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Hu Z, Ojima S, Zhu Z, Yu X, Sugiyama M, Haneda T, Okamura M, Ono HK, Hu DL. Salmonella pathogenicity island-14 is a critical virulence factor responsible for systemic infection in chickens caused by Salmonella gallinarum. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1401392. [PMID: 38846788 PMCID: PMC11153813 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1401392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. gallinarum) is an important host-specific pathogen that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic, septicemic, and fatal infection, in chickens. S. gallinarum causes high morbidity and mortality in chickens and poses a significant burden and economic losses to the poultry industry in many developing countries. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms of S. gallinarum-induced systemic infection in chickens remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a Salmonella pathogenicity island-14 (SPI-14) mutant strain (mSPI-14) of S. gallinarum and evaluated the pathogenicity of mSPI-14 in the chicken systemic infection model. The mSPI-14 exhibited the same level of bacterial growth and morphological characteristics but significantly reduced resistance to bile acids compared with the wild-type (WT) strain in vitro. The virulence of mSPI-14 was significantly attenuated in the chicken oral infection model in vivo. Chickens infected with WT showed typical clinical symptoms of fowl typhoid, with all birds succumbing to the infection within 6 to 9 days post-inoculation, and substantial increases in bacterial counts and significant pathological changes in the liver and spleen were observed. In contrast, all mSPI-14-infected chickens survived, the bacterial counts in the organs were significantly lower, and no significant pathological changes were observed in the liver and spleen. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, CXCLi1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the liver of mSPI-14-infected chickens were significantly lower than those in the WT-infected chickens. These results indicate that SPI-14 is a crucial virulence factor in systemic infection of chickens, and avirulent mSPI-14 could be used to develop a new attenuated live vaccine to prevent S. gallinarum infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ojima
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Okamura
- Section of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
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Ngo HTT, Nguyen DH, You SH, Van Nguyen K, Kim SY, Hong Y, Min JJ. Reprogramming a Doxycycline-Inducible Gene Switch System for Bacteria-Mediated Cancer Therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:148-161. [PMID: 38017353 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is a potential biotherapeutic antitumor agent because it can colonize tumors and inhibit their growth. The present study aimed to develop a doxycycline (Doxy)-inducible gene switch system in attenuated S. typhimurium and assess its therapeutic efficacy in various tumor-bearing mice models. PROCEDURES A Doxy-inducible gene switch system comprising two plasmids was engineered to trigger the expression of cargo genes (Rluc8 and clyA). Attenuated S. typhimurium carrying Rluc8 were injected intravenously into BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors, and bioluminescence images were captured at specified intervals post-administration of doxycycline. The tumor-suppressive effects of bacteria carrying clyA were evaluated in BALB/c mice bearing CT26 tumors and in C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38 tumors. RESULTS Expression of the fimE gene, induced only in the presence of Doxy, triggered a unidirectional switch of the POXB20 promoter to induce expression of the cargo genes. The switch event was maintained over a long period of bacterial culture. After intravenous injection of transformed Salmonella into mice bearing CT26 tumors, the bacteria transformed with the Doxy-inducible gene switch system for Rluc8 targeted only tumor tissues and expressed the payloads 2 days after Doxy treatment. Notably, bacteria carrying the Doxy-inducible gene switch system for clyA effectively suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival, even after just one Doxy induction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that attenuated S. typhimurium carrying this novel gene switch system elicited significant therapeutic effects through a single induction triggering and were a potential biotherapeutic agent for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi-Thu Ngo
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi Medical University, No 1, Ton That Tung St., Dong Da, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Khuynh Van Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Borkar SB, Negi M, Acharya TR, Lamichhane P, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Mitigation of T3SS-mediated virulence in waterborne pathogenic bacteria by multi-electrode cylindrical-DBD plasma-generated nitric oxide water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:140997. [PMID: 38128737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
S. enterica, S. flexneri, and V. parahaemolyticus bacteria are globally recognized to cause severe diarrheal diseases, consisting of Type III Secretion System (T3SS) effectors that help in bacterial infection and virulence in host cells. This study investigates the properties of multi-electrode cylindrical DBD plasma-generated nitric oxide water (MCDBD-PG-NOW) treatment on the survival and virulence of S. enterica, S. flexneri, and V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. The Colony Forming Unit (CFU) assay, live/dead cell staining, lipid peroxidation assay, and bacteria morphological analysis showed substantial growth inhibition of bacteria. Moreover, to confirm the interaction of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) with bacterial membrane biotin switch assay, DAF-FM, and FTIR analysis were carried out, which established the formation of S-nitrosothiols in the cell membrane, intracellular accumulation of RNS, and changes in the cell composition post-PG-NOW treatment. Furthermore, the conventional culture-based method and a quantitative PCR using propidium monoazide showed minimal VBNC induction under similar condition. The efficiency of bacteria to adhere to mammalian colon cells was significantly reduced. In addition, the infection rate was also controlled by disrupting the virulent genes, leading to the collapse of the infection mechanism. This study provides insights into whether RNS generated from PG-NOW might be beneficial for preventing diarrheal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta B Borkar
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Manorma Negi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Tirtha Raj Acharya
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Prajwal Lamichhane
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, South Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics /Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
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Zhai YJ, Liu PY, Luo XW, Liang J, Sun YW, Cui XD, He DD, Pan YS, Wu H, Hu GZ. Analysis of Regulatory Mechanism of AcrB and CpxR on Colistin Susceptibility Based on Transcriptome and Metabolome of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0053023. [PMID: 37358428 PMCID: PMC10434024 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00530-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing and inappropriate use of colistin, the emerging colistin-resistant isolates have been frequently reported during the last few decades. Therefore, new potential targets and adjuvants to reverse colistin resistance are urgently needed. Our previous study has confirmed a marked increase of colistin susceptibility (16-fold compared to the wild-type Salmonella strain) of cpxR overexpression strain JSΔacrBΔcpxR::kan/pcpxR (simplified as JSΔΔ/pR). To searching for potential new drug targets, the transcriptome and metabolome analysis were carried out in this study. We found that the more susceptible strain JSΔΔ/pR displayed striking perturbations at both the transcriptomics and metabolomics levels. The virulence-related genes and colistin resistance-related genes (CRRGs) were significantly downregulated in JSΔΔ/pR. There were significant accumulation of citrate, α-ketoglutaric acid, and agmatine sulfate in JSΔΔ/pR, and exogenous supplement of them could synergistically enhance the bactericidal effect of colistin, indicating that these metabolites may serve as potential adjuvants for colistin therapy. Additionally, we also demonstrated that AcrB and CpxR could target the ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, but not proton motive force (PMF) production pathway to potentiate antibacterial activity of colistin. Collectively, these findings have revealed several previously unknown mechanisms contributing to increased colistin susceptibility and identified potential targets and adjuvants for potentiating colistin treatment of Salmonella infections. IMPORTANCE Emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative (G-) bacteria have led to the reconsideration of colistin as the last-resort therapeutic option for health care-associated infections. Finding new drug targets and strategies against the spread of MDR G- bacteria are global challenges for the life sciences community and public health. In this paper, we demonstrated the more susceptibility strain JSΔΔ/pR displayed striking perturbations at both the transcriptomics and metabolomics levels and revealed several previously unknown regulatory mechanisms of AcrB and CpxR on the colistin susceptibility. Importantly, we found that exogenous supplement of citrate, α-ketoglutaric acid, and agmatine sulfate could synergistically enhance the bactericidal effect of colistin, indicating that these metabolites may serve as potential adjuvants for colistin therapy. These results provide a theoretical basis for finding potential new drug targets and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing-Wei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Zhengzhou Animal Husbandry Bureau, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wei Sun
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Die Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Intestinal organoids as advanced modeling platforms to study the role of host-microbiome interaction in homeostasis and disease. BMB Rep 2023; 56:15-23. [PMID: 36379514 PMCID: PMC9887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After birth, animals are colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms. The digestive tract is known to contain the largest number of microbiome in the body. With emergence of the gut-brain axis, the importance of gut microbiome and its metabolites in host health has been extensively studied in recent years. The establishment of organoid culture systems has contributed to studying intestinal pathophysiology by replacing current limited models. Owing to their architectural and functional complexity similar to a real organ, co-culture of intestinal organoids with gut microbiome can provide mechanistic insights into the detrimental role of pathobiont and the homeostatic function of commensal symbiont. Here organoid-based bacterial co-culture techniques for modeling host-microbe interactions are reviewed. This review also summarizes representative studies that explore impact of enteric microorganisms on intestinal organoids to provide a better understanding of host-microbe interaction in the context of homeostasis and disease. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 15-23].
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6
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Däullary T, Imdahl F, Dietrich O, Hepp L, Krammer T, Fey C, Neuhaus W, Metzger M, Vogel J, Westermann AJ, Saliba AE, Zdzieblo D. A primary cell-based in vitro model of the human small intestine reveals host olfactomedin 4 induction in response to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2186109. [PMID: 36939013 PMCID: PMC10038062 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2186109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection research largely relies on classical cell culture or mouse models. Despite having delivered invaluable insights into host-pathogen interactions, both have limitations in translating mechanistic principles to human pathologies. Alternatives can be derived from modern Tissue Engineering approaches, allowing the reconstruction of functional tissue models in vitro. Here, we combined a biological extracellular matrix with primary tissue-derived enteroids to establish an in vitro model of the human small intestinal epithelium exhibiting in vivo-like characteristics. Using the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we demonstrated the applicability of our model to enteric infection research in the human context. Infection assays coupled to spatio-temporal readouts recapitulated the established key steps of epithelial infection by this pathogen in our model. Besides, we detected the upregulation of olfactomedin 4 in infected cells, a hitherto unrecognized aspect of the host response to Salmonella infection. Together, this primary human small intestinal tissue model fills the gap between simplistic cell culture and animal models of infection, and shall prove valuable in uncovering human-specific features of host-pathogen interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Däullary
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (JMU), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Dietrich
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Hepp
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krammer
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University (DPU), Krems, Austria
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Westermann
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC),Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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8
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Lawrence ALE, Berger RP, Hill DR, Huang S, Yadagiri VK, Bons B, Fields C, Sule GJ, Knight JS, Wobus CE, Spence JR, Young VB, O’Riordan MX, Abuaita BH. Human neutrophil IL1β directs intestinal epithelial cell extrusion during Salmonella infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010855. [PMID: 36191054 PMCID: PMC9578578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the human gut by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (STM) results in a localized inflammatory disease that is not mimicked in murine infections. To determine mechanisms by which neutrophils, as early responders to bacterial challenge, direct inflammatory programming of human intestinal epithelium, we established a multi-component human intestinal organoid (HIO) model of STM infection. HIOs were micro-injected with STM and seeded with primary human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN-HIOs). PMNs did not significantly alter luminal colonization of Salmonella, but their presence reduced intraepithelial bacterial burden. Adding PMNs to infected HIOs resulted in substantial accumulation of shed TUNEL+ epithelial cells that was driven by PMN Caspase-1 activity. Inhibition of Caspases-1, -3 or -4 abrogated epithelial cell death and extrusion in the infected PMN-HIOs but only Caspase-1 inhibition significantly increased bacterial burden in the PMN-HIO epithelium. Thus, PMNs promote cell death in human intestinal epithelial cells through multiple caspases as a protective response to infection. IL-1β was necessary and sufficient to induce cell shedding in the infected HIOs. These data support a critical innate immune function for human neutrophils in amplifying cell death and extrusion of human epithelial cells from the Salmonella-infected intestinal monolayer. Neutrophils are early responders to Salmonella intestinal infection, but how they influence infection progression and outcome is unknown. Here we use a co-culture model of human intestinal organoids and human primary neutrophils to study the contribution of human neutrophils to Salmonella infection of the intestinal epithelium. We found that neutrophils markedly enhanced epithelial defenses, including enhancing cell extrusion to reduce intraepithelial burden of Salmonella and close association with the epithelium. These findings reveal an early role for neutrophils in the gut in shaping the gut environment to control epithelial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa E. Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Berger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R. Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Veda K. Yadagiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brooke Bons
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Courtney Fields
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gautam J. Sule
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vincent B. Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary X. O’Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MXO); (BHA)
| | - Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MXO); (BHA)
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9
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Ménard S, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Ehrhardt K, Yan J, Grassl GA, Wiedemann A. Cross-Talk Between the Intestinal Epithelium and Salmonella Typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:906238. [PMID: 35733975 PMCID: PMC9207452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.906238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are invasive gram-negative bacteria, causing a wide range of diseases from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever, representing a public health threat around the world. Salmonella gains access to the intestinal lumen after oral ingestion of contaminated food or water. The crucial initial step to establish infection is the interaction with the intestinal epithelium. Human-adapted serovars such as S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi disseminate to systemic organs and induce life-threatening disease known as typhoid fever, whereas broad-host serovars such as S. Typhimurium usually are limited to the intestine and responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. To overcome intestinal epithelial barrier, Salmonella developed mechanisms to induce cellular invasion, intracellular replication and to face host defence mechanisms. Depending on the serovar and the respective host organism, disease symptoms differ and are linked to the ability of the bacteria to manipulate the epithelial barrier for its own profit and cross the intestinal epithelium.This review will focus on S. Typhimurium (STm). To better understand STm pathogenesis, it is crucial to characterize the crosstalk between STm and the intestinal epithelium and decipher the mechanisms and epithelial cell types involved. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular dialogue between STm and the various cell types constituting the intestinal epithelium with a focus on the mechanisms developed by STm to cross the intestinal epithelium and access to subepithelial or systemic sites and survive host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ménard
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Yan
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Agnès Wiedemann,
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10
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Herrera-Uribe J, Zaldívar-López S, Aguilar C, Entrenas-García C, Bautista R, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Study of microRNA expression in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected porcine ileum reveals miR-194a-5p as an important regulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response. Vet Res 2022; 53:35. [PMID: 35598011 PMCID: PMC9123658 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a common cause of food-borne zoonosis leading to acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs, causing economic losses to producers and farmers, and generating a food security risk. In a previous study, we demonstrated that S. Typhimurium infection produces a severe transcriptional activation of inflammatory processes in ileum. However, little is known regarding how microRNAs regulate this response during infection. Here, small RNA sequencing was used to identify 28 miRNAs differentially expressed (DE) in ileum of S. Typhimurium-infected pigs, which potentially regulate 14 target genes involved in immune system processes such as regulation of cytokine production, monocyte chemotaxis, or cellular response to interferon gamma. Using in vitro functional and gain/loss of function (mimics/CRISPR-Cas system) approaches, we show that porcine miR-194a-5p (homologous to human miR-194-5p) regulates TLR4 gene expression, an important molecule involved in pathogen virulence, recognition and activation of innate immunity in Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juber Herrera-Uribe
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Research Group GA-14, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Entrenas-García
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Research Group GA-14, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Andalusian Platform of Bioinformatics-SCBI, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Andalusian Platform of Bioinformatics-SCBI, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Research Group GA-14, Córdoba, Spain
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11
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Transcytosis of IgA Attenuates Salmonella Invasion in Human Enteroids and Intestinal Organoids. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0004122. [PMID: 35579465 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the most abundant antibody type in intestinal secretions where it contributes to safeguarding the epithelium from invasive pathogens like the Gram-negative bacterium, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm). For example, we recently reported that passive oral administration of the recombinant monoclonal SIgA antibody, Sal4, to mice promotes STm agglutination in the intestinal lumen and restricts bacterial invasion of Peyer's patch tissues. In this report, we sought to recapitulate Sal4-mediated protection against STm in human Enteroids and human intestinal organoids (HIOs) as models to decipher the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies function in mucosal immunity in the human gastrointestinal tract. We confirm that Enteroids and HIO-derived monolayers are permissive to STm infection, dependent on HilD, the master transcriptional regulator of the SPI-I type three secretion system (T3SS). Stimulation of M-like cells in both Enteroids and HIOs by the addition of RANKL further enhanced STm invasion. The apical addition of Sal4 mouse IgA, as well as recombinant human Sal4 dimeric IgA (dIgA) and SIgA resulted a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial invasion. Moreover, basolateral application of Sal4 dIgA to Enteroid and HIO monolayers gave rise to SIgA in the apical compartment via a pathway dependent on expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The resulting Sal4 SIgA was sufficient to reduce STm invasion of Enteroid and HIO epithelial cell monolayers by ~20-fold. Recombinant Sal4 IgG was also transported in the Enteroid and HIOs, but to a lesser degree and via a pathway dependent on the neonatal Fc receptor (FCGRT). The models described lay the foundation for future studies into detailed mechanisms of IgA and IgG protection against STm and other pathogens.
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12
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Abuaita BH, Lawrence ALE, Berger RP, Hill DR, Huang S, Yadagiri VK, Bons B, Fields C, Wobus CE, Spence JR, Young VB, O’Riordan MX. Comparative transcriptional profiling of the early host response to infection by typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in human intestinal organoids. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009987. [PMID: 34669717 PMCID: PMC8570492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica represents over 2500 serovars associated with a wide-ranging spectrum of disease; from self-limiting gastroenteritis to invasive infections caused by non-typhoidal serovars (NTS) and typhoidal serovars, respectively. Host factors strongly influence infection outcome as malnourished or immunocompromised individuals can develop invasive infections from NTS, however, comparative analyses of serovar-specific host responses have been constrained by reliance on limited model systems. Here we used human intestinal organoids (HIOs), a three-dimensional “gut-like” in vitro system derived from human embryonic stem cells, to elucidate similarities and differences in host responses to NTS and typhoidal serovars. HIOs discriminated between the two most prevalent NTS, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), and typhoidal serovar Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ST) in epithelial cell invasion, replication and transcriptional responses. Pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine output was reduced in ST-infected HIOs compared to NTS infections, consistent with early stages of NTS and typhoidal diseases. While we predicted that ST would induce a distinct transcriptional profile from the NTS strains, more nuanced expression profiles emerged. Notably, pathways involved in cell cycle, metabolism and mitochondrial functions were downregulated in STM-infected HIOs and upregulated in SE-infected HIOs. These results correlated with suppression of cellular proliferation and induction of host cell death in STM-infected HIOs and in contrast, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species production in SE-infected HIOs. Collectively, these results suggest that the HIO model is well suited to reveal host transcriptional programming specific to infection by individual Salmonella serovars, and that individual NTS may provoke unique host epithelial responses during intestinal stages of infection. Salmonella enterica is the major causative agent of bacterial infections associated with contaminated food and water. Salmonella enterica consists of over 2500 serovars of which Typhimurium (STM), Enteritidis (SE) and Typhi (ST) are the three major serovars with medical relevance to humans. These serovars elicit distinctive immune responses and cause different diseases in humans, including self-limiting diarrhea, gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Differences in the human host response to these serovars are likely to be a major contributing factor to distinct disease outcomes but are not well characterized, possibly due to the limitations of human-derived physiological infection models. Distinct from immortalized epithelial cell culture models, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are three-dimensional structures derived from embryonic stem cells that differentiate into intestinal mesenchymal and epithelial cells, mirroring key organizational aspects of the intestine. In this study, we used HIOs to monitor transcriptional changes during early stages of STM, SE and ST infection. Our comparative analysis showed that HIO inflammatory responses are the dominant response in all infections, but ST infection induces the weakest upregulation of inflammatory mediators relative to the other serovars. In addition, we identified several cellular processes, including cell cycle and mitochondrial functions, that were inversely regulated between STM and SE infection despite these serovars causing similar localized intestinal infection in humans. Our findings reinforce HIOs as an emerging model system to study Salmonella serovar infection and define global host transcriptional response profiles as a foundation for understanding human infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basel H. Abuaita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna-Lisa E. Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Berger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R. Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Veda K. Yadagiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brooke Bons
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Courtney Fields
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vincent B. Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary X. O’Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Salmonella effector driven invasion of the gut epithelium: breaking in and setting the house on fire. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:9-18. [PMID: 34492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a major cause of diarrheal disease. The invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a central step in the infection cycle. It is associated with gut inflammation and thought to benefit S.Tm proliferation also in the intestinal lumen. Importantly, it is still not entirely clear how inflammation is elicited and to which extent it links to IEC invasion efficiency in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent findings explaining IEC invasion by type-three-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1) effector proteins and discuss their effects on invasion and gut inflammation. In non-polarized tissue culture cells, the TTSS-1 effectors (mainly SopB/E/E2) elicit large membrane ruffles fueling cooperative invasion, and can directly trigger pro-inflammatory signaling. By contrast, in the murine gut, we observe discreet-invasion (mainly via the TTSS-1 effector SipA) and a prominent pro-inflammatory role of the host?"s epithelial inflammasome(s), which sense pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss why it has remained a major challenge to tease apart direct and indirect inflammatory effects of TTSS-1 effectors and explain why further research will be needed to fully determine their inflammation-modulating role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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