain leading to genetically distinguishable progeny is called microevolution. The two processes can influence host-pathogen dynamics, disease progression and outcomes, but not much is known about their prevalence and impact on JD. Therefore, we obtained up to 10 MAP isolates each from 14 high-shedding animals and subjected them to whole-genome sequencing. Twelve of the 14 animals examined showed evidence for the presence of MSIs and microevolution, while the genotypes of MAP isolates from the remaining two animals could be attributed solely to microevolution. All MAP isolates that were otherwise isogenic had differences in short sequence repeats (SSRs), of which SSR1 and SSR2 were the most diverse and homoplastic. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2, which are located in ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, affect the genetic reading frame, leading to protein products with altered sequences and computed structures. The ORF1 gene product is predicted to be a MAP surface protein with possible roles in host immune modulation, but nothing could be inferred regarding the function of ORF2. Both genes are conserved in Mycobacterium avium complex members, but SSR1-based modulation of ORF1 reading frames seems to only occur in MAP, which could have potential implications on the infectivity of this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Johne's disease (JD) is a major problem in dairy animals, and concerns have been raised regarding the association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) with Crohn's disease in humans. MAP is an extremely slow-growing bacterium with low genome evolutionary rates. Certain short sequence repeats (SSR1 and SSR2) in the MAP chromosome are highly variable and evolve at a faster rate than the rest of the chromosome. In the current study, multiple MAP isolates with genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and more noticeably, diverse SSRs, could simultaneously infect animals. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2 affect the products of the respective genes containing them. Since multiple MAP isolates can infect the same animal and the possibility that the pathogen undergoes further changes within the host due to unstable SSRs, this could provide a compensative mechanism for an otherwise slow-evolving pathogen to increase phenotypic diversity for overcoming host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Ugwu PC, Njoga EO, Njoga UJ, Aronu CJ, Atadiose EO, Okoli CE, Onwumere-Idolor OS, Ajibo FE, Azor NN, Bernard SN, Ozioko IE, Eze IS, Abonyi FO. Indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria: Causes, prevalence, implications and ways-out. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280524. [PMID: 36649264 PMCID: PMC9844864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats (SPGs) undermines meat production and food security especially in developing countries. It also connotes animal cruelty, depletion of goat population and may enhance the spread of zoonotic pathogens inhabiting the female reproductive tract during carcass processing. Consequently, this study determined the causes and prevalence of slaughtering pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria. The study also estimated the economic losses associated with SPGs, discussed the negative public health consequences and suggested the ways-out. METHODS Structured, validated and pilot-tested questionnaire was used to ascertain the reasons for SPGs for meat among 78 willing and randomly selected respondents. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the form of interview. Pregnancy statuses of the goats slaughtered were ascertained by visual inspection and palpation of the eviscerated and longitudinally incised uteri and the horns for macroscopic evidence of pregnancy. Ages of the dams were estimated by dentition method. Estimation of the gestational age was performed by crown-rump length method. The study lasted for six months, comprised of three months (December to March) during the dry/hot season and another three months (May to August) during the wet/rainy season. Economic loss estimation was based on the current monetary values of a matured (30 kilogram) goat and one kilogram of chevon in Enugu, Nigeria; which was determined through market survey. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to determine whether there were significant (P<0.05) statistical associations between SPGs and age and season. RESULTS Major reasons adduced for SPGs were: economic hardship (41%), ignorance of the goat's pregnancy status (21%), increased demand for chevon (13%) and feed scarcity during drought (11%). Of the 1,658 does examined during the six months study, 589 (35.5%) were pregnant. The majority (876/1658, 52.8%) of the female goats slaughtered were in their active reproductive age of ≤ 4 years, while 782 (47.2%) were aged > 4 years. Similarly, majority (1007/1658, 60.7%) of the does/nannies were slaughtered during the dry/hot season. A total of 907 foetuses at first (n = 332, 36.6%), second (n = 486, 53.6%) and third (n = 89, 9.8%) trimesters of gestation were recovered from the 589 PGs. Singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies were observed in 312 (53%), 236 (40%) and 41 (7%) PGs, respectively. About ₦34.44 million ($83,390) would have been earned if the foetuses were born alive and raised to maturity. Additionally, 19,136 kg of chevon, valued at ₦47,841, 000 ($115,838), which would have accrued from the wasted foetuses was also lost. CONCLUSION Considering the economic, zoonotic and livestock production implications of this work, frantic efforts to reduce SPGs in Enugu, Nigeria is imperative. This could be achieved through advocacy, goat farmers' enlightenment, ante-mortem pregnancy diagnosis, provision of subsidized feed materials during the dry season and strict enforcement of the Nigerian Meat Edict law, which proscribes unapproved slaughter of gravid animals. These measures may improve food safety and security, improve goat reproduction and production, reduce protein malnutrition, limit dissemination of zoonotic pathogens during carcass processing and hence protect public health in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience C. Ugwu
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail: (EON); (UJN)
| | - Ugochinyere J. Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail: (EON); (UJN)
| | - Chinwe J. Aronu
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Everest O. Atadiose
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe E. Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Onyinye S. Onwumere-Idolor
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Festus E. Ajibo
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Nichodemus N. Azor
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Sunday N. Bernard
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna E. Ozioko
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu S. Eze
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Festus O. Abonyi
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Ramo MLA, Benito AA, Quílez J, Monteagudo LV, Baselga C, Tejedor MT. Coxiella burnetii and Co-Infections with Other Major Pathogens Causing Abortion in Small Ruminant Flocks in the Iberian Peninsula. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36552374 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium causing human Q fever and reproductive disorders in domestic ruminants. We analyzed the occurrence of C. burnetii and co-infections with six other major pathogens causing abortion in sheep (1242 cases) and goat (371 cases) flocks from Spain and Portugal. After real-time PCR detection, co-infections were established by principal component and cluster analysis that grouped cases based on the joint presence/absence of several microorganisms. C. burnetii and Chlamydia abortus were the most common abortifacient agents with approximately 75% of cases from both hosts testing positive, followed by Toxoplasma gondii, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella enterica, border disease virus and Neospora caninum. C. burnetii was significantly more common than C. abortus in goat abortions (p < 0.001). Co-infections with at least two pathogens were found in more than 66% cases of ovine abortions and 36% cases of caprine abortions testing positive for C. burnetii, mostly including mixed infections with only C. abortus. These findings indicate that both pathogens are the most significant ones to be readily prevented by vaccination in this geographical area. Biosecurity and biocontainment measures are also steadfastly recommended to prevent both the economic losses and public health risks associated with most of these abortifacient agents.
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Ta N, Mi J, Li X, Guo W, Yu G, Li G, Pang S, Bai W, Liu Q, Zhao H, Wei G, Fan M, Wen Y. Epidemiological Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations of Brucellosis and Q Fever Among Humans from Northeastern Inner Mongolia. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6501-6513. [PMID: 36386408 PMCID: PMC9645112 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s381370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the distribution, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms of brucellosis and Q fever in northeastern Inner Mongolia. Methods In this study, 64 townships of Bairin left flag and Alukerqin flag, Jarud flag and Horqin right front flag in four counties with frequent brucellosis and Q fever were selected. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and exposure to risk factors were identified and descriptively analyzed in patients from these areas. Results There were 367 brucellosis cases in the four regions and 78 positive cases of Q-fever infection. In addition, 24 cases of brucellosis and Q-fever co-infection were identified, with a co-infection rate of 1.13%. Brucellosis and Q fever were mainly concentrated in the 30–65 and 40–55 age groups. For brucellosis, the difference between age groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 29.121, P < 0.05). The sex distribution for brucellosis was 225 men (61.31%) and 142 women (38.69%), and 45 men (57.69%) and 33 women (42.31%) had Q fever. Those with brucellosis and Q fever were mainly farmers, accounting for 79.19% and 78.38% of the total number, respectively. Of the 367 cases of brucellosis infection, the main symptoms were joint pain (52.59%), fatigue (47.14%), lower back pain (38.96%), fever (33.24%), hyperhidrosis (28.88%), and muscle pain (20.44%). Of the 78 cases of Q-fever infection, the main symptoms were joint pain (35.90%), fatigue (30.77%), lower back pain (26.92%), fever (21.79%), and hyperhidrosis (17.95%). Muscle pain also accounted for 12.82%. Conclusion Occupational distribution suggests that we should strengthen the protection measures against diseases infected through animal husbandry. Among the clinical symptoms, fever, hyperhidrosis and fatigue were associated with brucellosis, while fever, headache, and fatigue were significantly associated with Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingchuan Mi
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaowa Yu
- Tong Liao Center for Endemic Disease Control and Research, Tong Liao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Li
- Chi Feng Center for Disease Control and Research, Chi Feng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Pang
- Xingan Meng Center for Disease Control and Research, Xingan Meng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuyun Bai
- Keyouqian QI Center for Disease Control and Research, Xingan Meng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Liu
- Zhalute Qi Center for Disease Control and Research, Chi Feng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- Alukerqin Qi Center for Disease Control and Research, Chifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Wei
- Balinzuo Qi Center for Disease Control and Research, Chi Feng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengguang Fan
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Research, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yongjun Wen, School of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Wainaina M, Lindahl JF, Dohoo I, Mayer-Scholl A, Roesel K, Mbotha D, Roesler U, Grace D, Bett B, Al Dahouk S. Longitudinal Study of Selected Bacterial Zoonoses in Small Ruminants in Tana River County, Kenya. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081546. [PMID: 36013964 PMCID: PMC9414833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, Q fever, and leptospirosis are priority zoonoses worldwide, yet their epidemiology is understudied, and studies investigating multiple pathogens are scarce. Therefore, we selected 316 small ruminants in irrigated, pastoral, and riverine settings in Tana River County and conducted repeated sampling for animals that were initially seronegative between September 2014 and June 2015. We carried out serological and polymerase chain reaction tests and determined risk factors for exposure. The survey-weighted serological incidence rates were 1.8 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.3–2.5) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.7–2.3) cases per 100 animal-months at risk for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii, respectively. We observed no seroconversions for Brucella spp. Animals from the irrigated setting had 6.83 (95% CI: 2.58–18.06, p-value = 0.01) higher odds of seropositivity to C. burnetii than those from riverine settings. Considerable co-exposure of animals to more than one zoonosis was also observed, with animals exposed to one zoonosis generally having 2.5 times higher odds of exposure to a second zoonosis. The higher incidence of C. burnetii and Leptospira spp. infections, which are understudied zoonoses in Kenya compared to Brucella spp., demonstrate the need for systematic prioritization of animal diseases to enable the appropriate allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wainaina
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Mbotha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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