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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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2
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Singh A, Sonawane P, Kumar A, Singh H, Naumovich V, Pathak P, Grishina M, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Verma A, Kumar P. Challenges and Opportunities in the Crusade of BRAF Inhibitors: From 2002 to 2022. ACS Omega 2023; 8:27819-27844. [PMID: 37576670 PMCID: PMC10413849 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF; RAF = rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) plays an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Somatic mutations in the BRAF gene were first discovered in 2002 by Davies et al., which was a major breakthrough in cancer research. Subsequently, three different classes of BRAF mutants have been discovered. This class includes class I monomeric mutants (BRAFV600), class II BRAF homodimer mutants (non-V600), and class III BRAF heterodimers (non-V600). Cancers caused by these include melanoma, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and others. In this study, we have highlighted the major binding pockets in BRAF protein, their active and inactive conformations with inhibitors, and BRAF dimerization and its importance in paradoxical activation and BRAF mutation. We have discussed the first-, second-, and third-generation drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and drugs under clinical trials with all four different binding approaches with DFG-IN/OUT and αC-IN/OUT for BRAF protein. We have investigated particular aspects and difficulties with all three generations of inhibitors. Finally, this study has also covered recent developments in synthetic BRAF inhibitors (from their discovery in 2002 to 2022), their unique properties, and importance in inhibiting BRAF mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Pankaj Sonawane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Vladislav Naumovich
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of
Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
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3
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Rialdi A, Duffy M, Scopton AP, Fonseca F, Zhao JN, Schwarz M, Molina-Sanchez P, Mzoughi S, Arceci E, Abril-Fornaguera J, Meadows A, Ruiz de Galarreta M, Torre D, Reyes K, Lim YT, Rosemann F, Khan ZM, Mohammed K, Wang X, Yu X, Lakshmanan M, Rajarethinam R, Tan SY, Jin J, Villanueva A, Michailidis E, De Jong YP, Rice CM, Marazzi I, Hasson D, Llovet JM, Sobota RM, Lujambio A, Guccione E, Dar AC. WNTinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor with specificity against β-catenin mutant hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Cancer 2023; 4:1157-1175. [PMID: 37537299 PMCID: PMC10948969 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. β-Catenin (CTNNB1)-mutated HCC represents 30% of cases of the disease with no precision therapeutics available. Using chemical libraries derived from clinical multi-kinase inhibitor (KI) scaffolds, we screened HCC organoids to identify WNTinib, a KI with exquisite selectivity in CTNNB1-mutated human and murine models, including patient samples. Multiomic and target engagement analyses, combined with rescue experiments and in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies, revealed that WNTinib is superior to clinical KIs and inhibits KIT/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling at multiple nodes. Moreover, we demonstrate that reduced engagement on BRAF and p38α kinases by WNTinib relative to several multi-KIs is necessary to avoid compensatory feedback signaling-providing a durable and selective transcriptional repression of mutant β-catenin/Wnt targets through nuclear translocation of the EZH2 transcriptional repressor. Our studies uncover a previously unknown mechanism to harness the KIT/MAPK/EZH2 pathway to potently and selectively antagonize CTNNB1-mutant HCC with an unprecedented wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rialdi
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Duffy
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex P Scopton
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Fonseca
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Nanyi Zhao
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Schwarz
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pedro Molina-Sanchez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Arceci
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordi Abril-Fornaguera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Austin Meadows
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis Torre
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyna Reyes
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felix Rosemann
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zaigham M Khan
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Mohammed
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Xuedi Wang
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xufen Yu
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manikandan Lakshmanan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo Yong Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Jin
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ype P De Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Marazzi
- Department of Biological Cancer, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for OncoGenomics and Innovative Therapeutics, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Jin H, Wang L, Bernards R. Rational combinations of targeted cancer therapies: background, advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:213-34. [PMID: 36509911 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be highly effective, resistance to single-agent therapies remains a major challenge. Combining drugs can help avoid resistance, but the number of possible drug combinations vastly exceeds what can be tested clinically, both financially and in terms of patient availability. Rational drug combinations based on a deep understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with therapy resistance are potentially powerful in the treatment of cancer. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies and how effective drug combinations can be identified to combat resistance. The challenges in clinically developing these combinations and future perspectives are considered.
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5
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Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3811-3827. [PMID: 35567571 PMCID: PMC9627783 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of proteins which detect and repair DNA damage, thereby maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing the transmission of mutations and rearranged chromosomes to daughter cells. Faults in the DDR are a known driver and hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of DDR enzymes can be used to treat the disease. This is exemplified by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat cancers with defects in the homologous recombination DDR pathway. A series of novel DDR targets are now also under pre-clinical or clinical investigation, including inhibitors of ATR kinase, WRN helicase or the DNA polymerase/helicase Polθ (Pol-Theta). Drug resistance is a common phenomenon that impairs the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments and there is already some understanding of how resistance to PARPi occurs. Here, we discuss how an understanding of PARPi resistance could inform how resistance to new drugs targeting the DDR emerges. We also discuss potential strategies that could limit the impact of these therapy resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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6
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Morante M, Pandiella A, Crespo P, Herrero A. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and RAS-ERK Pathway-Targeted Drugs as Combined Therapy for the Treatment of Melanoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1562. [PMID: 36358912 PMCID: PMC9687808 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumor with very poor survival rates due to immune system escape-mechanisms. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death-1 (PD1) receptors, are being used to impede immune evasion. This immunotherapy entails an increment in the overall survival rates. However, melanoma cells respond with evasive molecular mechanisms. ERK cascade inhibitors are also used in metastatic melanoma treatment, with the RAF activity blockade being the main therapeutic approach for such purpose, and in combination with MEK inhibitors improves many parameters of clinical efficacy. Despite their efficacy in inhibiting ERK signaling, the rewiring of the melanoma cell-signaling results in disease relapse, constituting the reinstatement of ERK activation, which is a common cause of some resistance mechanisms. Recent studies revealed that the combination of RAS-ERK pathway inhibitors and ICI therapy present promising advantages for metastatic melanoma treatment. Here, we present a recompilation of the combined therapies clinically evaluated in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Morante
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad de Salamanca and IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Herrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Singh AK, Novak J, Kumar A, Singh H, Thareja S, Pathak P, Grishina M, Verma A, Yadav JP, Khalilullah H, Pathania V, Nandanwar H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Kumar P. Gaussian field-based 3D-QSAR and molecular simulation studies to design potent pyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrids as selective BRAF V600E inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30181-30200. [PMID: 36329938 PMCID: PMC9585928 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05751d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The "RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK" pathway is an important signaling pathway in melanoma. BRAFV600E (70-90%) is the most common mutation in this pathway. BRAF inhibitors have four types of conformers: type I (αC-IN/DFG-IN), type II (αC-IN/DFG-OUT), type I1/2 (αC-OUT/DFG-IN), and type I/II (αC-OUT/DFG-OUT). First- and second-generation BRAF inhibitors show resistance to BRAFV600E and are ineffective against malignancies induced by dimer BRAF mutants causing 'paradoxical' activation. In the present study, we performed molecular modeling of pyrimidine-sulfonamide hybrids inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Previous reports reveal the importance of pyrimidine and sulfonamide moieties in the development of BRAFV600E inhibitors. Analysis of 3D-QSAR models provided novel pyrimidine sulfonamide hybrid BRAFV600E inhibitors. The designed compounds share similarities with several structural moieties present in first- and second-generation BRAF inhibitors. A total library of 88 designed compounds was generated and molecular docking studies were performed with them. Four molecules (T109, T183, T160, and T126) were identified as hits and selected for detailed studies. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed at 900 ns and binding was calculated. Based on molecular docking and simulation studies, it was found that the designed compounds have better interactions with the core active site [the nucleotide (ADP or ATP) binding site, DFG motif, and the phospho-acceptor site (activation segment) of BRAFV600E protein than previous inhibitors. Similar to the FDA-approved BRAFV600E inhibitors the developed compounds have [αC-OUT/DFG-IN] conformation. Compounds T126, T160 and T183 interacted with DIF (Leu505), making them potentially useful against BRAFV600E resistance and malignancies induced by dimer BRAF mutants. The synthesis and biological evaluation of the designed molecules is in progress, which may lead to some potent BRAFV600E selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of PunjabGhuddaBathinda151401India
| | - Jurica Novak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of RijekaRijeka51000Croatia,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of RijekaRijeka51000Croatia,Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’ School of Medical Biology, South Ural State UniversityChelyabinskRU-454080Russia
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of PunjabGhuddaBathinda151401India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of PunjabGhuddaBathinda151401India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of PunjabGhuddaBathinda151401India
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State UniversityChelyabinsk454008Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State UniversityChelyabinsk454008Russia
| | - Amita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and SciencesPrayagraj211007India
| | - Jagat Pal Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and SciencesPrayagraj211007India,Department of Pharmacology, Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and TechnologyFaridipurSultanpur228118India
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim UniversityUnayzah51911Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Pathania
- Clinical Microbiology & Bioactive Screening Laboratory, Council of Scientifc & Industrial Research -Institute of Microbial TechnologySector-39AChandigarh160036India
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Clinical Microbiology & Bioactive Screening Laboratory, Council of Scientifc & Industrial Research -Institute of Microbial TechnologySector-39AChandigarh160036India
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of PunjabGhuddaBathinda151401India
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8
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Singhal SS, Srivastava S, Mirzapoiazova T, Horne D, Awasthi S, Salgia R. Targeting the mercapturic acid pathway for the treatment of melanoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:10-22. [PMID: 34126193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic melanoma is greatly hampered by the simultaneous dysregulation of several major signaling pathways that suppress apoptosis and promote its growth and invasion. The global resistance of melanomas to therapeutics is also supported by a highly active mercapturic acid pathway (MAP), which is responsible for the metabolism and excretion of numerous chemotherapy agents. The relative importance of the MAP in melanoma survival was not recognized until demonstrated that B16 melanoma undergoes dramatic apoptosis and regression upon the depletion or inhibition of the MAP transporter protein RLIP. RLIP is a multi-functional protein that couples ATP hydrolysis with the movement of substances. As the rate-limiting step of the MAP, the primary function of RLIP in the plasma membrane is to catalyze the ATP-dependent efflux of unmetabolized drugs and toxins, including glutathione (GSH) conjugates of electrophilic toxins (GS-Es), which are the precursors of mercapturic acids. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE) is an essential mechanism for internalizing ligand-receptor complexes that promote tumor cell proliferation through autocrine stimulation (Wnt5a, PDGF, βFGF, TNFα) or paracrine stimulation by hormones produced by fibroblasts (IGF1, HGF) or inflammatory cells (IL8). Aberrant functioning of these pathways appears critical for melanoma cell invasion, metastasis, and evasion of apoptosis. This review focuses on the selective depletion or inhibition of RLIP as a highly effective targeted therapy for melanoma that could cause the simultaneous disruption of the MAP and critical peptide hormone signaling that relies on CDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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9
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Li Q, Zeng C, Liu H, Yung KWY, Chen C, Xie Q, Zhang Y, Wan SWC, Mak BSW, Xia J, Xiong S, Ngo JCK. Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of SRPKs Alters the Splicing Isoforms of VEGF and Inhibits Angiogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:102423. [PMID: 33997701 PMCID: PMC8102418 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-arginine (SR) protein kinases (SRPKs) regulate the functions of the SR-rich splicing factors by phosphorylating multiple serines within their C-terminal arginine-serine-rich domains. Dysregulation of these phosphorylation events has been implicated in many diseases, suggesting SRPKs are potential therapeutic targets. In particular, aberrant SRPK1 expression alters the balances of proangiogenic (VEGF165) and antiangiogenic (VEGF165b) splicing isoforms of the key angiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), through the phosphorylation of prototypic SR protein SRSF1. Here, we report a protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor of SRPKs, docking blocker of SRPK1 (DBS1), that specifically blocks a conserved substrate docking groove unique to SRPKs. DBS1 is a cell-permeable inhibitor that effectively inhibits the binding and phosphorylation of SRSF1 and subsequently switches VEGF splicing from the proangiogenic to the antiangiogenic isoform. Our findings thus provide a new direction for the development of SRPK inhibitors through targeting a unique PPI site to combat angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuyue Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haizhen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kristen Wing Yu Yung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephanie Winn Chee Wan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bertha Sze Wing Mak
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Abstract
The treatment of patients with progressive metastatic follicular cell-derived and medullary thyroid cancers that do not respond to standard therapeutic modalities presents a therapeutic challenge. As a deeper understanding of the molecular drivers for these tumors has occurred and more potent and specific compounds are developed, the number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for thyroid cancer has expanded. In addition, with the advent of disease-agnostic target-directed FDA approvals an ever-broadening number of therapeutic options are available for clinicians and patients. However, to date, complete remissions are rare, the average durations of response are relatively modest, and toxicities are common. These factors accentuate the need for further understanding of the mechanisms of resistance that result in treatment failures, the development of biomarkers that can improve patient selection for treatment earlier in the disease process, and the continued need for new therapeutic strategies. In this article, recent approvals relevant to thyroid cancer will be discussed along with selected new potential avenues that might be exploited for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Cancer Biology Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Matthew D. Ringel, MD, McCampbell Hall South, Room 565, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. E-mail:
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11
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Vilachã JF, Mitchel SC, Akele MZ, Evans S, Groves MR. Making NSCLC Crystal Clear: How Kinase Structures Revolutionized Lung Cancer Treatment. Crystals 2020; 10:725. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The parallel advances of different scientific fields provide a contemporary scenario where collaboration is not a differential, but actually a requirement. In this context, crystallography has had a major contribution on the medical sciences, providing a “face” for targets of diseases that previously were known solely by name or sequence. Worldwide, cancer still leads the number of annual deaths, with 9.6 million associated deaths, with a major contribution from lung cancer and its 1.7 million deaths. Since the relationship between cancer and kinases was unraveled, these proteins have been extensively explored and became associated with drugs that later attained blockbuster status. Crystallographic structures of kinases related to lung cancer and their developed and marketed drugs provided insight on their conformation in the absence or presence of small molecules. Notwithstanding, these structures were also of service once the initially highly successful drugs started to lose their effectiveness in the emergence of mutations. This review focuses on a subclassification of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and major oncogenic driver mutations in kinases, and how crystallographic structures can be used, not only to provide awareness of the function and inhibition of these mutations, but also how these structures can be used in further computational studies aiming at addressing these novel mutations in the field of personalized medicine.
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12
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Wang SJ, Li R, Ng TSC, Luthria G, Oudin MJ, Prytyskach M, Kohler RH, Weissleder R, Lauffenburger DA, Miller MA. Efficient blockade of locally reciprocated tumor-macrophage signaling using a TAM-avid nanotherapy. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz8521. [PMID: 32494745 PMCID: PMC7244320 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting how multicellular interactions in the tumor affect resistance pathways to BRAF and MEK1/2 MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) remains a challenge. To investigate this, we profiled global ligand-receptor interactions among tumor and stromal/immune cells from biopsies of MAPK-driven disease. MAPKi increased tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in some patients, which correlated with poor clinical response, and MAPKi coamplified bidirectional tumor-TAM signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including AXL, MERTK, and their ligand GAS6. In xenograft tumors, intravital microscopy simultaneously monitored in situ single-cell activities of multiple kinases downstream of RTKs, revealing MAPKi increased TAMs and enhanced bypass signaling in TAM-proximal tumor cells. As a proof-of-principle strategy to block this signaling, we developed a multi-RTK kinase inhibitor nanoformulation that accumulated in TAMs and delayed disease progression. Thus, bypass signaling can reciprocally amplify across nearby cell types, offering new opportunities for therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S. C. Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Luthria
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine J. Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rainer H. Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Libre C, Moro-Sibilot L, Giraud S, Martin L, Verhoeyen E, Costa C, Chebel A, Bissay N, Salles G, Genestier L, Sujobert P. Development of a Model for Chemical Screening Based on Collateral Sensitivity to Target BTK C481S Mutant. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E901. [PMID: 32272741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have improved the outcome of cancer, but their efficacy is intrinsically limited by the emergence of subclones with a mutation in the gene encoding the target protein. A few examples of collateral sensitivity have demonstrated that the conformational changes induced by these mutations can create unexpected sensitivity to other kinase inhibitors, but whether this concept can be generalized is unknown. Here is described the development of a model to screen a library of kinase inhibitors for collateral sensitivity drugs active on the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) protein with the ibrutinib resistance mutation C481S. First, we demonstrate that overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of BTK harboring the E41K mutation in Ba/F3 cells creates an oncogenic addiction to BTK. Then, we have exploited this phenotype to perform a screen of a kinase inhibitor library on cells with or without the ibrutinib resistance mutation. The BTK inhibitors showed the expected sensitivity profile, but none of the drugs tested had a specific activity against the C481S mutant of BTK, suggesting that extending the collateral sensitivity paradigm to all kinases targeted by cancer therapy might not be trivial.
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14
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Parsons BM, Meier DR, Richmond CS, Gurda GT, Lofgren KA, Burkard ME, Deming DA, Kenny PA. Acquisition of Cabozantinib-Sensitive MET D1228N Mutation During Progression on Crizotinib in MET-Amplified Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 20:e433-e438. [PMID: 32234363 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting of somatic MET mutations using crizotinib has led to strong clinical responses, most frequently in patients with lung cancer, raising the possibility of adopting similar treatment strategies in patients with MET alterations in other cancer types. PATIENT AND METHODS We describe a patient with advanced triple-negative breast cancer with a 30-fold amplification of MET. Next-generation sequencing of pre- and postprogression biopsies was performed to identify the resistance mechanism emerging after an initial exceptional response to crizotinib. The response of the resistance mutant to type I and II MET inhibitors was assessed in cultured cells. RESULTS After progressing on crizotinib, a MET-D1228N mutation was detected, which is located in the crizotinib-binding region of the MET kinase domain. Experimental studies demonstrated that this mutation confers complete resistance to crizotinib yet retains cabozantinib sensitivity. Treatment of the patient with cabozantinib led to a subjective improvement in clinical symptoms, but the patient progressed after 7 weeks. CONCLUSION Although MET mutations are rare in breast cancer, these patients may experience substantial clinical benefit from crizotinib treatment. Nevertheless, drug resistance owing to on-target MET mutations will likely be frequently encountered and comprehensive mechanistic studies to assess sensitivity of these mutants to a series of potential second-line therapies may help guide subsequent treatment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Parsons
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | - David R Meier
- Kabara Cancer Research Institute, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | - Craig S Richmond
- Kabara Cancer Research Institute, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | - Grzegorz T Gurda
- Kabara Cancer Research Institute, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI; Department of Pathology, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | | | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Dustin A Deming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Paraic A Kenny
- Kabara Cancer Research Institute, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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15
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Persky NS, Hernandez D, Do Carmo M, Brenan L, Cohen O, Kitajima S, Nayar U, Walker A, Pantel S, Lee Y, Cordova J, Sathappa M, Zhu C, Hayes TK, Ram P, Pancholi P, Mikkelsen TS, Barbie DA, Yang X, Haq R, Piccioni F, Root DE, Johannessen CM. Defining the landscape of ATP-competitive inhibitor resistance residues in protein kinases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:92-104. [PMID: 31925410 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinases are involved in disease development and modulation of their activity can be therapeutically beneficial. Drug-resistant mutant kinases are valuable tools in drug discovery efforts, but the prediction of mutants across the kinome is challenging. Here, we generate deep mutational scanning data to identify mutant mammalian kinases that drive resistance to clinically relevant inhibitors. We aggregate these data with subsaturation mutagenesis data and use it to develop, test and validate a framework to prospectively identify residues that mediate kinase activity and drug resistance across the kinome. We validate predicted resistance mutations in CDK4, CDK6, ERK2, EGFR and HER2. Capitalizing on a highly predictable residue, we generate resistance mutations in TBK1, CSNK2A1 and BRAF. Unexpectedly, we uncover a potentially generalizable activation site that mediates drug resistance and confirm its impact in BRAF, EGFR, HER2 and MEK1. We anticipate that the identification of these residues will enable the broad interrogation of the kinome and its inhibitors.
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16
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Ming Z, Lim SY, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Mitogen-activated protein kinase dependency in BRAF/RAS wild-type melanoma: A rationale for combination inhibitors. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:345-357. [PMID: 31518489 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and immune checkpoint molecules have dramatically improved the survival of patients with BRAFV600 -mutant melanoma. For BRAF/RAS wild-type (WT) melanoma patients, however, immune checkpoint inhibitors remain the only effective therapeutic option with 40% of patients responding to PD-1 inhibition. In the present study, a large panel of 10 BRAFV600 -mutant and 13 BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cell lines was analyzed to examine MAPK dependency and explore the potential utility of MAPK inhibitors in this melanoma subtype. We now show that the majority of BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cell lines (8/13) display some degree of sensitivity to trametinib treatment and resistance to trametinib in this melanoma subtype is associated with, but not mediated by NF1 suppression. Although knockdown of NF1 stimulates RAS and CRAF activity, the activation of CRAF by NF1 knockdown is limited by ERK-dependent feedback in BRAF-mutant cells, but not in BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cells. Thus, NF1 is not a dominant regulator of MAPK signaling in BRAF/RAS WT melanoma, and co-targeting multiple MAP kinase nodes provides a therapeutic opportunity for this melanoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Ming
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Su Yin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Kondo Y, Ognjenović J, Banerjee S, Karandur D, Merk A, Kulhanek K, Wong K, Roose JP, Subramaniam S, Kuriyan J. Cryo-EM structure of a dimeric B-Raf:14-3-3 complex reveals asymmetry in the active sites of B-Raf kinases. Science 2019; 366:109-115. [PMID: 31604311 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinases are important cancer drug targets. Paradoxically, many B-Raf inhibitors induce the activation of Raf kinases. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis of a phosphorylated B-Raf kinase domain dimer in complex with dimeric 14-3-3, at a resolution of ~3.9 angstroms, shows an asymmetric arrangement in which one kinase is in a canonical "active" conformation. The distal segment of the C-terminal tail of this kinase interacts with, and blocks, the active site of the cognate kinase in this asymmetric arrangement. Deletion of the C-terminal segment reduces Raf activity. The unexpected asymmetric quaternary architecture illustrates how the paradoxical activation of Raf by kinase inhibitors reflects an innate mechanism, with 14-3-3 facilitating inhibition of one kinase while maintaining activity of the other. Conformational modulation of these contacts may provide new opportunities for Raf inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kondo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jana Ognjenović
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepti Karandur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alan Merk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kayla Kulhanek
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Divisions of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Röck R, Mayrhofer JE, Torres-Quesada O, Enzler F, Raffeiner A, Raffeiner P, Feichtner A, Huber RG, Koide S, Taylor SS, Troppmair J, Stefan E. BRAF inhibitors promote intermediate BRAF(V600E) conformations and binary interactions with activated RAS. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav8463. [PMID: 31453322 PMCID: PMC6693913 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic BRAF mutations initiate tumor formation by unleashing the autoinhibited kinase conformation and promoting RAS-decoupled proliferative RAF-MEK-ERK signaling. We have engineered luciferase-based biosensors to systematically track full-length BRAF conformations and interactions affected by tumorigenic kinase mutations and GTP loading of RAS. Binding of structurally diverse αC-helix-OUT BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) showed differences in specificity and efficacy by shifting patient mutation-containing BRAF reporters from the definitive opened to more closed conformations. Unexpectedly, BRAFi engagement with the catalytic pocket of V600E-mutated BRAF stabilized an intermediate and inactive kinase conformation that enhanced binary RAS:RAF interactions, also independently of RAF dimerization in melanoma cells. We present evidence that the interference with RAS interactions and nanoclustering antagonizes the sequential formation of drug-induced RAS:RAF tetramers. This suggests a previously unappreciated allosteric effect of anticancer drug-driven intramolecular communication between the kinase and RAS-binding domains of mutated BRAF, which may further promote paradoxical kinase activation and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Röck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna E. Mayrhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Omar Torres-Quesada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Enzler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Raffeiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Feichtner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland G. Huber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine and Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Susan S. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Eisenhardt AE, Sprenger A, Röring M, Herr R, Weinberg F, Köhler M, Braun S, Orth J, Diedrich B, Lanner U, Tscherwinski N, Schuster S, Dumaz N, Schmidt E, Baumeister R, Schlosser A, Dengjel J, Brummer T. Phospho-proteomic analyses of B-Raf protein complexes reveal new regulatory principles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26628-52. [PMID: 27034005 PMCID: PMC5042004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Raf represents a critical physiological regulator of the Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK-pathway and a pharmacological target of growing clinical relevance, in particular in oncology. To understand how B-Raf itself is regulated, we combined mass spectrometry with genetic approaches to map its interactome in MCF-10A cells as well as in B-Raf deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B-Raf/Raf-1 double deficient DT40 lymphoma cells complemented with wildtype or mutant B-Raf expression vectors. Using a multi-protease digestion approach, we identified a novel ubiquitination site and provide a detailed B-Raf phospho-map. Importantly, we identify two evolutionary conserved phosphorylation clusters around T401 and S419 in the B-Raf hinge region. SILAC labelling and genetic/biochemical follow-up revealed that these clusters are phosphorylated in the contexts of oncogenic Ras, sorafenib induced Raf dimerization and in the background of the V600E mutation. We further show that the vemurafenib sensitive phosphorylation of the T401 cluster occurs in trans within a Raf dimer. Substitution of the Ser/Thr-residues of this cluster by alanine residues enhances the transforming potential of B-Raf, indicating that these phosphorylation sites suppress its signaling output. Moreover, several B-Raf phosphorylation sites, including T401 and S419, are somatically mutated in tumors, further illustrating the importance of phosphorylation for the regulation of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja E Eisenhardt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Sprenger
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Herr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Orth
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Diedrich
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lanner
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalja Tscherwinski
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schuster
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERM U976 and Universitéi Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Schmidt
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Previtali V, Trujillo C, Boisson JC, Khartabil H, Hénon E, Rozas I. Development of the first model of a phosphorylated, ATP/Mg 2+-containing B-Raf monomer by molecular dynamics simulations: a tool for structure-based design. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31177-31185. [PMID: 29139502 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A model of phosphorylated and ATP-containing B-Raf protein kinase is needed as a tool for the structure-based design of new allosteric inhibitors, since no crystal structure of such a system has been resolved. Here, we present the development of such a model as well as a thorough analysis of its structural features. This model was prepared using a systematic molecular dynamics approach considering the presence or absence of both the phosphate group at the Thr599 site and the ATP molecule. Then, different structural features (i.e. DFG motif, Mg2+ binding loop, activation loop, phosphorylation site and αC-helix region) were analysed for each trajectory to validate the aimed 2pBRAF_ATP model. Moreover, the structure and activating interactions of this 2pBRAF_ATP model were found to be in agreement with previously reported information. Finally, the model was further validated by means of a molecular docking study with our previously developed lead compound I confirming that this ATP-containing, phosphorylated protein model is suitable for further structure-based design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Previtali
- School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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21
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Jin T, Lavoie H, Sahmi M, David M, Hilt C, Hammell A, Therrien M. RAF inhibitors promote RAS-RAF interaction by allosterically disrupting RAF autoinhibition. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1211. [PMID: 29084939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation RAF inhibitors paradoxically induce ERK signaling in normal and tumor cells exhibiting RAS activity. Compound-induced RAF dimerization through stabilization of the RAF ON/active state by inhibitors has emerged as a critical contributing factor. RAF inhibitors also enhance RAS−RAF association. Although this event is thought to play a key role in priming RAF activation, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we report that RAF inhibitors induce the disruption of intramolecular interactions between the kinase domain and its N-terminal regulatory region independently of RAS activity. This provides a molecular basis to explain the induction of RAS−RAF association by RAF inhibitors, as well as the co-operativity observed between RAS activity and RAF kinase inhibitors in driving RAF activation. Profiling of second-generation RAF inhibitors confirmed their improved mode of action, but also revealed liabilities that allowed us to discern two properties of an ideal RAF inhibitor: high-binding affinity to all RAF paralogs and maintenance of the OFF/autoinhibited state of the enzyme. RAF family kinases transmit signals from activated RAS at the plasma membrane to downstream kinases to control cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Here the authors shed light on the molecular mechanisms whereby small molecule RAF inhibitors induce RAS-RAF association and paradoxical RAF activation.
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22
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Abstract
Although targeted inhibition of oncogenic kinase drivers has achieved remarkable patient responses in many cancers, the development of resistance has remained a significant challenge. Numerous mechanisms have been identified, including the acquisition of gatekeeper mutations, activating pathway mutations, and copy number loss or gain of the driver or alternate nodes. These changes have prompted the development of kinase inhibitors with increased selectivity, use of second-line therapeutics to overcome primary resistance, and combination treatment to forestall resistance. In addition to genomic resistance mechanisms, adaptive transcriptional and signaling responses seen in tumors are gaining appreciation as alterations that lead to a phenotypic state change-often observed as an epithelial-to-mesenchymal shift or reversion to a cancer stem cell-like phenotype underpinned by remodeling of the epigenetic landscape. This epigenomic modulation driving cell state change is multifaceted and includes modulation of repressive and activating histone modifications, DNA methylation, enhancer remodeling, and noncoding RNA species. Consequently, the combination of kinase inhibitors with drugs targeting components of the transcriptional machinery and histone-modifying enzymes has shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review mechanisms of resistance to kinase inhibition in cancer, with special emphasis on the rewired kinome and transcriptional signaling networks and the potential vulnerabilities that may be exploited to overcome these adaptive signaling changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Angus
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; , ,
| | - Jon S Zawistowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; , ,
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; , ,
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23
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Sun Y, Alberta JA, Pilarz C, Calligaris D, Chadwick EJ, Ramkissoon SH, Ramkissoon LA, Garcia VM, Mazzola E, Goumnerova L, Kane M, Yao Z, Kieran MW, Ligon KL, Hahn WC, Garraway LA, Rosen N, Gray NS, Agar NY, Buhrlage SJ, Segal RA, Stiles CD. A brain-penetrant RAF dimer antagonist for the noncanonical BRAF oncoprotein of pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:774-785. [PMID: 28082416 PMCID: PMC5464455 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating mutations or structural rearrangements in BRAF are identified in roughly 75% of all pediatric low-grade astrocytomas (PLGAs). However, first-generation RAF inhibitors approved for adult melanoma have poor blood-brain penetrance and are only effective on tumors that express the canonical BRAFV600E oncoprotein, which functions as a monomer. These drugs (type I antagonists that target the "DFG-in" conformation of the kinase) fail to block signaling via KIAA1549:BRAF, a truncation/fusion BRAF oncoprotein which functions as a dimer and is found in the most common form of PLGA. Methods A panel of small molecule RAF inhibitors (including type II inhibitors, targeting the "DFG-out" conformation of the kinase) was screened for drugs showing efficacy on murine models of PLGA and on authentic human PLGA cells expressing KIAA1549:BRAF. Results We identify a type II RAF inhibitor that serves as an equipotent antagonist of BRAFV600E, KIAA1549:BRAF, and other noncanonical BRAF oncoproteins that function as dimers. This drug (MLN2480, also known as TAK-580) has good brain penetrance and is active on authentic human PLGA cells in brain organotypic cultures. Conclusion MLN2480 may be an effective therapeutic for BRAF mutant pediatric astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Alberta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Pilarz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily J Chadwick
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lori A Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronica Matia Garcia
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emanuele Mazzola
- Department of Biostatistics & Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liliana Goumnerova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Kane
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhan Yao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Mechanism Based Therapeutics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Mechanism Based Therapeutics Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara J Buhrlage
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles D Stiles
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has provided significant insights into the pathogenesis of human malignancies. In advanced melanoma, two therapeutic avenues have appeared and have immediately become the standard of care, i.e. targeted therapy with small molecule inhibitors, and immune checkpoint blockade. Sequencing has always been essential for determining which patients may benefit from targeted therapies (e.g. the presence of BRAF mutations). While sequencing does not currently help recognize which patients might benefit from immune checkpoint blockade, recent data suggest that this may change. Multiple studies have identified tumor mutation profiles associated with patients benefiting from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. These findings suggest comprehensive tumor sequencing may become a critical step for predicting therapy responses to all systemic therapies. In this review, the current and potential future impact of NGS on treatment decisions in advanced melanoma will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, Essen, 45147, Germany.
- Dermatopathologie bei Mainz, Bahnhofstr. 2b, Nieder-Olm, 55268, Germany.
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Hufelandstr. 55, Essen, 45147, Germany.
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Straße 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
The advent of genomics has led to the identification of specific "driver" mutations in oncogenic kinases, and the development of targeted small molecule inhibitors to block their tumor-driving functions. These specific inhibitors have been a clinical success, and often significantly prolong the lives of individuals with cancer. Inevitably, however, the treated tumors recur as resistance to these targeted therapies develops. Here, we review the major mechanisms by which a cancer cell can evade targeted therapy, focusing on mechanisms of resistance to kinase inhibitors in lung cancer. We discuss the promising concept of rational upfront polytherapy in lung cancer, which involves concurrently targeting multiple proteins in critical signaling pathways in a cancer cell to prevent or delay resistance.
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26
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Sammons S, Brady D, Vahdat L, Salama AK. Copper suppression as cancer therapy: the rationale for copper chelating agents in BRAFV600 mutated melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:207-216. [PMID: 30190890 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful targeting of oncogenic BRAFV600 represents one of the landmark breakthroughs in therapy for advanced melanoma. While the initial clinical benefit can be dramatic, resistance is common due to a number of mechanisms, including MAPK pathway reactivation. Recent data have revealed a novel role for copper (Cu) in BRAF signaling with potential clinical implications. The history, preclinical data and efficacy of Cu chelating agents in cancer, specifically tetrathiomolybdate, will be reviewed with a focus on the rationale for targeting the MAPK cascade in melanoma through novel combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sammons
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, MSRB1, Room 397, Box 2639, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, MSRB1, Room 397, Box 2639, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donita Brady
- Department of Cancer Biology & Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 612 BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 612 BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Linda Vahdat
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - April Ks Salama
- Melanoma Program, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 25176 Morris Bldg, DUMC 3198, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Melanoma Program, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 25176 Morris Bldg, DUMC 3198, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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27
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Li Y, Guo B, Xu Z, Li B, Cai T, Zhang X, Yu Y, Wang H, Shi J, Zhu W. Repositioning organohalogen drugs: a case study for identification of potent B-Raf V600E inhibitors via docking and bioassay. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31074. [PMID: 27501852 PMCID: PMC4977465 DOI: 10.1038/srep31074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning has been attracting increasingly attention for its advantages of reducing costs and risks. Statistics showed that around one quarter of the marketed drugs are organohalogens. However, no study has been reported, to the best of our knowledge, to aim at efficiently repositioning organohalogen drugs, which may be attributed to the lack of accurate halogen bonding scoring function. Here, we present a study to show that two organohalogen drugs were successfully repositioned as potent B-Raf V600E inhibitors via molecular docking with halogen bonding scoring function, namely D(3)DOCKxb developed in our lab, and bioassay. After virtual screening by D(3)DOCKxb against the database CMC (Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry), 3 organohalogen drugs that were predicted to form strong halogen bonding with B-Raf V600E were purchased and tested with ELISA-based assay. In the end, 2 of them, rafoxanide and closantel, were identified as potent inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.07 μM and 1.90 μM, respectively, which are comparable to that of vemurafenib (IC50: 0.17 μM), a marketed drug targeting B-Raf V600E. Single point mutagenesis experiments confirmed the conformations predicted by D(3)DOCKxb. And comparison experiment revealed that halogen bonding scoring function is essential for repositioning those drugs with heavy halogen atoms in their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Binbin Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinben Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Heyao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiye Shi
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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28
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma remains the skin cancer with the highest number of mortalities worldwide. While early diagnosis and complete surgical excision remain the best possibility for curing disease, prognosis at the stage of metastasis is still poor. Recent years have brought about considerable advances in terms of understanding the pathogenesis of melanoma and treating advanced disease. The discovery of activating BRAF mutations in around 50% of tumors has led to the introduction of targeted therapies downregulating BRAF signaling output. These have been further refined as combination therapies, which by targeting multiple targets have further improved the clinical outcome. A comparable, potentially even superior therapeutic alternative has been the introduction of immunotherapeutic approaches, including PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade therapies. Despite all genetic knowledge acquired in recent years, a clearly applicable prognostic signature of clinical value has not been established. General prognostic assessment of cutaneous melanoma remains based on clinical and pathological criteria (most importantly tumor thickness). The main challenges lying ahead are to establish a reliable prognostic test effectively determining which tumors will metastasize. Additionally establishing biomarkers which will allow patients to be stratified according to the most promising systemic therapy (immunotherapies and/or BRAF inhibitor therapies) is of utmost importance for patients with metastasized disease. Identifying serum biomarkers enabling disease to be monitored as well as determining tumor properties (i.e. resistance) would also be of great value. While initial results have proven promising, there remains much work to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Griewank
- a Department of Dermatology , University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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29
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Welsh SJ, Rizos H, Scolyer RA, Long GV. Resistance to combination BRAF and MEK inhibition in metastatic melanoma: Where to next? Eur J Cancer 2016; 62:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Gabr MT, El-Gohary NS, El-Bendary ER, El-Kerdawy MM, Ni N. Synthesis, in vitro antitumor activity and molecular modeling studies of a new series of benzothiazole Schiff bases. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Asić K. Dominant mechanisms of primary resistance differ from dominant mechanisms of secondary resistance to targeted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 97:178-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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32
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Whittaker SR, Cowley GS, Wagner S, Luo F, Root DE, Garraway LA. Combined Pan-RAF and MEK Inhibition Overcomes Multiple Resistance Mechanisms to Selective RAF Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:2700-11. [PMID: 26351322 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0136-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RAF and MEK inhibitors are effective in BRAF-mutant melanoma but not in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. To gain additional insights into this difference, we performed a genome-scale pooled shRNA enhancer screen in a BRAF-mutant, RAF inhibitor-resistant colorectal cancer cell line exposed to the selective RAF inhibitor PLX4720. We identified multiple genes along the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling axis that, when suppressed, either genetically or pharmacologically, sensitized cells to the selective RAF inhibitor through sustained inhibition of MAPK signaling. Strikingly, CRAF was a key mediator of resistance that could be overcome by the use of pan-RAF inhibitors in combination with a MEK inhibitor. Furthermore, the combination of pan-RAF and MEK inhibitors displayed strong synergy in melanoma and colorectal cancer cell lines with RAS-activating events such as RTK activation, KRAS mutation, or NF1 loss-of-function mutations. Combinations of selective RAF inhibitors, such as PLX4720 or dabrafenib, with MEK inhibitors did not incur such profound synergy, suggesting that inhibition of CRAF by pan-RAF inhibitors plays a key role in determining cellular response. Importantly, in contrast to the modest activity seen with single-agent treatment, dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition results in the induction of apoptosis, greatly enhancing efficacy. Notably, combined pan-RAF and MEK inhibition can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to single-agent RAF/MEK inhibition, supporting dual pan-RAF and MEK inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF- and KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Whittaker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steve Wagner
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Flora Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Abstract
Discovery and translational research has led to the identification of a series of “cancer drivers”—genes that, when mutated or otherwise misregulated, can drive malignancy. An increasing number of drugs that directly target such drivers have demonstrated activity in clinical trials and are shaping a new landscape for molecularly targeted cancer therapies. Such therapies rely on molecular and genetic diagnostic tests to detect the presence of a biomarker that predicts response. Here, we highlight some of the key discoveries bringing precision oncology to cancer patients. Large-scale “omics” approaches as well as modern, hypothesis-driven science in both academic and industry settings have significantly contributed to the field. Based on these insights, we discuss current challenges and how to foster future biomedical innovation in cancer drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit A Huber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Oncology Research, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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Gurden MD, Westwood IM, Faisal A, Naud S, Cheung KMJ, McAndrew C, Wood A, Schmitt J, Boxall K, Mak G, Workman P, Burke R, Hoelder S, Blagg J, Van Montfort RLM, Linardopoulos S. Naturally Occurring Mutations in the MPS1 Gene Predispose Cells to Kinase Inhibitor Drug Resistance. Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26202014 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to therapy is perhaps the greatest challenge to effective clinical management of cancer. With several inhibitors of the mitotic checkpoint kinase MPS1 in preclinical development, we sought to investigate how resistance against these inhibitors may arise so that mitigation or bypass strategies could be addressed as early as possible. Toward this end, we modeled acquired resistance to the MPS1 inhibitors AZ3146, NMS-P715, and CCT251455, identifying five point mutations in the kinase domain of MPS1 that confer resistance against multiple inhibitors. Structural studies showed how the MPS1 mutants conferred resistance by causing steric hindrance to inhibitor binding. Notably, we show that these mutations occur in nontreated cancer cell lines and primary tumor specimens, and that they also preexist in normal lymphoblast and breast tissues. In a parallel piece of work, we also show that the EGFR p.T790M mutation, the most common mutation conferring resistance to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, also preexists in cancer cells and normal tissue. Our results therefore suggest that mutations conferring resistance to targeted therapy occur naturally in normal and malignant cells and these mutations do not arise as a result of the increased mutagenic plasticity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gurden
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Faisal
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Naud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwai-Ming J Cheung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Wood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Schmitt
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mak
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L M Van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spiros Linardopoulos
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Grants JM, Goh GYS, Taubert S. The Mediator complex of Caenorhabditis elegans: insights into the developmental and physiological roles of a conserved transcriptional coregulator. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2442-53. [PMID: 25634893 PMCID: PMC4344494 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator multiprotein complex (‘Mediator’) is an important transcriptional coregulator that is evolutionarily conserved throughout eukaryotes. Although some Mediator subunits are essential for the transcription of all protein-coding genes, others influence the expression of only subsets of genes and participate selectively in cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of Mediator subunit function in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a metazoan in which established and emerging genetic technologies facilitate the study of developmental and physiological regulation in vivo. In this nematode, unbiased genetic screens have revealed critical roles for Mediator components in core developmental pathways such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. More recently, important roles for C. elegans Mediator subunits have emerged in the regulation of lipid metabolism and of systemic stress responses, engaging conserved transcription factors such as nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). We emphasize instances where similar functions for individual Mediator subunits exist in mammals, highlighting parallels between Mediator subunit action in nematode development and in human cancer biology. We also discuss a parallel between the association of the Mediator subunit MED12 with several human disorders and the role of its C. elegans ortholog mdt-12 as a regulatory hub that interacts with numerous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Grants
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Grace Y S Goh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Strickland LR, Pal HC, Elmets CA, Afaq F. Targeting drivers of melanoma with synthetic small molecules and phytochemicals. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:20-35. [PMID: 25597784 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer, but it is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Traditional therapeutics and immunomodulatory agents have not shown much efficacy against metastatic melanoma. Agents that target the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway - the BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib - have increased survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Further, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib has been shown to be superior to single agent therapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to these agents develops rapidly. Studies of additional agents and combinations targeting the MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PI3K), c-kit, and other signaling pathways are currently underway. Furthermore, studies of phytochemicals have yielded promising results against proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis by targeting signaling pathways with established roles in melanomagenesis. The relatively low toxicities of phytochemicals make their adjuvant use an attractive treatment option. The need for improved efficacy of current melanoma treatments calls for further investigation of each of these strategies. In this review, we will discuss synthetic small molecule inhibitors, combined therapies and current progress in the development of phytochemical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ray Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Harish Chandra Pal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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37
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Girotti MR, Lopes F, Preece N, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Zambon A, Davies L, Whittaker S, Saturno G, Viros A, Pedersen M, Suijkerbuijk BMJM, Menard D, McLeary R, Johnson L, Fish L, Ejiama S, Sanchez-Laorden B, Hohloch J, Carragher N, Macleod K, Ashton G, Marusiak AA, Fusi A, Brognard J, Frame M, Lorigan P, Marais R, Springer C. Paradox-breaking RAF inhibitors that also target SRC are effective in drug-resistant BRAF mutant melanoma. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:85-96. [PMID: 25500121 PMCID: PMC4297292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BRAF and MEK inhibitors are effective in BRAF mutant melanoma, but most patients eventually relapse with acquired resistance, and others present intrinsic resistance to these drugs. Resistance is often mediated by pathway reactivation through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/SRC-family kinase (SFK) signaling or mutant NRAS, which drive paradoxical reactivation of the pathway. We describe pan-RAF inhibitors (CCT196969, CCT241161) that also inhibit SFKs. These compounds do not drive paradoxical pathway activation and inhibit MEK/ERK in BRAF and NRAS mutant melanoma. They inhibit melanoma cells and patient-derived xenografts that are resistant to BRAF and BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Thus, paradox-breaking pan-RAF inhibitors that also inhibit SFKs could provide first-line treatment for BRAF and NRAS mutant melanomas and second-line treatment for patients who develop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Romina Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Natasha Preece
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lawrence Davies
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Steven Whittaker
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Bart M J M Suijkerbuijk
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Delphine Menard
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Robert McLeary
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louise Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Laura Fish
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sarah Ejiama
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Berta Sanchez-Laorden
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Juliane Hohloch
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Neil Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kenneth Macleod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Anna A Marusiak
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Alberto Fusi
- University of Manchester, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Margaret Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Paul Lorigan
- University of Manchester, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Caroline Springer
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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38
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Abstract
The use of small molecule BRAF inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma. Despite this, resistance is commonplace and associated with a median progression-free survival of >5 months. Major resistance mechanisms include reactivation of the MAPK pathway and increased PI3K/AKT signaling. Here we review some of the combination therapeutic strategies currently undergoing evaluation for the management of acquired drug resistance in melanoma.
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Pal S, Konkimalla VB, Kathawate L, Rao SS, Gejji SP, Puranik VG, Weyhermüller T, Salunke-Gawali S. Targeting a chemorefractory COLO205 (BRAF V600E) cell line using substituted benzo[α]phenoxazines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[α]phenoxazine derivatives specifically toxic to a malignant COLO205 cell line with a BRAF mutation (V600E) and nontoxic to a non-malignant wild-type BRAF HEK293T cell line are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjima Pal
- School of Biological Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Bhubaneswar 751005
- India
| | - V. Badireenath Konkimalla
- School of Biological Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Bhubaneswar 751005
- India
| | - Laxmi Kathawate
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Soniya S. Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Vedavati G. Puranik
- Center for Material Characterization
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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Oikonomou E, Koustas E, Goulielmaki M, Pintzas A. BRAF vs RAS oncogenes: are mutations of the same pathway equal? Differential signalling and therapeutic implications. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11752-77. [PMID: 25361007 PMCID: PMC4322985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the increased knowledge of tumour heterogeneity and genetic alterations progresses, it exemplifies the need for further personalized medicine in modern cancer management. Here, the similarities but also the differential effects of RAS and BRAF oncogenic signalling are examined and further implications in personalized cancer diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Redundant mechanisms mediated by the two oncogenes as well as differential regulation of signalling pathways and gene expression by RAS as compared to BRAF are addressed. The implications of RAS vs BRAF differential functions, in relevant tumour types including colorectal cancer, melanoma, lung cancer are discussed. Current therapeutic findings and future viewpoints concerning the exploitation of RAS-BRAF-pathway alterations for the development of novel therapeutics and efficient rational combinations, as well as companion tests for relevant markers of response will be evaluated. The concept that drug-resistant cells may also display drug dependency, such that altered dosing may prevent the emergence of lethal drug resistance posed a major therapy hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Alexander Pintzas
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
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41
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Wang J, Huang SK, Marzese DM, Hsu SC, Kawas NP, Chong KK, Long GV, Menzies AM, Scolyer RA, Izraely S, Sagi-Assif O, Witz IP, Hoon DSB. Epigenetic changes of EGFR have an important role in BRAF inhibitor-resistant cutaneous melanomas. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:532-541. [PMID: 25243790 PMCID: PMC4307785 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BRAF mutations are frequent in cutaneous melanomas and BRAF inhibitors(BRAFi) have shown remarkable clinical efficacy in BRAF mutant melanoma patients. However, acquired drug resistance can occur rapidly and tumor(s) often progress thereafter. Various mechanisms of BRAFi resistance have recently been described; however, the mechanism of resistance remains controversial. In this study we developed BRAFi resistant melanoma cell lines and found that metastasis related EMT properties of BRAFi resistant cells were enhanced significantly. Upregulation of EGFR was observed in BRAFi resistant cell lines and patient tumors due to demethylation of EGFR regulatory DNA elements. EGFR induced PI3K/AKT pathway activation in BRAFi resistant cells through epigenetic regulation. Treatment of EGFR inhibitor was effective in BRAFi resistant melanoma cell lines. The study demonstrates that EGFR epigenetic activation has important implications in BRAFi resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Sharon K Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Sandy C Hsu
- Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Neal P Kawas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Kelly K Chong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sivan Izraely
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Sagi-Assif
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA; Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA.
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42
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Gabr MT, El-gohary NS, El-bendary ER, El-kerdawy MM. New series of benzothiazole and pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives: synthesis, antitumor activity, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity and molecular modeling studies. Med Chem Res 2015; 24:860-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The identification of mutationally activated BRAF in many cancers altered our conception of the part played by the RAF family of protein kinases in oncogenesis. In this Review, we describe the development of BRAF inhibitors and the results that have emerged from their analysis in both the laboratory and the clinic. We discuss the spectrum of RAF mutations in human cancer and the complex interplay between the tissue of origin and the response to RAF inhibition. Finally, we enumerate mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibition that have been characterized and postulate how strategies of RAF pathway inhibition may be extended in scope to benefit not only the thousands of patients who are diagnosed annually with BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma but also the larger patient population with malignancies harbouring mutationally activated RAF genes that are ineffectively treated with the current generation of BRAF kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank McCormick
- Corresponding Authors: Frank McCormick & Martin McMahon, Diller Family Cancer Research Bldg., 1450 Third Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, &
| | - Martin McMahon
- Corresponding Authors: Frank McCormick & Martin McMahon, Diller Family Cancer Research Bldg., 1450 Third Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, &
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44
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Rahman M, Salajegheh A, Smith R, Lam AY. BRAF inhibitors: From the laboratory to clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:220-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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45
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Griewank KG, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Flaherty KT, Schadendorf D, Murali R. Genetic alterations and personalized medicine in melanoma: progress and future prospects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt435. [PMID: 24511108 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing technologies are providing new insights into the genetic alterations involved in melanomagenesis. It appears likely that most genetic events important in the pathogenesis of melanoma will be discovered over the next few years. Genetic analysis is also increasingly being used to direct patient care. In parallel with the discovery of new genes and the elucidation of molecular pathways important in the development of melanoma, therapies targeting these pathways are becoming available. In other words, the age of personalized medicine has arrived, characterized by molecular profiling of melanoma to identify the relevant genetic alterations and the abnormal signaling mechanisms involved, followed by selection of optimal, individualized therapies. In this review, we summarize the key genetic alterations in melanoma and the development of targeted agents against melanomas bearing specific mutations. These developments in melanoma serve as a model for the implementation of personalized medicine for patients with all cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Griewank
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (KGG, DS); Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (RAS); University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (RAS, JFT); Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, Australia (RAS, JFT); Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA (KTF); Department of Pathology, and Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (RM)
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Serasinghe MN, Missert DJ, Asciolla JJ, Podgrabinska S, Wieder SY, Izadmehr S, Belbin G, Skobe M, Chipuk JE. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins govern cellular outcome following B-RAF(V600E) inhibition and can be targeted to reduce resistance. Oncogene 2014; 34:857-67. [PMID: 24608435 PMCID: PMC4160434 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In theory, pharmacological inhibition of oncogenic signaling is an effective strategy to halt cellular proliferation, induce apoptosis and eliminate cancer cells. In practice, drugs (for example, PLX-4032) that inhibit oncogenes like B-RAFV600E provide relatively short-term success in patients, owing to a combination of incomplete cellular responses and the development of resistance. To define the relationship between PLX-4032-induced responses and resistance, we interrogated the contributions of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins in determining the fate of B-RAFV600E-inhibited melanoma cells. Although PLX-4032 eliminated B-RAFV600E signaling leading to marked cell cycle arrest, only a fraction of cells eventually underwent apoptosis. These data proposed two hypotheses regarding B-RAFV600E inhibition: (1) only a few cells generate a pro-apoptotic signal, or (2) all the cells generate a pro-apoptotic signal but the majority silences this pathway to ensure survival. Indeed, the latter hypothesis is supported by our observations as the addition of ABT-737, an inhibitor to anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, revealed massive apoptosis following PLX-4032 exposure. B-RAFV600E inhibition alone sensitized cells to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis characterized by the rapid accumulation of BIM on the outer mitochondrial membrane, which could be functionally revealed by ABT-737 to promote apoptosis and loss of clonogenic survival. Furthermore, PLX-4032-resistant cells demonstrated collateral resistance to conventional chemotherapy, yet could be re-sensitized to PLX-4032 by BCL-2 family inhibition in vivo and conventional chemotherapies in vitro. Our data suggest that inhibiting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins will enhance primary responses to PLX-4032, along with reducing the development of resistance to both targeted and conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Serasinghe
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA [3] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - D J Missert
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA [3] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA [4] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - J J Asciolla
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA [3] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Podgrabinska
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Y Wieder
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA [3] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Izadmehr
- 1] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Belbin
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Skobe
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA [3] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Chipuk
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA [3] The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA [4] The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA [5] The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The high response rates to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in KIT-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) has led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. In a parallel fashion, the field of melanoma is shifting with the utilization of targeted therapy to treat BRAF-mutated melanoma. We reviewed published literature in PubMed on GIST and melanoma, with a focus on both past and current clinical trials. The data presented centers on imatinib, vemurafenib, and most recently dabrafenib, targeting KIT and BRAF mutations and their outcomes in GIST and melanoma. The BRAF(V600E) melanoma mutation, like the KIT exon 11 mutation in GIST, has the highest response to therapy. High response rates with inhibition of KIT in GIST have not been recapitulated in KIT-mutated melanoma. Median time to resistance to targeted agents occurs in ~7 months with BRAF inhibitors and 2 years for imatinib in GIST. In GIST, the development of secondary mutations leads to resistance; however, there have been no similar gatekeeper mutations found in melanoma. Although surgery remains an important component of the treatment of early GIST and melanoma, surgeons will need to continue to define the thresholds and timing for operation in the setting of metastatic disease with improved targeted therapies. Combination treatment strategies may result in more successful clinical outcomes in the management of melanoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Bello
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Tsai CJ, Nussinov R. The free energy landscape in translational science: how can somatic mutations result in constitutive oncogenic activation? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:6332-41. [PMID: 24445437 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The free energy landscape theory has transformed the field of protein folding. The significance of perceiving function in terms of conformational heterogeneity is gradually shifting the interest in the community from folding to function. From the free energy landscape standpoint the principles are unchanged: rather than considering the entire protein conformational landscape, the focus is on the ensemble around the bottom of the folding funnel. The protein can be viewed as populating one of two states: active or inactive. The basins of the two states are separated by a surmountable barrier, which allows the conformations to switch between the states. Unless the protein is a repressor, under physiological conditions it typically populates the inactive state. Ligand binding (or post-translational modification) triggers a switch to the active state. Constitutive allosteric mutations work by shifting the population from the inactive to the active state and keeping it there. This can happen by either destabilizing the inactive state, stabilizing the active state, or both. Identification of the mechanism through which they work is important since it may assist in drug discovery. Here we spotlight the usefulness of the free energy landscape in translational science, illustrating how oncogenic mutations can work in key proteins from the EGFR/Ras/Raf/Erk/Mek pathway, the main signaling pathway in cancer. Finally, we delineate the key components which are needed in order to trace the mechanism of allosteric events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Tsai
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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49
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Bailey FP, Andreev VI, Eyers PA. The resistance tetrad: amino acid hotspots for kinome-wide exploitation of drug-resistant protein kinase alleles. Methods Enzymol 2014; 548:117-46. [PMID: 25399644 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397918-6.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to targeted kinase inhibitors is a well-documented clinical problem that is potentially fatal for patients to whom a suitable back-up is not available. However, protein kinase alleles that promote resistance to inhibitors can be exploited experimentally as gold-standards for "on"- and "off"-target validation strategies and constitute a powerful resource for assessing the ability of new or combined therapies to override resistance. Clinical resistance to kinase inhibitors is an evident in all tyrosine kinase-driven malignancies, where high rates of mutation drive tumor evolution toward the insidious drug-resistant (DR) state through a variety of mechanisms. Unfortunately, this problem is likely to intensify in the future as the number of target kinases, approved inhibitors, and clinical indications increase. To empower the analysis of resistance in kinases, we have validated a bioinformatic, structural, and cellular workflow for designing and evaluating resistance at key mutational hotspots among kinome members. In this chapter, we discuss how mutation of amino acids in the gatekeeper and hinge-loop regions (collectively termed the "resistance tetrad") and the DFG motif represent an effective approach for generating panels of DR kinase alleles for chemical genetics and biological target validation.
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Nissan MH, Solit DB. BRAF mutations in human cancer: biologic and therapeutic implications. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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