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Riccomi G, Simonit R, Maudet S, Scott E, Lucas M, Giuffra V, Roberts P. Diets, stress, and disease in the Etruscan society: Isotope analysis and infantile skeletal palaeopathology from Pontecagnano (Campania, southern Italy, 730-580 BCE). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302334. [PMID: 38748638 PMCID: PMC11095689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to morbidity and mortality is increased in early life, yet proactive measures, such as breastfeeding and weaning practices, can be taken through specific investments from parents and wider society. The extent to which such biosocialcultural investment was achieved within 1st millennium BCE Etruscan society, of whom little written sources are available, is unkown. This research investigates life histories in non-adults and adults from Pontecagnano (southern Italy, 730-580 BCE) in order to track cross-sectional and longitudinal breastfeeding and weaning patterns and to characterize the diet more broadly. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of incrementally-sampled deciduous and permanent dentine (n = 15), bulk bone collagen (n = 38), and tooth enamel bioapatite (n = 21) reveal the diet was largely based on C3 staple crops with marginal contributions of animal protein. Millet was found to play a role for maternal diet and trajectories of breastfeeding and feeding for some infants and children at the site. The combination of multiple isotope systems and tissues demonstrates exclusive breastfeeding was pursued until 0.6 years, followed by progressive introduction of proteanocius supplementary foods during weaning that lasted between approximately 0.7 and 2.6 years. The combination of biochemical data with macroscopic skeletal lesions of infantile metabolic diseases and physiological stress markers showed high δ15Ndentine in the months prior to death consistent with the isotopic pattern of opposing covariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Riccomi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rachele Simonit
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Erin Scott
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mary Lucas
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, isoTROPIC Research Group, Jena, Germany
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, isoTROPIC Research Group, Jena, Germany
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2
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Piffer D, Kirkegaard EOW. Evolutionary Trends of Polygenic Scores in European Populations From the Paleolithic to Modern Times. Twin Res Hum Genet 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38444325 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2024.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the temporal and geographical evolution of polygenic scores (PGSs) across cognitive measures (Educational Attainment [EA], Intelligence Quotient [IQ]), Socioeconomic Status (SES), and psychiatric conditions (Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD], schizophrenia [SCZ]) in various populations. Our findings indicate positive directional selection for EA, IQ, and SES traits over the past 12,000 years. Schizophrenia and autism, while similar, showed different temporal patterns, aligning with theories suggesting they are psychological opposites. We observed a decline in PGS for neuroticism and depression, likely due to their genetic correlations and pleiotropic effects on intelligence. Significant PGS shifts from the Upper Paleolithic to the Neolithic periods suggest lifestyle and cognitive demand changes, particularly during the Neolithic Revolution. The study supports a mild hypothesis of Gregory Clark's model, showing a noticeable rise in genetic propensities for intelligence, academic achievement and professional status across Europe from the Middle Ages to the present. While latitude strongly influenced height, its impact on schizophrenia and autism was smaller and varied. Contrary to the cold winters theory, the study found no significant correlation between latitude and intelligence.
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3
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Mallick S, Micco A, Mah M, Ringbauer H, Lazaridis I, Olalde I, Patterson N, Reich D. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci Data 2024; 11:182. [PMID: 38341426 PMCID: PMC10858950 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than two hundred papers have reported genome-wide data from ancient humans. While the raw data for the vast majority are fully publicly available testifying to the commitment of the paleogenomics community to open data, formats for both raw data and meta-data differ. There is thus a need for uniform curation and a centralized, version-controlled compendium that researchers can download, analyze, and reference. Since 2019, we have been maintaining the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR), which aims to provide an up-to-date, curated version of the world's published ancient human DNA data, represented at more than a million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at which almost all ancient individuals have been assayed. The AADR has gone through six public releases at the time of writing and review of this manuscript, and crossed the threshold of >10,000 individuals with published genome-wide ancient DNA data at the end of 2022. This note is intended as a citable descriptor of the AADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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4
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Antonio ML, Weiß CL, Gao Z, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Moots HM, Spence JP, Cheronet O, Zagorc B, Praxmarer E, Özdoğan KT, Demetz L, Gelabert P, Fernandes D, Lucci M, Alihodžić T, Amrani S, Avetisyan P, Baillif-Ducros C, Bedić Ž, Bertrand A, Bilić M, Bondioli L, Borówka P, Botte E, Burmaz J, Bužanić D, Candilio F, Cvetko M, De Angelis D, Drnić I, Elschek K, Fantar M, Gaspari A, Gasperetti G, Genchi F, Golubović S, Hukeľová Z, Jankauskas R, Vučković KJ, Jeremić G, Kaić I, Kazek K, Khachatryan H, Khudaverdyan A, Kirchengast S, Korać M, Kozlowski V, Krošláková M, Kušan Špalj D, La Pastina F, Laguardia M, Legrand S, Leleković T, Leskovar T, Lorkiewicz W, Los D, Silva AM, Masaryk R, Matijević V, Cherifi YMS, Meyer N, Mikić I, Miladinović-Radmilović N, Milošević Zakić B, Nacouzi L, Natuniewicz-Sekuła M, Nava A, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Nováček J, Osterholtz A, Paige J, Paraman L, Pieri D, Pieta K, Pop-Lazić S, Ruttkay M, Sanader M, Sołtysiak A, Sperduti A, Stankovic Pesterac T, Teschler-Nicola M, Teul I, Tončinić D, Trapp J, Vulović D, Waliszewski T, Walter D, Živanović M, Filah MEM, Čaušević-Bully M, Šlaus M, Borić D, Novak M, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 2024; 13:e79714. [PMID: 38288729 PMCID: PMC10827293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000-3000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire's mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Antonio
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria Oberreiter
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hannah M Moots
- Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- University of Chicago, Department of Human GeneticsChicagoUnited States
| | - Jeffrey P Spence
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elisa Praxmarer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Lea Demetz
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pere Gelabert
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Michaela Lucci
- Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | | | - Selma Amrani
- LBEIG, Population Genetics & Conservation Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology – Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari BoumedieneAlgiersAlgeria
| | - Pavel Avetisyan
- National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Institute of Archaeology and EthnographyYerevanArmenia
| | - Christèle Baillif-Ducros
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)/CAGT UMR 5288ToulouseFrance
| | - Željka Bedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | | | | | - Luca Bondioli
- Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, Archeologia, Storia dell'arte, del Cinema e della Musica, Università di PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paulina Borówka
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | - Emmanuel Botte
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre Camille JullianAix-en-ProvenceFrance
| | | | - Domagoj Bužanić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Mirna Cvetko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia, Direzione Regionale Musei LazioRomeItaly
| | - Ivan Drnić
- Archaeological Museum in ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kristián Elschek
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mounir Fantar
- Département des Monuments et des Sites Antiques - Institut National du Patrimoine INPTunisTunisia
| | - Andrej Gaspari
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Gabriella Gasperetti
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e NuoroSassariItaly
| | - Francesco Genchi
- Department of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Zuzana Hukeľová
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | | | - Iva Kaić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kevin Kazek
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche Universitaire Lorrain d' Histoire (CRULH)NancyFrance
| | - Hamazasp Khachatryan
- Department of Archaeologi, Shirak Centere of Armenological Studies, National Academy of Sciences Republic of ArmeniaGyumriArmenia
| | - Anahit Khudaverdyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of ArmeniaYerevanArmenia
| | - Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Mária Krošláková
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | - Marie Laguardia
- UMR 7041 ArScAn / French Institute of the Near EastBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Tino Leleković
- Archaeology Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Tamara Leskovar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Wiesław Lorkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | | | - Ana Maria Silva
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- CEF - University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- UNIARQ - University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Rene Masaryk
- Skupina STIK Zavod za preučevanje povezovalnih področij preteklosti in sedanjostiLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Vinka Matijević
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Cardiolo-Oncology Research Collaborative Group (CORCG), Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda UniversityAlgiersAlgeria
- Molecular Pathology, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)MetzFrance
| | - Ilija Mikić
- Institute of Archaeology BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | | | | | - Lina Nacouzi
- L’Institut français du Proche-OrientBeirutLebanon
| | - Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Interdisciplinary Archaeological ResearchWarsawPoland
| | - Alessia Nava
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Christine Neugebauer-Maresch
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of Prehistory and Early History, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | - Matej Ruttkay
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mirjana Sanader
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of CivilizationsRomeItaly
- Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”NaplesItaly
| | | | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Iwona Teul
- Chair and Department of Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecinPoland
| | - Domagoj Tončinić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Julien Trapp
- Musée de La Cour d'Or, Eurométropole de MetzMetzFrance
| | | | | | - Diethard Walter
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
| | - Miloš Živanović
- Department of Archeology, Center for Conservation and Archeology of MontenegroCetinjeMontenegro
| | | | | | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Centre, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Dušan Borić
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Anthropology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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5
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Silva M, Booth T, Moore J, Anastasiadou K, Walker D, Gilardet A, Barrington C, Kelly M, Williams M, Henderson M, Smith A, Bowsher D, Montgomery J, Skoglund P. An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain. Curr Biol 2024; 34:204-212.e6. [PMID: 38118448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In the second century CE the Roman Empire had increasing contact with Sarmatians, nomadic Iranian speakers occupying an area stretching from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to the Carpathian mountains, both in the Caucasus and in the Danubian borders of the empire.1,2,3 In 175 CE, following their defeat in the Marcomannic Wars, emperor Marcus Aurelius drafted Sarmatian cavalry into Roman legions and deployed 5,500 Sarmatian soldiers to Britain, as recorded by contemporary historian Cassius Dio.4,5 Little is known about where the Sarmatian cavalry were stationed, and no individuals connected with this historically attested event have been identified to date, leaving its impact on Britain largely unknown. Here we document Caucasus- and Sarmatian-related ancestry in the whole genome of a Roman-period individual (126-228 calibrated [cal.] CE)-an outlier without traceable ancestry related to local populations in Britain-recovered from a farmstead site in present-day Cambridgeshire, UK. Stable isotopes support a life history of mobility during childhood. Although several scenarios are possible, the historical deployment of Sarmatians to Britain provides a parsimonious explanation for this individual's extraordinary life history. Regardless of the factors behind his migrations, these results highlight how long-range mobility facilitated by the Roman Empire impacted provincial locations outside of urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silva
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Thomas Booth
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joanna Moore
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Rd, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Anastasiadou
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Don Walker
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Alexandre Gilardet
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher Barrington
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Monica Kelly
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mia Williams
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Henderson
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Alex Smith
- Headland Archaeology, 13 Jane Street, Edinburgh EH6 5HE, UK
| | - David Bowsher
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Rd, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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6
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Olalde I, Carrión P, Mikić I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Mah M, Korać M, Golubović S, Petković S, Miladinović-Radmilović N, Vulović D, Alihodžić T, Ash A, Baeta M, Bartík J, Bedić Ž, Bilić M, Bonsall C, Bunčić M, Bužanić D, Carić M, Čataj L, Cvetko M, Drnić I, Dugonjić A, Đukić A, Đukić K, Farkaš Z, Jelínek P, Jovanovic M, Kaić I, Kalafatić H, Krmpotić M, Krznar S, Leleković T, M de Pancorbo M, Matijević V, Milošević Zakić B, Osterholtz AJ, Paige JM, Tresić Pavičić D, Premužić Z, Rajić Šikanjić P, Rapan Papeša A, Paraman L, Sanader M, Radovanović I, Roksandic M, Šefčáková A, Stefanović S, Teschler-Nicola M, Tončinić D, Zagorc B, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Fernandes D, Kearns A, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Wagner A, Zalzala F, Zettl A, Tomanović Ž, Keckarević D, Novak M, Harper K, McCormick M, Pinhasi R, Grbić M, Lalueza-Fox C, Reich D. A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations. Cell 2023; 186:5472-5485.e9. [PMID: 38065079 PMCID: PMC10752003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rise and fall of the Roman Empire was a socio-political process with enormous ramifications for human history. The Middle Danube was a crucial frontier and a crossroads for population and cultural movement. Here, we present genome-wide data from 136 Balkan individuals dated to the 1st millennium CE. Despite extensive militarization and cultural influence, we find little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent. However, we trace a large-scale influx of people of Anatolian ancestry during the Imperial period. Between ∼250 and 550 CE, we detect migrants with ancestry from Central/Northern Europe and the Steppe, confirming that "barbarian" migrations were propelled by ethnically diverse confederations. Following the end of Roman control, we detect the large-scale arrival of individuals who were genetically similar to modern Eastern European Slavic-speaking populations, who contributed 30%-60% of the ancestry of Balkan people, representing one of the largest permanent demographic changes anywhere in Europe during the Migration Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Olalde
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Carrión
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abigail Ash
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Miriam Baeta
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juraj Bartík
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Željka Bedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Clive Bonsall
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maja Bunčić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Bužanić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Carić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Čataj
- Division for Archaeological Heritage, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Cvetko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Drnić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Đukić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Đukić
- Center of Bone Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zdeněk Farkaš
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Jelínek
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Iva Kaić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marijana Krmpotić
- Department for Archaeology, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tino Leleković
- Archaeology Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Vinka Matijević
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Anna J Osterholtz
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Julianne M Paige
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Petra Rajić Šikanjić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Mirjana Sanader
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mirjana Roksandic
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Department of Anthropology, Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sofia Stefanović
- Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domagoj Tončinić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aisling Kearns
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Zettl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kyle Harper
- Department of Classics and Letters, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Michael McCormick
- Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Agriculture and Food, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Coia V, Paladin A, Zingale S, Wurst C, Croze M, Maixner F, Zink A. Ancestry and kinship in a Late Antiquity-Early Middle Ages cemetery in the Eastern Italian Alps. iScience 2023; 26:108215. [PMID: 37953960 PMCID: PMC10637928 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In South Tyrol (Eastern Italian Alps), during Late Antiquity-Early Middle Ages, archeological records indicate cultural hybridization among alpine groups and peoples of various origin. Using paleogenomics, we reconstructed the ancestry of 20 individuals (4th-7th cent. AD) from a cemetery to analyze whether they had heterogeneous or homogeneous ancestry and to study their social organization. The results revealed a primary genetic ancestry from southern Europe and additional ancestries from south-western, western, and northern Europe, suggesting that cultural hybridization was accompanied by complex genetic admixture. Kinship analyses found no genetic relatedness between the only two individuals buried with grave goods. Instead, a father-son pair was discovered in one multiple grave, together with unrelated individuals and one possible non-local female. These genetic findings indicate the presence of a high social status familia, which is supported by the cultural materials and the proximity of the grave to the most sacred area of the church.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Coia
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alice Paladin
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefania Zingale
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christina Wurst
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Myriam Croze
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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8
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Piccirilli E, Sorrentino R, Lugli F, Bortolini E, Silvestrini S, Cavazzuti C, Conti S, Czifra S, Gyenesei K, Köhler K, Tankó K, Vazzana A, Jerem E, Cipriani A, Gottarelli A, Belcastro MG, Hajdu T, Benazzi S. New insights on Celtic migration in Hungary and Italy through the analysis of non-metric dental traits. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293090. [PMID: 37851635 PMCID: PMC10584115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iron Age is characterized by an extended interweaving of movements by Celts in Europe. Several waves of Celts from Western and Central Europe migrated southeast and west from the core area of the La Téne culture (between Bourgogne and Bohemia). Through the analysis of non-metric dental traits, this work aims to understand the biological relationship among Celtic groups arrived in Italy and the Carpathian Basin, as well as between local populations and Celtic newcomers. A total of 10 non-metric dental traits were analyzed to evaluate biological affinities among Celts (Sopron-Krautacker and Pilismarót-Basaharc) and Scythians-related populations from Hungary (Tápiószele), Celts from continental Europe (Switzerland and Austria), two Iron Age Etruscan-Celtic sites from northern Italy (Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele), 13 Iron Age central-southern Italic necropolises, and the northern Italian Bronze Age necropolis of Scalvinetto. Strontium isotopes were measured on individuals from the necropolis of Monte Bibele to infer their local or non-local origin. Results highlight the existence of statistically significant differences between Celts and autochthonous Italian groups. Celtic groups from Hungary and Italy (i.e., non-local individuals of Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele) share a similar biological background, supporting the historical records mentioning a common origin for Celts migrated to the eastern and southern borders of today's Europe. The presence of a supposed Steppean ancestry both in Celts from Hungary and Celts from northern Italy corroborates the hypothesis of the existence of a westward migration of individuals and genes from the Steppe towards northern Italy during the Bronze and Iron Age, which contributed to the biological variability of pre-Celtic and later Celtic populations, respectively. Conversely, individuals from central-southern Italy show an autochthonous pre-Iron Age background. Lastly, this work supports the existence of Celtic migratory routes in northern Italy, as shown by biological and cultural admixture between Celts and Italics living together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Piccirilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences–BiGeA, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Lugli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, IMF-CSIC (Spanish National Research Centre), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Silvestrini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Claudio Cavazzuti
- Department of History and Cultures, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Conti
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Szabolcs Czifra
- National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gyenesei
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kitti Köhler
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Tankó
- ELKH–ELTE Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Erzsébet Jerem
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Cipriani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States of America
| | - Antonio Gottarelli
- Department of History and Cultures, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences–BiGeA, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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9
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Moots HM, Antonio M, Sawyer S, Spence JP, Oberreiter V, Weiß CL, Lucci M, Cherifi YMS, La Pastina F, Genchi F, Praxmeier E, Zagorc B, Cheronet O, Özdoğan KT, Demetz L, Amrani S, Candilio F, De Angelis D, Gasperetti G, Fernandes D, Gao Z, Fantar M, Coppa A, Pritchard JK, Pinhasi R. A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1515-1524. [PMID: 37592021 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The Iron Age was a dynamic period in central Mediterranean history, with the expansion of Greek and Phoenician colonies and the growth of Carthage into the dominant maritime power of the Mediterranean. These events were facilitated by the ease of long-distance travel following major advances in seafaring. We know from the archaeological record that trade goods and materials were moving across great distances in unprecedented quantities, but it is unclear how these patterns correlate with human mobility. Here, to investigate population mobility and interactions directly, we sequenced the genomes of 30 ancient individuals from coastal cities around the central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia and central Italy. We observe a meaningful contribution of autochthonous populations, as well as highly heterogeneous ancestry including many individuals with non-local ancestries from other parts of the Mediterranean region. These results highlight both the role of local populations and the extreme interconnectedness of populations in the Iron Age Mediterranean. By studying these trans-Mediterranean neighbours together, we explore the complex interplay between local continuity and mobility that shaped the Iron Age societies of the central Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Moots
- Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Margaret Antonio
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Victoria Oberreiter
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Lucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cardiolo-Oncology Research Collaborative Group (CORCG), Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University, Algiers, Algeria
- Molecular Pathology, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Francesco Genchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Praxmeier
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kadir T Özdoğan
- Department of History and Art History, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Demetz
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Amrani
- LBEIG, Population Genetics and Conservation Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology-Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Daniela De Angelis
- Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Tarquinia, Direzione Generale Musei Lazio, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gasperetti
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mounir Fantar
- Département des Monuments et des Sites Antiques-Institut National du Patrimoine INP, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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10
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Serrano JG, Ordóñez AC, Santana J, Sánchez-Cañadillas E, Arnay M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Morales J, Velasco-Vázquez J, Alberto-Barroso V, Delgado-Darias T, de Mercadal MCC, Hernández JC, Moreno-Benítez MA, Pais J, Ringbauer H, Sikora M, McColl H, Pino-Yanes M, Ferrer MH, Bustamante CD, Fregel R. The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4641. [PMID: 37582830 PMCID: PMC10427657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The indigenous population of the Canary Islands, which colonized the archipelago around the 3rd century CE, provides both a window into the past of North Africa and a unique model to explore the effects of insularity. We generate genome-wide data from 40 individuals from the seven islands, dated between the 3rd-16rd centuries CE. Along with components already present in Moroccan Neolithic populations, the Canarian natives show signatures related to Bronze Age expansions in Eurasia and trans-Saharan migrations. The lack of gene flow between islands and constant or decreasing effective population sizes suggest that populations were isolated. While some island populations maintained relatively high genetic diversity, with the only detected bottleneck coinciding with the colonization time, other islands with fewer natural resources show the effects of insularity and isolation. Finally, consistent genetic differentiation between eastern and western islands points to a more complex colonization process than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G Serrano
- Evolution, Paleogenomics and Population Genetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandra C Ordóñez
- Tarha Group, Department of Historical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jonathan Santana
- Tarha Group, Department of Historical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Elías Sánchez-Cañadillas
- Tarha Group, Department of Historical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Matilde Arnay
- Bioanthropology: Paleopathology, Diet and Nutrition in Ancient Populations Group, Department of Prehistory, Anthropology and Ancient History, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Amelia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Tarha Group, Department of Historical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jacob Morales
- Tarha Group, Department of Historical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Javier Velasco-Vázquez
- Servicio de Patrimonio Histórico, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Carlos Hernández
- Museo Arqueológico de La Gomera, San Sebastián de La Gomera, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Pais
- Museo Arqueológico Benahoarita, Los Llanos de Aridane, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Hernández Ferrer
- Molecular Genetics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Fregel
- Evolution, Paleogenomics and Population Genetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Fontani F, Boano R, Cinti A, Demarchi B, Sandron S, Rampelli S, Candela M, Traversari M, Latorre A, Iacovera R, Abondio P, Sarno S, Mackie M, Collins M, Radini A, Milani C, Petrella E, Giampalma E, Minelli A, Larocca F, Cilli E, Luiselli D. Bioarchaeological and paleogenomic profiling of the unusual Neolithic burial from Grotta di Pietra Sant'Angelo (Calabria, Italy). Sci Rep 2023; 13:11978. [PMID: 37488251 PMCID: PMC10366206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neolithic burial of Grotta di Pietra Sant'Angelo (CS) represents a unique archaeological finding for the prehistory of Southern Italy. The unusual placement of the inhumation at a rather high altitude and far from inhabited areas, the lack of funerary equipment and the prone deposition of the body find limited similarities in coeval Italian sites. These elements have prompted wider questions on mortuary customs during the prehistory of Southern Italy. This atypical case requires an interdisciplinary approach aimed to build an integrated bioarchaeological profile of the individual. The paleopathological investigation of the skeletal remains revealed the presence of numerous markers that could be associated with craft activities, suggesting possible interpretations of the individual's lifestyle. CT analyses, carried out on the maxillary bones, showed the presence of a peculiar type of dental wear, but also a good density of the bone matrix. Biomolecular and micromorphological analyses of dental calculus highlight the presence of a rich Neolithic-like oral microbiome, the composition of which is consistent with the presence pathologies. Finally, paleogenomic data obtained from the individual were compared with ancient and modern Mediterranean populations, including unpublished high-resolution genome-wide data for 20 modern inhabitants of the nearby village of San Lorenzo Bellizzi, which provided interesting insights into the biodemographic landscape of the Neolithic in Southern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fontani
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Rosa Boano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cinti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Demarchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Sarah Sandron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Traversari
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Adriana Latorre
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rocco Iacovera
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Meaghan Mackie
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, København, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, København, Denmark
- School of Archeology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthew Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, København, Denmark
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Anita Radini
- School of Archeology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Chantal Milani
- SIOF - Italian Society of Forensic Odontology, Strada Degli Schiocchi 12, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Petrella
- Radiology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Via Carlo Forlanini 34, 47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giampalma
- Radiology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Via Carlo Forlanini 34, 47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Antonella Minelli
- Department of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Felice Larocca
- Speleo-Archaeological Research Group, University of Bari, Piazza Umberto I 1, 70121, Bari, Italy
- Speleo-Archaeological Research Centre "Enzo dei Medici", Via Lucania 3, 87070, Roseto Capo Spulico (CS), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via Degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy.
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Waldman S, Backenroth D, Harney É, Flohr S, Neff NC, Buckley GM, Fridman H, Akbari A, Rohland N, Mallick S, Olalde I, Cooper L, Lomes A, Lipson J, Cano Nistal J, Yu J, Barzilai N, Peter I, Atzmon G, Ostrer H, Lencz T, Maruvka YE, Lämmerhirt M, Beider A, Rutgers LV, Renson V, Prufer KM, Schiffels S, Ringbauer H, Sczech K, Carmi S, Reich D. Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14(th) century. Cell 2022; 185:4703-4716.e16. [PMID: 36455558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report genome-wide data from 33 Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), dated to the 14th century, obtained following a salvage excavation at the medieval Jewish cemetery of Erfurt, Germany. The Erfurt individuals are genetically similar to modern AJ, but they show more variability in Eastern European-related ancestry than modern AJ. A third of the Erfurt individuals carried a mitochondrial lineage common in modern AJ and eight carried pathogenic variants known to affect AJ today. These observations, together with high levels of runs of homozygosity, suggest that the Erfurt community had already experienced the major reduction in size that affected modern AJ. The Erfurt bottleneck was more severe, implying substructure in medieval AJ. Overall, our results suggest that the AJ founder event and the acquisition of the main sources of ancestry pre-dated the 14th century and highlight late medieval genetic heterogeneity no longer present in modern AJ.
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Barbieri C, Blasi DE, Arango-Isaza E, Sotiropoulos AG, Hammarström H, Wichmann S, Greenhill SJ, Gray RD, Forkel R, Bickel B, Shimizu KK. A global analysis of matches and mismatches between human genetic and linguistic histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122084119. [PMID: 36399547 PMCID: PMC9704691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122084119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human history is written in both our genes and our languages. The extent to which our biological and linguistic histories are congruent has been the subject of considerable debate, with clear examples of both matches and mismatches. To disentangle the patterns of demographic and cultural transmission, we need a global systematic assessment of matches and mismatches. Here, we assemble a genomic database (GeLaTo, or Genes and Languages Together) specifically curated to investigate genetic and linguistic diversity worldwide. We find that most populations in GeLaTo that speak languages of the same language family (i.e., that descend from the same ancestor language) are also genetically highly similar. However, we also identify nearly 20% mismatches in populations genetically close to linguistically unrelated groups. These mismatches, which occur within the time depth of known linguistic relatedness up to about 10,000 y, are scattered around the world, suggesting that they are a regular outcome in human history. Most mismatches result from populations shifting to the language of a neighboring population that is genetically different because of independent demographic histories. In line with the regularity of such shifts, we find that only half of the language families in GeLaTo are genetically more cohesive than expected under spatial autocorrelations. Moreover, the genetic and linguistic divergence times of population pairs match only rarely, with Indo-European standing out as the family with most matches in our sample. Together, our database and findings pave the way for systematically disentangling demographic and cultural history and for quantifying processes of shifts in language and social identities on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Damián E. Blasi
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-1225
| | - Epifanía Arango-Isaza
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | | | - Harald Hammarström
- Department of Linguistics and Philology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 75126, Sweden
| | - Søren Wichmann
- Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Russell D. Gray
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Robert Forkel
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Balthasar Bickel
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 244-0813, Yokohama, Japan
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Scorrano G, Viva S, Pinotti T, Fabbri PF, Rickards O, Macciardi F. Bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic portrait of two Pompeians that died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6468. [PMID: 35618734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The archaeological site of Pompeii is one of the 54 UNESCO World Heritage sites in Italy, thanks to its uniqueness: the town was completely destroyed and buried by a Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 AD. In this work, we present a multidisciplinary approach with bioarchaeological and palaeogenomic analyses of two Pompeian human remains from the Casa del Fabbro. We have been able to characterize the genetic profile of the first Pompeian’ genome, which has strong affinities with the surrounding central Italian population from the Roman Imperial Age. Our findings suggest that, despite the extensive connection between Rome and other Mediterranean populations, a noticeable degree of genetic homogeneity exists in the Italian peninsula at that time. Moreover, palaeopathological analyses identified the presence of spinal tuberculosis and we further investigated the presence of ancient DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the power of a combined approach to investigate ancient humans and confirms the possibility to retrieve ancient DNA from Pompeii human remains. Our initial findings provide a foundation to promote an intensive and extensive paleogenetic analysis in order to reconstruct the genetic history of population from Pompeii, a unique archaeological site.
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Ong BMQ, Perono Cacciafoco F. Unveiling the Enigmatic Origins of Sardinian Toponyms. Languages 2022; 7:131. [DOI: 10.3390/languages7020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the boom in Indo-European (IE) studies among linguists from the early 20th century, toponymic studies on European place names have been largely based on the Proto-Indo-European (PIE). However, historical and archaeological records of non-IE groups, such as the Nuragic civilization of Sardinia, have presented the possibility of pre-IE/non-IE (Paleo-Sardinian) linguistic stratum influences on certain toponyms in Sardinia, Italy. This article aims to present a meta-study on existing toponymic reconstructions theorized by scholars, while offering a fresh perspective by employing methods of historical phonetic chains and sequences analysis to identify toponyms of interest. Analysis showed that certain Sardinian toponyms contain striking phonetic sequences that are uncharacteristic of PIE, such as *s(a)rd-, *kar-, *-ini, *-ài/*-éi, *#[θ]-. Overall conclusions appear to display the merits of (1) PIE and (2) pre-IE/ non-IE theories. Both provide plausible toponymic reconstructions. (1) The accuracy of IE theories is brought into question, as they appear to rely heavily on phonetic links to existing PIE roots, sometimes with a lack of consideration for other contextual or hydro-geo-morphological factors. (2) Conversely, pre-IE/non-IE theories are found to be highly speculative due to the lack of historical data, and knowledge, about the Paleo-Sardinian language.
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