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Ma XJ, Sun Z, Wang YP, Yao XP, Luo TT, Bao YL, Ainiwaer D, Zhang T, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Hu FM, Yu WY. Heat shock induces HuR-dependent MKP-1 posttranslational regulation through the p38 MAPK signaling cascade. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102262. [PMID: 37984224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that phosphatases play a pivotal role in modulating inflammation-associated signal transduction, particularly in the context of heat shock, where Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) appears to have a central role. Recently, Human Antigen R (HuR) has also been identified as a factor that enhances stress-response protein MKP-1 levels. Consequently, we have directed our interest towards elucidating the mechanisms by which heat shock induces MKP-1 mRNA stabilization, dependent on HuR via the p38 MAPK Signaling Cascade. In this study, we subjected Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (Mef) cells to heat shock treatment, resulting in a potent stabilization MKP-1 mRNA. The RNA-binding protein HuR, known to influence mRNA, was observed to bind to the MKP-1 AU-rich 3 ´untranslated region. Transfection of p38 wild-type Mef cells with a flag-HuR plasmid resulted in a significant increase in MKP-1 mRNA stability. Interestingly, transfection of the siRNA for HuR into Mef cells resulted in diminished MKP-1 mRNA stability following heat shock, inhibition of p38 MAPK activity effectively curtailed heat shock-mediated MKP-1 mRNA stability. Immunofluorescence analyses further revealed that the translocation of HuR was contingent on p38 MAPK Signaling Cascade. Collectively, these findings underscore the regulatory role of heat shock in MKP-1 gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. The mechanisms underlying the observed increased MKP-1 mRNA stability are shown to be partially dependent on HuR through the p38 MAPK Signaling Cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Xue-Ping Yao
- Department of Functional Center,College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Luo
- Hematological Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Ya-Li Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Dina Ainiwaer
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Hengyi Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Fei-Ming Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Wen-Yan Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China.
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Finan JM, Sutton TL, Dixon DA, Brody JR. Targeting the RNA-Binding Protein HuR in Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3507-3516. [PMID: 37683260 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) is a well-established regulator of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various human diseases, particularly cancer. In cancer, HuR is considered "active" when it shows increased subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, in addition to its normal nuclear localization. Cytoplasmic HuR plays a crucial role in stabilizing and enhancing the translation of prosurvival mRNAs that are involved in stress responses relevant to cancer progression, such as hypoxia, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. In general, due to HuR's abundance and function in cancer cells compared with normal cells, it is an appealing target for oncology research. Exploiting the principles underlying HuR's role in tumorigenesis and resistance to stressors, targeting HuR has the potential for synergy with existing and novel oncologic therapies. This review aims to explore HuR's role in homeostasis and cancer pathophysiology, as well as current targeting strategies, which include silencing HuR expression, preventing its translocation and dimerization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and inhibiting mRNA binding. Furthermore, this review will discuss recent studies investigating the potential synergy between HuR inhibition and traditional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Finan
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thomas L Sutton
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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3
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McCarthy GA, Di Niro R, Finan JM, Jain A, Guo Y, Wyatt C, Guimaraes A, Waugh T, Keith D, Morgan T, Sears R, Brody J. Deletion of the mRNA stability factor ELAVL1 (HuR) in pancreatic cancer cells disrupts the tumor microenvironment integrity. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad016. [PMID: 37089813 PMCID: PMC10113877 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells promote extensive fibrosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. We report here for the first time that loss of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR, ELAVL1) in PDAC cells leads to reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. In multiple in vivo models, CRISPR deletion of ELAVL1 in PDAC cells resulted in a decrease of collagen deposition, accompanied by a decrease of stromal markers (i.e. podoplanin, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin). RNA-sequencing data showed that HuR plays a role in cell-cell communication. Accordingly, cytokine arrays identified that HuR regulates the secretion of signaling molecules involved in stromal activation and extracellular matrix organization [i.e. platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGFAA) and pentraxin 3]. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis and transcription inhibition studies validated PDGFA mRNA as a novel HuR target. These data suggest that tumor-intrinsic HuR supports extrinsic activation of the stroma to produce collagen and desmoplasia through regulating signaling molecules (e.g. PDGFAA). HuR-deficient PDAC in vivo tumors with an altered tumor microenvironment are more sensitive to the standard of care gemcitabine, as compared to HuR-proficient tumors. Taken together, we identified a novel role of tumor-intrinsic HuR in its ability to modify the surrounding tumor microenvironment and regulate PDGFAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Roberto Di Niro
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jennifer M Finan
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yifei Guo
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Cory R Wyatt
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexander R Guimaraes
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trent A Waugh
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Dove Keith
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Anand S, Khan MA, Zubair H, Sudan SK, Vikramdeo KS, Deshmukh SK, Azim S, Srivastava SK, Singh S, Singh AP. MYB sustains hypoxic survival of pancreatic cancer cells by facilitating metabolic reprogramming. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55643. [PMID: 36592158 PMCID: PMC9986821 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive desmoplasia and poor vasculature renders pancreatic tumors severely hypoxic, contributing to their aggressiveness and therapy resistance. Here, we identify the HuR/MYB/HIF1α axis as a critical regulator of the metabolic plasticity and hypoxic survival of pancreatic cancer cells. HuR undergoes nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation under hypoxia and stabilizes MYB transcripts, while MYB transcriptionally upregulates HIF1α. Upon MYB silencing, pancreatic cancer cells fail to survive and adapt metabolically under hypoxia, despite forced overexpression of HIF1α. MYB induces the transcription of several HIF1α-regulated glycolytic genes by directly binding to their promoters, thus enhancing the recruitment of HIF1α to hypoxia-responsive elements through its interaction with p300-dependent histone acetylation. MYB-depleted pancreatic cancer cells exhibit a dramatic reduction in tumorigenic ability, glucose-uptake and metabolism in orthotopic mouse model, even after HIF1α restoration. Together, our findings reveal an essential role of MYB in metabolic reprogramming that supports pancreatic cancer cell survival under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Anand
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sarabjeet Kour Sudan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sachin Kumar Deshmukh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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5
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Brown SZ, McCarthy GA, Carroll JR, Di Niro R, Pelz C, Jain A, Sutton TL, Holly HD, Nevler A, Schultz CW, McCoy MD, Cozzitorto JA, Jiang W, Yeo CJ, Dixon DA, Sears RC, Brody JR. The RNA-Binding Protein HuR Posttranscriptionally Regulates the Protumorigenic Activator YAP1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0001822. [PMID: 35703534 PMCID: PMC9302082 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00018-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is indispensable for the development of mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). High YAP1 mRNA is a prognostic marker for worse overall survival in patient samples; however, the regulatory mechanisms that mediate its overexpression are not well understood. YAP1 genetic alterations are rare in PDAC, suggesting that its dysregulation is likely not due to genetic events. HuR is an RNA-binding protein whose inhibition impacts many cancer-associated pathways, including the "conserved YAP1 signature" as demonstrated by gene set enrichment analysis. Screening publicly available and internal ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RNP-IP) RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data sets, we discovered that YAP1 is a high-confidence target, which was validated in vitro with independent RNP-IPs and 3' untranslated region (UTR) binding assays. In accordance with our RNA sequencing analysis, transient inhibition (e.g., small interfering RNA [siRNA] and small-molecular inhibition) and CRISPR knockout of HuR significantly reduced expression of YAP1 and its transcriptional targets. We used these data to develop a HuR activity signature (HAS), in which high expression predicts significantly worse overall and disease-free survival in patient samples. Importantly, the signature strongly correlates with YAP1 mRNA expression. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of YAP1 regulation, which may explain how tumor cells maintain YAP1 mRNA expression at dynamic times during pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Z. Brown
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Grace A. McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James R. Carroll
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Roberto Di Niro
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aditi Jain
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas L. Sutton
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah D. Holly
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Avinoam Nevler
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher W. Schultz
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D. McCoy
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cozzitorto
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles J. Yeo
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dan A. Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Rosalie C. Sears
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Brody
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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6
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), play critical roles in the pathology of chronic inflammatory pathological conditions, particularly cancer. In addition, the activation of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is involved in mediating resistance to certain anti-cancer chemo- and immuno-therapeutics. Unfortunately, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by the available anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs can benefit only a small proportion of cancer patients. Thus, studying the factors that regulate the expression of these immune checkpoint proteins is of central importance in this context. Recent investigations have identified CMTM6 and, to a lesser extent, CMTM4, as master regulators of PD-L1 expression in various cancer cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which such proteins upregulate the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells, and determining the potential regulators of CMTM6 expression in different types of cancers will accelerate the development of new therapeutic targets and/or lead to the enhancement of the currently available PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Manco G, Lacerra G, Porzio E, Catara G. ADP-Ribosylation Post-Translational Modification: An Overview with a Focus on RNA Biology and New Pharmacological Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030443. [PMID: 35327636 PMCID: PMC8946771 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions are regulated through the gene expression program by the transcription of new messenger RNAs (mRNAs), alternative RNA splicing, and protein synthesis. To this end, the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins add another layer of complexity, creating a continuously fine-tuned regulatory network. ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) is an ancient reversible modification of cellular macromolecules, regulating a multitude of key functional processes as diverse as DNA damage repair (DDR), transcriptional regulation, intracellular transport, immune and stress responses, and cell survival. Additionally, due to the emerging role of ADP-ribosylation in pathological processes, ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), the enzymes involved in ADPr, are attracting growing interest as new drug targets. In this review, an overview of human ARTs and their related biological functions is provided, mainly focusing on the regulation of ADP-ribosyltransferase Diphtheria toxin-like enzymes (ARTD)-dependent RNA functions. Finally, in order to unravel novel gene functional relationships, we propose the analysis of an inventory of human gene clusters, including ARTDs, which share conserved sequences at 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Lacerra
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Catara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (G.C.)
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Raguraman R, Shanmugarama S, Mehta M, Elle Peterson J, Zhao YD, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Drug delivery approaches for HuR-targeted therapy for lung cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114068. [PMID: 34822926 PMCID: PMC8724414 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and conventional treatments for disease management have limitations associated with them. Novel therapeutic targets are thus avidly sought for the effective management of LC. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have been convincingly established as key players in tumorigenesis, and their dysregulation is linked to multiple cancers, including LC. In this context, we review the role of Human antigen R (HuR), an RBP that is overexpressed in LC, and further associated with various aspects of LC tumor growth and response to therapy. Herein, we describe the role of HuR in LC progression and outline the evidences supporting various pharmacologic and biologic approaches for inhibiting HuR expression and function. These approaches, including use of small molecule inhibitors, siRNAs and shRNAs, have demonstrated favorable results in reducing tumor cell growth, invasion and migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. Hence, HuR has significant potential as a key therapeutic target in LC. Use of siRNA-based approaches, however, have certain limitations that prevent their maximal exploitation as cancer therapies. To address this, in the conclusion of this review, we provide a list of nanomedicine-based HuR targeting approaches currently being employed for siRNA and shRNA delivery, and provide a rationale for the immense potential therapeutic benefits offered by nanocarrier-based HuR targeting and its promise for treating patients with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Raguraman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Santny Shanmugarama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jo Elle Peterson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yan D Zhao
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Goutas D, Goutas N, Theocharis S. Divulging the Critical Role of HuR in Pancreatic Cancer as a Therapeutic Target and a Means to Overcome Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4634. [PMID: 34572861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With pancreatic cancer incidence constantly rising, constituting one of the most lethal type of cancers worldwide, the need for discovering novel therapeutic targets and approaches becomes of the utmost importance. Meanwhile, modern eating habits, hyperadiposity, mutational burden affecting core signaling pathways and the unique tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer tissues intermingle and form a disease that is lethal and hard to treat. The importance of HuR in pancreatic cancer has repeatedly been observed and represents a key molecule in pancreatic carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, creating and obtaining new therapeutic skills against HuR protein could prove to be the answer to pancreatic cancer therapy. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is set to become the most lethal and common type of cancer worldwide. This is partly attributed to the mutational burden that affects core signaling pathways and the crosstalk of tumor cells with their surrounding microenvironment, but it is also due to modern eating habits. Hyperadiposity along with the constant rise in metabolic syndrome’s incidence contribute to a state of metaflammation that impacts immune cells and causes them to shift towards an immunosuppressive phenotype that, ultimately, allows tumor cells to evade immune control. Unfortunately, among the conventional therapeutic modalities and the novel therapeutic agents introduced, pancreatic cancer still holds one of the lowest response rates to therapy. Human antigen R (HuR), an RNA binding protein (RBP), has been repeatedly found to be implicated in pancreatic carcinogenesis and chemotherapy resistance through the posttranscriptional binding and regulation of mRNA target genes. Additionally, its overexpression has been linked to adverse clinical outcomes, in terms of tumor grade, stage, lymph node status and metastasis. These properties suggest the prospective role that HuR’s therapeutic targeting can play in facilitating pancreatic neoplasia and could provide the means to overcome chemoresistance.
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Schultz CW, McCarthy GA, Nerwal T, Nevler A, DuHadaway JB, McCoy MD, Jiang W, Brown SZ, Goetz A, Jain A, Calvert VS, Vishwakarma V, Wang D, Preet R, Cassel J, Summer R, Shaghaghi H, Pommier Y, Baechler SA, Pishvaian MJ, Golan T, Yeo CJ, Petricoin EF, Prendergast GC, Salvino J, Singh PK, Dixon DA, Brody JR. The FDA-Approved Anthelmintic Pyrvinium Pamoate Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cells in Nutrient-Depleted Conditions by Targeting the Mitochondria. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2166-2176. [PMID: 34413127 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal aggressive cancer, in part due to elements of the microenvironment (hypoxia, hypoglycemia) that cause metabolic network alterations. The FDA-approved antihelminthic pyrvinium pamoate (PP) has previously been shown to cause PDAC cell death, although the mechanism has not been fully determined. We demonstrated that PP effectively inhibited PDAC cell viability with nanomolar IC50 values (9-93 nmol/L) against a panel of PDAC, patient-derived, and murine organoid cell lines. In vivo, we demonstrated that PP inhibited PDAC xenograft tumor growth with both intraperitoneal (IP; P < 0.0001) and oral administration (PO; P = 0.0023) of human-grade drug. Metabolomic and phosphoproteomic data identified that PP potently inhibited PDAC mitochondrial pathways including oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. As PP treatment reduced oxidative phosphorylation (P < 0.001), leading to an increase in glycolysis (P < 0.001), PP was 16.2-fold more effective in hypoglycemic conditions similar to those seen in PDAC tumors. RNA sequencing demonstrated that PP caused a decrease in mitochondrial RNA expression, an effect that was not observed with established mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone and oligomycin. Mechanistically, we determined that PP selectively bound mitochondrial G-quadruplexes and inhibited mitochondrial RNA transcription in a G-quadruplex-dependent manner. This subsequently led to a 90% reduction in mitochondrial encoded gene expression. We are preparing to evaluate the efficacy of PP in PDAC in an IRB-approved window-of-opportunity trial (IND:144822).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Schultz
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Grace A McCarthy
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Departments of Surgery and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Teena Nerwal
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avinoam Nevler
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Wei Jiang
- Pathology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Z Brown
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Departments of Surgery and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Austin Goetz
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Dezhen Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Joel Cassel
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ross Summer
- Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hoora Shaghaghi
- Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, NCI Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Talia Golan
- Oncology institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Charles J Yeo
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Jonathan R Brody
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Departments of Surgery and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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11
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Goutas D, Pergaris A, Giaginis C, Theocharis S. HuR as Therapeutic Target in Cancer: What the Future Holds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:56-65. [PMID: 34182901 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210628143430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ELAV-like protein 1, or HuR (human antigen R), is an RNA-binding protein encoded by the ELAVL1 gene in humans. One of its best functions is to stabilize mRNAs in order to regulate gene expression. HuR protein overexpression has undoubtedly been linked to an increased risk of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, rendering it a potential therapeutic target candidate in cancer. Novel agents interfering with HuR expression have been tested, both in vitro and in vivo, with promising results. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature regarding the potential agents that could actively act on and inhibit HuR expression. HuR molecule controls the expression of various proto-oncogenes, cytokines and growth factors, representing a major player in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis and constituting an emerging target for cancer therapy. PubMed database was thoroughly searched, and all published articles providing scientific data on molecules that can exhibit antitumorigenic effects via HuR inhibition were included. According to these data, HuR inhibition should be a promising target in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Goutas
- First Department of Pathology, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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12
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Liu Y, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wei Y. HuR up-regulates cell surface PD-L1 via stabilizing CMTM6 transcript in cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2230-2242. [PMID: 33649535 PMCID: PMC7994200 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established role of CMTM6 in the stabilization of cell surface PD-L1 in cancer cells, the mechanisms underlying CMTM6 expression and regulation are still largely unknown. Here we unexpectedly find a strikingly positive correlation between CMTM6 and Hu-Antigen R (HuR) expression in most types of cancer. Mechanistically, we elucidate HuR stabilizes CMTM6 mRNA via direct association with AU-rich elements (AREs) in its 3′UTR and predominantly up-regulates CMTM6, which is readily abolished by HuR-specific inhibitor, MS-444. Phenotypically, we notice abundant cell surface PD-L1 in HuR-high cancer cells, which significantly inhibits immune activation of co-cultured T cells as indicated by IL-2 production. Treatment with MS-444 completely relieves immune suppression imposed by HuR-overexpression and further stimulates immune responses. Ectopic HuR accelerates allograft tumor progression in vivo, which is greatly compromised by simultaneous administration with MS-444. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism in control of CMTM6 and therefore PD-L1 expression, and suggests the potential of combining HuR inhibitor with PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Liu
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China. .,BioBox Sciences, Inc, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xingzhi Li
- Department of urological surgery, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Weiße J, Rosemann J, Krauspe V, Kappler M, Eckert AW, Haemmerle M, Gutschner T. RNA-Binding Proteins as Regulators of Migration, Invasion and Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6835. [PMID: 32957697 PMCID: PMC7555251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 7.5% of all human protein-coding genes have been assigned to the class of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and over the past decade, RBPs have been increasingly recognized as important regulators of molecular and cellular homeostasis. RBPs regulate the post-transcriptional processing of their target RNAs, i.e., alternative splicing, polyadenylation, stability and turnover, localization, or translation as well as editing and chemical modification, thereby tuning gene expression programs of diverse cellular processes such as cell survival and malignant spread. Importantly, metastases are the major cause of cancer-associated deaths in general, and particularly in oral cancers, which account for 2% of the global cancer mortality. However, the roles and architecture of RBPs and RBP-controlled expression networks during the diverse steps of the metastatic cascade are only incompletely understood. In this review, we will offer a brief overview about RBPs and their general contribution to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Subsequently, we will highlight selected examples of RBPs that have been shown to play a role in oral cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Last but not least, we will present targeting strategies that have been developed to interfere with the function of some of these RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiße
- Junior Research Group ‘RNA Biology and Pathogenesis’, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (J.W.); (J.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Julia Rosemann
- Junior Research Group ‘RNA Biology and Pathogenesis’, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (J.W.); (J.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Vanessa Krauspe
- Junior Research Group ‘RNA Biology and Pathogenesis’, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (J.W.); (J.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Alexander W. Eckert
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Monika Haemmerle
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Tony Gutschner
- Junior Research Group ‘RNA Biology and Pathogenesis’, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (J.W.); (J.R.); (V.K.)
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14
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Dong R, Chen P, Polireddy K, Wu X, Wang T, Ramesh R, Dixon DA, Xu L, Aubé J, Chen Q. An RNA-Binding Protein, Hu-antigen R, in Pancreatic Cancer Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, Metastasis, and Cancer Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2267-2277. [PMID: 32879054 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has poor prognosis and treatment outcomes due to its highly metastatic nature and resistance to current treatments. The RNA-binding protein (RBP) Hu-antigen R (HuR) is a central player in posttranscriptional regulation of cancer-related gene expression, and contributes to tumorigenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. HuR has been suggested to regulate pancreatic cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but the mechanism was not well understood. Here, we further elucidated the role HuR plays in pancreatic cancer cell EMT, and developed a novel inhibitor specifically interrupting HuR-RNA binding. The data showed that HuR binds to the 3'-UTR of the mRNA of the transcription factor Snail, resulting in stabilization of Snail mRNA and enhanced Snail protein expression, thus promoted EMT, metastasis, and formation of stem-like cancer cells (CSC) in pancreatic cancer cells. siRNA silencing or CRISPR/Cas9 gene deletion of HuR inhibited pancreatic cancer cell EMT, migration, invasion, and inhibited CSCs. HuR knockout cells had dampened tumorigenicity in immunocompromised mice. A novel compound KH-3 interrupted HuR-RNA binding, and KH-3 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell viability, EMT, migration/invasion in vitro KH-3 showed HuR-dependent activity and inhibited HuR-positive tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kishore Polireddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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15
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Song X, Shi X, Li W, Zhang F, Cai Z. The RNA-Binding Protein HuR in Digestive System Tumors. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:9656051. [PMID: 32775456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9656051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human antigen R (HuR) is a member of the Hu family of RNA-binding proteins. This molecule, which was first described in tumors nearly two decades ago, has recently received much attention in tumor-related research because it regulates the expression of many tumor-associated molecules through posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, thereby affecting biological characteristics. It is suggested that HuR might be a novel therapeutic target and a marker for therapeutic response and prognostic assessment. Increasing evidence supports that HuR also plays critical roles in the development, therapy, and prognosis of digestive system tumors. Herein, we review the relationships between HuR and digestive system tumors, demonstrating the importance of HuR in digestive system tumor diagnosis.
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16
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Li H, Li Q, Sun S, Lei P, Cai X, Shen G. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies ELAVL1 and APP as Candidate Crucial Genes for Crohn's Disease. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3067273. [PMID: 32724827 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3067273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance and barrier destruction of intestinal mucosa are the central pathogenic factors of Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, three independent microarray studies of CD were integrated and 9912 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed by NetworkAnalyst to screen candidate crucial genes. NetworkAnalyst identified ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) as the most crucial upregulated gene and amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) as the most crucial downregulated gene in peripheral blood of CD patients. By computing significance with hypergeometric test based on the KEGG pathway database, upregulated DEGs highlight the pathways of T cell receptor signaling and the differentiation of T helpers. Downregulated DEGs were found enriched in pathways in multiple cancers, MAPK signaling, Rap1 signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling. Further taking all DEGs together, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) brought out the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway which could be regulated by ELAVL1. xCell found decreased naïve and differentiated T cell proportions in the peripheral blood of CD patients suggesting T cell migration to the intestinal tissue and/or exhaustion. Further, ELAVL1 expression correlating with multiple T cell proportions suggests that ELAVL1 may regulate T cell activation. These findings illustrated that ELAVL1 and APP were candidate crucial genes in the peripheral blood of CD patients. ELAVL1 possibly acts as a key regulator of T cell activation via the NLR signaling pathway. APP might be a downstream effector of infliximab treatment connecting with MAPK signaling.
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17
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Jonas K, Calin GA, Pichler M. RNA-Binding Proteins as Important Regulators of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2969. [PMID: 32340118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the genome is transcribed into pieces of non-(protein) coding RNA, among which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a large group of particularly versatile molecules that govern basic cellular processes including transcription, splicing, RNA stability, and translation. The frequent deregulation of numerous lncRNAs in cancer is known to contribute to virtually all hallmarks of cancer. An important regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs is the post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). So far, however, only a small number of known cancer-associated lncRNAs have been found to be regulated by the interaction with RBPs like human antigen R (HuR), ARE/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor 1 (AUF1), insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), and tristetraprolin (TTP). These RBPs regulate, by various means, two aspects in particular, namely the stability and the localization of lncRNAs. Importantly, these RBPs themselves are commonly deregulated in cancer and might thus play a major role in the deregulation of cancer-related lncRNAs. There are, however, still many open questions, for example regarding the context specificity of these regulatory mechanisms that, in part, is based on the synergistic or competitive interaction between different RBPs. There is also a lack of knowledge on how RBPs facilitate the transport of lncRNAs between different cellular compartments.
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18
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Zhou H, Rao Y, Sun Q, Liu Y, Zhou X, Chen Y, Chen J. MiR-4458/human antigen R (HuR) modulates PBX3 mRNA stability in melanoma tumorigenesis. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 312:665-673. [PMID: 32157373 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, a malignancy of the melanocyte, is characterized as the most fatal skin cancer with an increasing incidence. Of note, in spite of great attempts made for better treatment, the therapeutic outcome is barely satisfactory. Abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, is frequently implicated in multiple human cancers, including melanoma. Here, we found that miRNA-4458, a reportedly tumor-suppressive miRNA in several cancers, was downregulated in melanoma cells. Besides, our findings indicated that microRNA-4458 (miR-4458) hindered cell proliferation and migration, yet induced apoptosis in melanoma. Mechanical interaction of miR-4458 and PBX3 mRNA, thereby inhibiting PBX3 expression in melanoma cells, was also presented in this work. Human antigen R (HuR) was reported to be greatly upregulated in diverse cancers and HuR-dependent stabilization of target gene contributed a lot to tumor progression. In this study, it revealed the stabilization of PBX3 mRNA by HuR, thereby boosting PBX3 expression. Lastly, we concluded that miR-4458 and HuR modulated the expression of PBX3 in a competitive manner in melanoma tumorigenesis, which might yield a novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henghua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yamin Rao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qilin Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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19
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Schultz CW, Preet R, Dhir T, Dixon DA, Brody JR. Understanding and targeting the disease-related RNA binding protein human antigen R (HuR). Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2020; 11:e1581. [PMID: 31970930 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression is a characteristic feature of many disease states such as tumorigenesis, and in most cancers, it facilitates cancer cell survival and adaptation. Alterations in global gene expression are strongly impacted by post-transcriptional gene regulation. The RNA binding protein (RBP) HuR (ELAVL1) is an established regulator of post-transcriptional gene regulation and is overexpressed in most human cancers. In many cancerous settings, HuR is not only overexpressed, but it is "overactive" as denoted by increased subcellular localization within the cytoplasm. This dysregulation of HuR expression and cytoplasmic localization allows HuR to stabilize and increase the translation of various prosurvival messenger RNA (mRNAs) involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers and various diseases. Based on almost 20 years of work, HuR is now recognized as a therapeutic target. Herein, we will review the role HuR plays in the pathophysiology of different diseases and ongoing therapeutic strategies to target HuR. We will focus on three ongoing-targeted strategies: (1) inhibiting HuR's translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; (2) inhibiting the ability of HuR to bind target RNA; and (3) silencing HuR expression levels. In an oncologic setting, HuR has been demonstrated to be critical for a cancer cell's ability to survive a variety of cancer relevant stressors (including drugs and elements of the tumor microenvironment) and targeting this protein has been shown to sensitize cancer cells further to insult. We strongly believe that targeting HuR could be a powerful therapeutic target to treat different diseases, particularly cancer, in the near future. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease NRA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability Translation > Translation Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Schultz
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranjan Preet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Teena Dhir
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Safavi A, Hajiaghababa A, Moshtaghian J. C-phycocyanin: a natural product with radiosensitizing property for enhancement of colon cancer radiation therapy efficacy through inhibition of COX-2 expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19161. [PMID: 31844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different chemical and nanomaterial agents have been introduced for radiosensitizing purposes. However, many researchers believe these agents are far away from clinical application due to side effects and limited knowledge about their behavior in the human body. In this study, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was used as a natural radiosensitizer for enhancement of radiation therapy (RT) efficacy. C-PC treatment's effect on the COX-2 expression of cancer cells was investigated by flow cytometry, western blot, qRT-PCR analyses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the radiosensitizing effect of C-PC treatment was investigated by MTT and clonogenic cell survival assays for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29 colon cancer cell lines and the CRL-1831 as normal colonic cells. In addition, the C-PC treatment effect on the radiation therapy efficacy was evaluated according to CT-26 tumor's growth progression and immunohistochemistry analyses of Ki-67 labeling index. C-PC treatment (200 µg/mL) could significantly enhance the radiation therapy efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Synergistic interaction was detected at C-PC and radiation beams co-treatment based on Chou and Talalay formula (combination index <1), especially at 200 µg/mL C-PC and 6 Gy radiation dosages. The acquired DEF of C-PC treatment was 1.39, 1.4, 1.63, and 1.05 for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29, and CRL-1831 cells, respectively. Also, C-PC + RT treated mice exhibited 35.2% lower mean tumors' volume and about 6 days more survival time in comparison with the RT group (P < 0.05). In addition, C-PC + RT group exhibited 54% lower Ki-67 index in comparison with the RT group. Therefore, C-PC can exhibit high radiosensitizing effects. However, the potential cardiovascular risks of C-PC as a COX-2 inhibitor should be evaluated with extensive preclinical testing before developing this agent for clinical trials.
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21
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Son A, Ahuja M, Schwartz DM, Varga A, Swaim W, Kang N, Maleth J, Shin DM, Muallem S. Ca 2+ Influx Channel Inhibitor SARAF Protects Mice From Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1660-1672.e2. [PMID: 31493399 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatitis is characterized by increased influx of Ca2+ into acinar cells, by unknown mechanisms. Inhibitors of Ca2+ influx channels could be effective in treating acute pancreatitis, but these have deleterious side effects that can result in death. We investigated the expression patterns and functions of acinar cell Ca2+ channels and factors that regulate them during development of acute pancreatitis, along with changes in the channel inactivator store-operated calcium entry-associated regulatory factor (SARAF). We investigated whether SARAF is a target for treatment of acute pancreatitis and its status in human with pancreatitis. METHODS We generated mice that expressed SARAF tagged with hemagglutinin, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and isolated acinar cells. We also performed studies with Saraf-/- mice, Sarafzf/zf mice, mice without disruption of Saraf (control mice), and mice that overexpress fluorescently labeled SARAF in acinar cells. We analyzed interactions between stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and SARAF in HEK cells stimulated with carbachol using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy and immunoprecipitation. Mice were given injections of caerulein or L-arginine to induce pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissues and blood samples were collected and levels of serum amylase, trypsin, tissue damage, inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory cells were measured. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of pancreatic tissues from 6 organ donors without pancreatic disease (controls) and 8 patients with alcohol-associated pancreatitis. RESULTS Pancreatic levels of Ca2+ influx channels or STIM1 did not differ significantly between acinar cells from mice with vs. without pancreatitis. By contrast, pancreatic levels of Saraf messenger RNA and SARAF protein initially markedly increased but then decreased during cell stimulation or injection of mice with caerulein, resulting in excessive Ca2+ influx. STIM1 interacted stably with SARAF following stimulation of HEK or mouse acinar cells with physiologic levels of carbachol, but only transiently following stimulation with pathologic levels of carbachol, leading to excessive Ca2+ influx. We observed reduced levels of SARAF messenger RNA in pancreatic tissues from patients with pancreatitis, compared with controls. SARAF knockout mice developed more severe pancreatitis than control mice after administration of caerulein or L-arginine, and pancreatic acinar cells from these mice had significant increases in Ca2+ influx. Conversely, overexpression of SARAF in acini reduced Ca2+ influx, eliminated inflammation, and reduced severity of acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS In mice with pancreatitis, SARAF initially increases but is then degraded, resulting in excessive, pathological Ca2+ influx by acinar cells. SARAF knockout mice develop more severe pancreatitis than control mice, whereas mice that express SARAF from a transgene in acinar cells develop less-severe pancreatitis. SARAF therefore appears to prevent pancreatic damage during development of acute pancreatitis. Strategies to stabilize or restore SARAF to acinar cells might be developed for treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Malini Ahuja
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arpad Varga
- HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signaling and Secretion Research Group, First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - William Swaim
- NIDCR imaging core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Namju Kang
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jozsef Maleth
- HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signaling and Secretion Research Group, First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Xiao L, Li X, Kyoung Chung H, Kalakonda S, Cai JZ, Cao S, Chen N, Liu Y, Rao JN, Wang HY, Gorospe M, Wang JY. RNA-Binding Protein HuR Regulates Paneth Cell Function by Altering Membrane Localization of TLR2 via Post-transcriptional Control of CNPY3. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:731-743. [PMID: 31103627 PMCID: PMC6707881 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial proteins including lysozyme via secretory autophagy as part of the mucosal protective response. The ELAV like RNA-binding protein 1 (ELAVL1, also called HuR) regulates stability and translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and many aspects of mucosal physiology. We studied the posttranscriptional mechanisms by which HuR regulates Paneth cell function. METHODS Intestinal mucosal tissues were collected from mice with intestinal epithelium (IE)-specific disruption of HuR (IE-HuR-/-), HuRfl/fl-Cre- mice (controls), and patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Paneth cell functions were determined by lysozyme-immunostaining assays. We isolated primary enterocytes from IE-HuR-/- and control mice and derived intestinal organoids. HuR and the chaperone CNPY3 were overexpressed from transgenes in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) or knocked down with small interfering RNAs. We performed RNA pulldown assays to investigate interactions between HuR and its target mRNAs. RESULTS Intestinal tissues from IE-HuR-/- mice had reduced numbers of Paneth cells, and Paneth cells had fewer lysozyme granules per cell, compared with tissues from control mice, but there were no effects on Goblet cells or enterocytes. Intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases had reduced levels of HuR and fewer Paneth cells. IE-HuR-/- mice did not have the apical distribution of TLR2 in the intestinal mucosa as observed in control mice. IECs from IE-HuR-/- mice expressed lower levels of CNPY3. Intestinal organoids from IE-HuR-/- mice were smaller and contained fewer buds compared with those generated from controls, and had fewer lysozyme-positive cells. In IECs, knockdown of HuR decreased levels of the autophagy proteins LC3-I and LC3-II, compared with control cells, and prevented rapamycin-induced autophagy. We found HuR to interact directly with the Cnpy3 mRNA coding region and increase levels of CNPY3 by increasing the stability and translation of Cnpy3 mRNA. CNPY3 bound TLR2, and cells with knockdown of CNPY3 or HuR lost membrane localization of TLR2, but increased cytoplasmic levels of TLR2. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice, IECs, and human tissues, we found HuR to increase expression of CNPY3 at the posttranscriptional level. CNPY3 is required for membrane localization of TLR2 and Paneth cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Hee Kyoung Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Sudhakar Kalakonda
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Jia-Zhong Cai
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jaladanki N. Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland 21201
| | - Hong-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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