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Benedetti R, Romeo MA, Arena A, Gilardini Montani MS, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. ATF6 supports lysosomal function in tumor cells to enable ER stress-activated macroautophagy and CMA: impact on mutant TP53 expression. Autophagy 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38566314 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which usually protects cancer cells from stress, may be exploited to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of drugs inducing ER stress. However, in this study, we found that ER stress and UPR activation by thapsigargin or tunicamycin promoted the lysosomal degradation of mutant (MUT) TP53 and that the inhibition of the UPR sensor ATF6, but not of ERN1/IRE1 or EIF2AK3/PERK, counteracted such an effect. ATF6 activation was indeed required to sustain the function of lysosomes, enabling the execution of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) as well as of macroautophagy, processes involved in the degradation of MUT TP53 in stressed cancer cells. At the molecular level, by pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrated that the inhibition of ATF6 correlated with the activation of MTOR and with TFEB and LAMP1 downregulation in thapsigargin-treated MUT TP53 carrying cells. We hypothesize that the rescue of MUT TP53 expression by ATF6 inhibition, could further activate MTOR and maintain lysosomal dysfunction, further inhibiting MUT TP53 degradation, in a vicious circle. The findings of this study suggest that the presence of MUT TP53, which often exerts oncogenic properties, should be considered before approaching treatments combining ER stressors with ATF6 inhibitors against cancer cells, while it could represent a promising strategy against cancer cells that harbor WT TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Kapetanakis NI, Busson P. Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145268. [PMID: 36817445 PMCID: PMC9935586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactoside-binding proteins, exerting numerous functions inside and outside the cell, particularly conferring adaptation to stress factors. For most of them, aberrant expression profiles have been reported in the context of cancer. Albeit not being oncogenic drivers, galectins can be harnessed to exacerbate the malignant phenotype. Their impact on disease establishment and progression is not limited to making cancer cells resistant to apoptosis, but is prominent in the context of the tumor microenvironment, where it fosters angiogenesis, immune escape and exclusion. This review focuses mainly on Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 for which the involvement in cancer biology is best known. It presents the types of galectin dysregulations, attempts to explain the mechanisms behind them and analyzes the different ways in which they favor tumour growth. In an era where tumour resistance to immunotherapy appears as a major challenge, we highlight the crucial immunosuppressive roles of galectins and the potential therapeutic benefits of combinatorial approaches including galectin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis
- Research & Development (R&D), 4D Lifetec, Cham, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
| | - Pierre Busson
- Host-Tumor Interactions in Head and Neck Carcinoma: Exploration and Therapeutic Modulations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche(UMR) 9018 - METabolic and SYstemic aspects of oncogenesis for new therapeutic approaches (METSY), Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
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3
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Souza DS, Macheroni C, Pereira GJS, Vicente CM, Porto CS. Molecular regulation of prostate cancer by Galectin-3 and estrogen receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124111. [PMID: 36936148 PMCID: PMC10020622 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This cancer is hormone-dependent; therefore, androgen, estrogen, and their receptors play an important role in development and progression of this disease, and in emergence of the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins which are frequently altered (upregulated or downregulated) in a wide range of tumors, participating in different stages of tumor development and progression, but the molecular mechanisms which regulate its expression are still poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on Galectin-3 in cancer biology with focus on prostate cancer and the interplay with estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways, present in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. We suggest a molecular mechanism where ER, Galectin-3 and β-catenin can modulate nuclear transcriptional events, such as, proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Despite a number of achievements in targeted therapy for prostate cancer, CRPC may eventually develop, therefore new effective drug targets need urgently to be found. Further understanding of the role of Galectin-3 and ER in prostate cancer will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer development and the future treatment of this disease.
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Niang DGM, Gaba FM, Diouf A, Hendricks J, Diallo RN, Niang MDS, Mbengue B, Dieye A. Galectin-3 as a biomarker in breast neoplasms: Mechanisms and applications in patient care. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1041-1052. [PMID: 36125083 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family encoded by the LGALS3 gene on chromosome 14. It is secreted by a wide range of immune cells and mammary tumor cells. Through its activity on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, galectin-3 improves the proliferation, survival, and colonizing ability of mammary neoplastic cells. Consequently, galectin-3 expression in the tumor microenvironment could worsen therapeutic outcomes of breast neoplasms and become a biomarker and a therapeutic target in combined immunotherapy in breast neoplasms. There is a limited amount of information that is available on galectin-3 in breast cancer in Africa. In this review, we analyze how galectin-3 influences the tumor microenvironment and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in breast neoplasms. We aim to emphasize the significance of investigating galectin-3 in breast neoplasms in Africa based on the results of studies conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Georges Massar Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Folly Mawulolo Gaba
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adame Diouf
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jacobus Hendricks
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo province, South Africa
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maguette Deme Sylla Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
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5
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Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Arena A, D’Orazi G, Cirone M. VPA and TSA Interrupt the Interplay between mutp53 and HSP70, Leading to CHK1 and RAD51 Down-Regulation and Sensitizing Pancreatic Cancer Cells to AZD2461 PARP Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2268. [PMID: 35216385 PMCID: PMC8878079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) represent promising anti-cancer treatments, as the acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins is often dysregulated in cancer and contributes to cancer onset and progression. HDACi have been also reported to increase the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents, such as radiation or cisplatin. In this study, we found that TSA and, even more effectively, VPA synergized with AZD2461, PARP1, 2 and 3 inhibitor (PARPi) to induce DNA damage and reduce pancreatic cancer cell survival. At a molecular level, VPA and TSA down-regulated CHK1 and RAD51, which is correlated with the interruption of the cross-talk between mutp53 and HSP70. Moreover, VPA and to a lesser extent TSA reactivated wtp53 in these cells, which contributed to CHK1 and RAD51 reduction. These findings suggest that the combination of HDACi and PARPi might improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which remains one of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Research and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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6
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Di Segni M, Virdia I, Verdina A, Amoreo CA, Baldari S, Toietta G, Diodoro MG, Mottolese M, Sperduti I, Moretti F, Buglioni S, Soddu S, Di Rocco G. HIPK2 cooperates with KRAS signaling and associates with colorectal cancer progression. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:686-698. [PMID: 35082165 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HIPK2 is an evolutionary conserved kinase that has gained attention as a fine tuner of multiple signaling pathways, among which those commonly altered in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of HIPK2 expression with progression markers and mutational pattern and gain insights into the contribution of HIPK2 activity in CRC. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of CRC samples by immunohistochemistry for HIPK2 expression and by NGS for the detection of mutations of cancer associated genes. We show that the percentage of HIPK2 positive cells increases with tumor progression, significantly correlates with TNM staging and associates with a worse outcome. In addition, we observed that high HIPK2 expression significantly associates with KRAS mutations but not with other cancer related genes. Functional characterization of the link between HIPK2 and KRAS show that activation of the RAS pathway either due to KRAS mutation or via upstream receptor stimulation, increases HIPK2 expression at the protein level. Of note, HIPK2 physically participates in the active RAS complex while HIPK2 depletion impairs ERK phosphorylation and the growth of tumors derived from KRAS mutated CRC cells. Overall, this study identifies HIPK2 as a prognostic biomarker candidate in CRC patients and underscores a previously unknown functional link between HIPK2 and the KRAS signaling pathway. Implications: Our data indicate HIPK2 as a new player in the complex picture of the KRAS signaling network, providing rationales for future clinical studies and new treatment strategies for KRAS mutated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Di Segni
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | - Ilaria Virdia
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | - Alessandra Verdina
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | - Carla Azzurra Amoreo
- Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena
| | - Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | | | | | | | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy
| | | | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
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7
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García-Díaz N, Casar B, Alonso-Alonso R, Quevedo L, Rodríguez M, Ruso-Julve F, Esteve-Codina A, Gut M, Gru AA, González-Vela MC, Gut I, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Varela I, Ortiz-Romero PL, Piris MA, Vaqué JP. PLCγ1/PKCθ Downstream Signaling Controls Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Development And Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1391-1400.e15. [PMID: 34687742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing mechanistic rationales can improve the clinical management of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). There is considerable genetic and biological evidence of a malignant network of signaling mechanisms, highly influenced by deregulated TCR/PLCγ1 activity, controlling the biology of these lesions. In addition, activated STAT3 is associated with clinical progression, although the alterations responsible for this have not been fully elucidated. Here we studied PLCγ1-dependent mechanisms that can mediate STAT3 activation and control tumor growth and progression. Downstream of PLCγ1, the pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown of PKCθ inhibited STAT3 activation, impaired proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in CTCL cells. A PKCθ-dependent transcriptome in MF/SS cells revealed potential effector genes controlling cytokine signaling, TP53, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Consistently, an in vivo chicken embryo model xenografted with MF cells showed that PKCθ blockage abrogates tumor growth and spread to distant organs. Finally, the expression of a number of PKCθ target genes, found in MF cells, significantly correlated with that of PRKCQ (PKCθ) in 81 human MF samples. In summary, PKCθ can play a central role in the activation of malignant CTCL mechanisms via multiple routes, including, but not restricted to, STAT3. These mechanisms may, in turn, serve as targets for specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Díaz
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Laura Quevedo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodriguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Luis Ortiz-Romero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, institute i+12, CIBERONC, Medical School, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pedro Vaqué
- Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
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Fu G, Polyakova O, Chazen RS, Freeman JL, Witterick IJ. Diagnostic Value of Galectin-3 in Distinguishing Invasive Encapsulated Carcinoma from Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasms with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2988. [PMID: 34203725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reclassification of NIFTP raised the need for rebuilding the clinical, histologic, cytological and molecular parameters, including re-evaluation of the previously examined biomarkers, for assisting in the diagnosis of this subset of indolent noninvasive tumors from invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC). In this retrospective study, Galectin-3 (Gal-3) IHC staining on patient’s thyroid tissues showed a statistically significant higher cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression in invasive EFVPTC than in NIFTP and other benign subgroups. Our findings refined the diagnostic value of Gal-3 expression as an ancillary marker in identifying NIFTP among encapsulated follicular variant nodules. Abstract Background: non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), which is considered as low-risk cancer, should be distinguished from the malignant invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC). Improved discrimination of NIFTPs from invasive EFVPTCs using a molecular biomarker test could provide useful insights into pre- and post-surgical management of the indeterminate thyroid nodule. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactosyl-binding molecule in the lectin group, is involved in different biological functions in well differentiated thyroid carcinomas. The aim of this study was to determine whether Gal-3 expression as a diagnostic marker could distinguish indolent NIFTP from invasive EFVPTC on tissue specimens from surgical thyroid nodules. Methods: immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear Gal-3 expression was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical tissues in four specific diagnostic subgroups- benign nodules, NIFTPs, EFVPTCs and lymphocytic/Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (LTs). Results: cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression (mean ± SD) was significantly increased in invasive EFVPTCs (4.80 ± 1.60) compared to NIFTPs (2.75 ± 1.58, p < 0.001) and benign neoplasms (2.09 ± 1.19, p < 0.001) with no significant difference between NIFTPs and benign lesions (p = 0.064). The presence of LT enhanced cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression (3.80 ± 1.32) compared to NIFTPs (p = 0.016) and benign nodules (p < 0.001). Nuclear Gal-3 expression in invasive EFVPTCs (1.84 ± 1.30) was significantly higher than in NIFTPs (1.00 ± 0.72, p = 0.001), but similar to benign nodules (1.44 ± 1.77, p = 0.215), thereby obviating its potential clinical application. Conclusions: our observations have indicated that increased cytoplasmic Gal-3 expression shows diagnostic potential in distinguishing NIFTP among encapsulated follicular variant nodules thereby serving as a possible ancillary test to H&E histopathological diagnostic criteria when LT interference is absent, to assist in the detection of the invasive EFVPTC among such nodules.
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Trovato M, Sciacchitano S, Facciolà A, Valenti A, Visalli G, Di Pietro A. Interleukin‑6 signalling as a valuable cornerstone for molecular medicine (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:107. [PMID: 33907833 PMCID: PMC8057292 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological abilities of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been under investigation for nearly 40 years. IL-6 works through an interaction with the complex peptide IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). IL-6 is built with four α-chain nanostructures, while two different chains, IL-6Rα (gp80) and gp130/IL6β (gp130), are included in IL-6R. The three-dimensional shapes of the six chains composing the IL-6/IL-6R complex are the basis for the nanomolecular roles of IL-6 signalling. Genes, pseudogenes and competitive endogenous RNAs of IL-6 have been identified. In the present review, the roles played by miRNA in the post-transcriptional regulation of IL-6 expression are evaluated. mRNAs are absorbed via the 'sponge' effect to dynamically balance mRNA levels and this has been assessed with regard to IL-6 transcription efficiency. According to current knowledge on molecular and nanomolecular structures involved in active IL-6 signalling, two different IL-6 models have been proposed. IL-6 mainly has functions in inflammatory processes, as well as in cognitive activities. Furthermore, the abnormal production of IL-6 has been found in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; also known as COVID-19). In the present review, both inflammatory and cognitive IL-6 models were analysed by evaluating the cytological and histological locations of IL-6 signalling. The goal of this review was to illustrate the roles of the classic and trans-signalling IL-6 pathways in endocrine glands such as the thyroid and in the central nervous system. Specifically, autoimmune thyroid diseases, disorders of cognitive processes and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection have been examined to determine the contribution of IL-6 to these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Valenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
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10
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Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Arena A, D’Orazi G, Cirone M. p53-R273H Sustains ROS, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Release and mTOR Activation While Reducing Autophagy, Mitophagy and UCP2 Expression, Effects Prevented by wtp53. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030344. [PMID: 33668399 PMCID: PMC7996167 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the most frequently mutated or inactivated gene in cancer, as its activity is not reconcilable with tumor onset and progression. Moreover, mutations in the p53 gene give rise to mutant proteins such as p53-R273H that, besides losing the wild type p53 (wtp53) capacity to safeguard genome integrity, may promote carcinogenesis, mainly due to its crosstalk with pro-oncogenic pathways. Interestingly, the activation of oncogenic pathways is interconnected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to create an inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic milieu. In this study, based on experiments involving p53-R273H silencing and transfection, we showed that this mutant p53 (mutp53) promoted cancer cell survival by increasing intracellular ROS level and pro-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokine release, activating mTOR, reducing autophagy and mitophagy and downregulating uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Interestingly, p53-R273H transfection into cancer cells carrying wtp53 induced none of these effects and resulted in p21 upregulation. This suggests that wtp53 may counteract several pro-tumorigenic activities of p53-R273H and this could explain the lower aggressiveness of cancers carrying heterozygous mutp53 in comparison to those harboring homozygous mutp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences, Images and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4997-3319; Fax: + 39-064-456-229
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Gatti M, Beretti F, Zavatti M, Bertucci E, Ribeiro Luz S, Palumbo C, Maraldi T. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Counteract Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010038. [PMID: 33375177 PMCID: PMC7792960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—Osteoporosis is characterized by defects in both quality and quantity of bone tissue, which imply high susceptibility to fractures with limitations of autonomy. Current therapies for osteoporosis are mostly concentrated on how to inhibit bone resorption but give serious adverse effects. Therefore, more effective and safer therapies are needed that even encourage bone formation. Here we examined the effect of extracellular vesicles secreted by human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) (AFSC-EV) on a model of osteoporosis in vitro. Methods—human AFSC-EV were added to the culture medium of a human pre-osteoblast cell line (HOB) induced to differentiate, and then treated with dexamethasone as osteoporosis inducer. Aspects of differentiation and viability were assessed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, mass spectrometry, and histological assays. Since steroids induce oxidative stress, the levels of reactive oxygen species and of redox related proteins were evaluated. Results—AFSC-EV were able to ameliorate the differentiation ability of HOB both in the case of pre-osteoblasts and when the differentiation process was affected by dexamethasone. Moreover, the viability was increased and parallelly apoptotic markers were reduced. The presence of EV positively modulated the redox unbalance due to dexamethasone. Conclusion—these findings demonstrated that EV from hAFSC have the ability to recover precursor cell potential and delay local bone loss in steroid-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Emma Bertucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Soraia Ribeiro Luz
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (F.B.); (M.Z.); (S.R.L.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-9422-3178; Fax: +39-05-9422-4859
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12
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do Nascimento RS, Pedrosa LDF, Diethelm LTH, Souza T, Shiga TM, Fabi JP. The purification of pectin from commercial fruit flours results in a jaboticaba fraction that inhibits galectin-3 and colon cancer cell growth. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109747. [PMID: 33233311 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fruits are a prime source of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibers. Some products available on the Brazilian market use fruit by-products and claim to have useful effects on human health due to their dietary fiber content. The study aimed to extract and purify the total (28-47 w/w yield) and soluble dietary fiber (4-7 w/w yield) from jaboticaba, papaya, and plum commercial flours sold in Brazil and to study the in vitro biological effects of the fractions. The purified water-soluble fractions consisted mainly of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (5-15 KDa molecular weight) with a negligible content of polyphenols, protein, ashes, and starch. Jaboticaba sample was 95% galacturonic acid while plum and papaya samples were 40% galacturonic acid and 40% galactose (mol%), approximately. The samples were tested for recombinant human galectin-3 inhibition and changes in the cell viability of human colorectal cancer cells. Only the jaboticaba sample inhibited galectin-3 and decreased HCT116 cell viability after 48 h of treatment (p ≤ 0.01) while the plum sample decreased the cell viability after 24 h treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The results obtained in this study demonstrate the relationship between the structure of the soluble fibers extracted from jaboticaba flour and the possible beneficial effects of their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Sansoni do Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Freitas Pedrosa
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Tamie Hirata Diethelm
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thales Souza
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania M Shiga
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Girotti MR, Salatino M, Dalotto-Moreno T, Rabinovich GA. Sweetening the hallmarks of cancer: Galectins as multifunctional mediators of tumor progression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133540. [PMID: 31873723 PMCID: PMC7041721 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hanahan and Weinberg have proposed 10 organizing principles that enable growth and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. These distinctive and complementary capabilities, defined as the "hallmarks of cancer," include the ability of tumor cells and their microenvironment to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, promote replicative immortality, induce angiogenesis, support invasion and metastasis, reprogram energy metabolism, induce genomic instability and inflammation, and trigger evasion of immune responses. These common features are hierarchically regulated through different mechanisms, including those involving glycosylation-dependent programs that influence the biological and clinical impact of each hallmark. Galectins, an evolutionarily conserved family of glycan-binding proteins, have broad influence in tumor progression by rewiring intracellular and extracellular circuits either in cancer or stromal cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In this review, we dissect the role of galectins in shaping cellular circuitries governing each hallmark of tumors, illustrating relevant examples and highlighting novel opportunities for treating human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Romina Girotti
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Oncología Traslacional, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Salatino
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Yasinska IM, Sumbayev VV. Alliance of galectin-3 and CD74 biochemical networks as a crucial component of survival machinery operated by human acute myeloid leukaemia cells. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:2-3. [PMID: 31155447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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He P, Zhao C, Sun X, Du Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of lactoside-derived galectin-3 inhibitors. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1609022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Sun
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Seyrek K, Richter M, Lavrik IN. Decoding the sweet regulation of apoptosis: the role of glycosylation and galectins in apoptotic signaling pathways. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:981-93. [PMID: 30903104 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation and glycan-binding proteins such as galectins play an important role in the control of cell death signaling. Strikingly, very little attention has been given so far to the understanding of the molecular details behind this key regulatory network. Glycans attached to the death receptors such as CD95 and TRAIL-Rs, either alone or in a complex with galectins, might promote or inhibit apoptotic signals. However, we have just started to decode the functions of galectins in the modulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. In this work, we have discussed the current understanding of the glycosylation-galectin regulatory network in CD95- as well as TRAIL-R-induced apoptosis and therapeutic strategies based on targeting galectins in cancer.
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17
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Santarelli R, Carillo V, Romeo MA, Gaeta A, Nazzari C, Gonnella R, Granato M, D'Orazi G, Faggioni A, Cirone M. STAT3 phosphorylation affects p53/p21 axis and KSHV lytic cycle activation. Virology 2019; 528:137-143. [PMID: 30616203 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Tyr705 STAT3 constitutive activation, besides promoting PEL cell survival, contributes to the maintenance of viral latency. We found indeed that its de-phosphorylation by AG490 induced KSHV lytic cycle. Moreover, Tyr705 STAT3 de-phosphorylation, mediated by the activation of tyrosine phosphatases, together with the increase of Ser727 STAT3 phosphorylation contributed to KSHV lytic cycle induction by TPA. We then observed that p53-p21 axis, essential for the induction of KSHV replication, was activated by the inhibition of Tyr705 and by the increase of Ser727 STAT3 phosphorylation. As a possible link between STAT3, p53-p21 and KSHV lytic cycle, we found that TPA and AG490 reduced the expression of KAP-1, promoting p53 stability, p21 transcription and KSHV lytic cycle activation in PEL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Valentina Carillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Nazzari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Marisa Granato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy.
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy. Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Italy.
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18
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Ruvolo PP. Galectins as regulators of cell survival in the leukemia niche. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:41-54. [PMID: 30245264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment within the bone marrow (BM) contains support cells that promote leukemia cell survival and suppress host anti-tumor defenses. Galectins are a family of beta-galactoside binding proteins that are critical components in the tumor microenvironment. Galectin 1 (LGALS1) and Galectin 3 (LGALS3) as regulators of RAS signaling intracellularly and as inhibitors of immune cells extracellularly are perhaps the best studied members for their role in leukemia biology. Interest in Galectin 9 (LGALS9) is growing as this galectin has been identified as an immune checkpoint molecule. LGALS9 also supports leukemia stem cells (LSCs) though a mechanism of action is not clear. LGALS1 and LGALS3 each participate in a diverse number of survival pathways that promote drug resistance by supporting pro-tumor molecules such BCL2, MCL-1, and MYC and blocking tumor suppressors like p53. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) BM mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have protein signatures that differ from healthy donor MSC. Elevated LGALS3 protein in AML MSC is associated with refractory disease/relapse demonstrating that MSC derived galectin impacts patient survival. LGALS3 is a critical determining factor whether MSC differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts so the galectin influences the cellular composition of the leukemia niche. Both LGALS3 and LGALS1 when secreted can suppress immune function. Both galectins can induce apoptosis of T cells. LGALS3 also modulates T cell receptor endocytosis and impairs interferon mediated chemokine production by binding glycosylated interferon. LGALS3 as a TIM3 binding partner acts to suppress T cell function. Galectins also impact leukemia cell mobilization and may participate in homing mechanisms. LGALS3 participates in transport mechanism of integrins, receptors, and other molecules that control cell adhesion and cell:cell interactions. The diversity of these various functions demonstrate the importance of these galectins in the leukemia niche. This review will cover the role of LGALS1, LGALS3, and LGALS9 in the various processes that are critical for maintaining leukemia cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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19
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Ruvolo PP, Ruvolo VR, Burks JK, Qiu Y, Wang RY, Shpall EJ, Mirandola L, Hail N Jr, Zeng Z, McQueen T, Daver N, Post SM, Chiriva-Internati M, Kornblau SM, Andreeff M. Role of MSC-derived galectin 3 in the AML microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2018; 1865:959-69. [PMID: 29655803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), high Galectin 3 (LGALS3) expression is associated with poor prognosis. The role of LGALS3 derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in the AML microenvironment is unclear; however, we have recently found high LGALS3 expression in MSC derived from AML patients is associated with relapse. In this study, we used reverse phase protein analysis (RPPA) to correlate LGALS3 expression in AML MSC with 119 other proteins including variants of these proteins such as phosphorylated forms or cleaved forms to identify biologically relevant pathways. RPPA revealed that LGALS3 protein was positively correlated with expression of thirteen proteins including MYC, phosphorylated beta-Catenin (p-CTNNB1), and AKT2 and negatively correlated with expression of six proteins including integrin beta 3 (ITGB3). String analysis revealed that proteins positively correlated with LGALS3 showed strong interconnectivity. Consistent with the RPPA results, LGALS3 suppression by shRNA in MSC resulted in decreased MYC and AKT expression while ITGB3 was induced. In co-culture, the ability of AML cell to adhere to MSC LGALS3 shRNA transductants was reduced compared to AML cell adhesion to MSC control shRNA transductants. Finally, use of novel specific LGALS3 inhibitor CBP.001 in co-culture of AML cells with MSC reduced viable leukemia cell populations with induced apoptosis and augmented the chemotherapeutic effect of AraC. In summary, the current study demonstrates that MSC-derived LGALS3 may be critical for important biological pathways for MSC homeostasis and for regulating AML cell localization and survival in the leukemia microenvironmental niche.
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20
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Bartolazzi A, Sciacchitano S, D'Alessandria C. Galectin-3: The Impact on the Clinical Management of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020445. [PMID: 29393868 PMCID: PMC5855667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an evolutionarily-conserved family of lectin molecules, which can be expressed intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix, as well. Galectins bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and are functionally active in converting glycan-related information into cell biological programs. Altered glycosylation notably occurring in cancer cells and expression of specific galectins provide, indeed, a fashionable mechanism of molecular interactions able to regulate several tumor relevant functions, among which are cell adhesion and migration, cell differentiation, gene transcription and RNA splicing, cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, several galectin molecules also play a role in regulating the immune response. These functions are strongly dependent on the cell context, in which specific galectins and related glyco-ligands are expressed. Thyroid cancer likely represents the paradigmatic tumor model in which experimental studies on galectins' glycobiology, in particular on galectin-3 expression and function, contributed greatly to the improvement of cancer diagnosis. The discovery of a restricted expression of galectin-3 in well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTC), compared to normal and benign thyroid conditions, contributed also to promoting preclinical studies aimed at exploring new strategies for imaging thyroid cancer in vivo based on galectin-3 immuno-targeting. Results derived from these recent experimental studies promise a further improvement of both thyroid cancer diagnosis and therapy in the near future. In this review, the biological role of galectin-3 expression in thyroid cancer, the validation and translation to a clinical setting of a galectin-3 test method for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules and a galectin-3-based immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging of thyroid cancer in vivo are presented and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Blood Proteins
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Galectin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Galectin 3/genetics
- Galectin 3/immunology
- Galectins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Nodule/drug therapy
- Thyroid Nodule/genetics
- Thyroid Nodule/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Saint Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Gonnella R, Yadav S, Gilardini Montani MS, Granato M, Santarelli R, Garufi A, D'Orazi G, Faggioni A, Cirone M. Oxidant species are involved in T/B-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation that activates p53-p21 axis to promote KSHV lytic cycle in PEL cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:327-335. [PMID: 28801242 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
KSHV is a gammaherpesvirus strongly associated to human cancers such as Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and Kaposi's Sarcoma. The naturally virus-infected tumor cells usually display latent infection since a minority of cells undergoes spontaneous viral replication. The lytic cycle can be induced in vitro upon appropriate stimuli such as TPA (T), alone or in combination with butyrate (B), (T/B). In previous studies, Protein Kinase C (PKC) δ, Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and p53-p21 axis have been separately reported to play a role in KSHV reactivation from latency. Here, we found that these pathways were interconnected to induce KSHV lytic cycle in PEL cells treated with T/B. T/B also increased H2O2 that played an important role in the activation of these pathways. Oxidant specie production correlated with PKC δ activation, as the PKC δ inhibitor rottlerin reduced both H2O2 and KSHV lytic antigen expression. H2O2 contributed to T/B-mediated ERK1/2 activation that mediated p53 phosphorylation at serine 15 (Ser15) and increased p21 expression. Oxidant specie inhibition by quercetin indeed strongly reduced the activation of these pathways, lytic antigen expression and interestingly it also increased T/B-induced cell death. The use of ERK inhibitor PD98059 or p53 silencing demonstrated the importance of p53Ser15 phosphorylation and of p53-p21 axis in KSHV lytic cycle activation. Understanding the role of oxidant species and the molecular mechanisms involved in KSHV lytic cycle induction is particularly important since oxidant species represent the most physiological stimulus for viral reactivation in vivo and it is known that viral production contributes to the maintenance/progression of KSHV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Shivangi Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Marisa Granato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Garufi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy.
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23
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Jinesh GG, Kamat AM. The Blebbishield Emergency Program Overrides Chromosomal Instability and Phagocytosis Checkpoints in Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6144-6156. [PMID: 28855211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability and immune evasion are hallmarks of cancer. Apoptotic cancer stem cells can evade cell death by undergoing cellular transformation by constructing "blebbishields" from apoptotic bodies. In this study, we report a novel linkage between genomic instability and phagocytosis evasion that is coordinated by the blebbishield emergency program. Blebbishield emergency program evaded genomic instability checkpoint, expressed genomic instability-associated genes at distinct phases of cellular transformation, exhibited chromosomal instability, and promoted increase in nuclear size. Blebbishields fused with immune cells to evade phagocytosis, and the resultant hybrid cells exhibited increased migration, tumorigenesis, metastasis, red blood cell recruitment to tumors, and induced hepatosplenomegaly with signatures of genomic instability, blebbishield emergency program, and phagocytosis evasion to offer poor prognosis. Overall, our data demonstrate that the blebbishield emergency program drives evasion of chromosomal instability and phagocytosis checkpoints by apoptotic cancer stem cells. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6144-56. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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24
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Trovato M, Drago C, Bartolazzi A. Comparative analysis of diagnostic performance, feasibility and cost of different test-methods for thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Oncotarget 2017; 8:49421-42. [PMID: 28472764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it is impossible to recognize malignancy at fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in indeterminate thyroid nodules, surgery is recommended for all of them. However, cancer rate at final histology is <30%. Many different test-methods have been proposed to increase diagnostic accuracy in such lesions, including Galectin-3-ICC (GAL-3-ICC), BRAF mutation analysis (BRAF), Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) alone and GEC+BRAF, mutation/fusion (M/F) panel, alone, M/F panel+miRNA GEC, and M/F panel by next generation sequencing (NGS), FDG-PET/CT, MIBI-Scan and TSHR mRNA blood assay.We performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to compare their features, feasibility, diagnostic performance and cost. GEC, GEC+BRAF, M/F panel+miRNA GEC and M/F panel by NGS were the best in ruling-out malignancy (sensitivity = 90%, 89%, 89% and 90% respectively). BRAF and M/F panel alone and by NGS were the best in ruling-in malignancy (specificity = 100%, 93% and 93%). The M/F by NGS showed the highest accuracy (92%) and BRAF the highest diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) (247). GAL-3-ICC performed well as rule-out (sensitivity = 83%) and rule-in test (specificity = 85%), with good accuracy (84%) and high DOR (27) and is one of the cheapest (113 USD) and easiest one to be performed in different clinical settings.In conclusion, the more accurate molecular-based test-methods are still expensive and restricted to few, highly specialized and centralized laboratories. GAL-3-ICC, although limited by some false negatives, represents the most suitable screening test-method to be applied on a large-scale basis in the diagnostic algorithm of indeterminate thyroid lesions.
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25
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Spath L, Ulivieri A, Lavra L, Fidanza L, Carlesimo M, Giubettini M, Narcisi A, Luciani E, Bucci B, Pisani D, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A. Antiproliferative Effects of 1α-OH-vitD 3 in Malignant Melanoma: Potential Therapeutic implications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40370. [PMID: 28074906 PMCID: PMC5225467 DOI: 10.1038/srep40370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and surgery represent the mainstay of treatment for superficial melanoma, but for high risk lesions (Breslow’s thickness >0.75 mm) an effective adjuvant therapy is lacking. Vitamin D insufficiency plays a relevant role in cancer biology. The biological effects of 1α hydroxycholecalciferol on experimental melanoma models were investigated. 105 melanoma patients were checked for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (circulating vitamin D) serum levels. Human derived melanoma cell lines and in vivo xenografts were used for studying 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol-mediated biological effects on cell proliferation and tumor growth. 99 out of 105 (94%) melanoma patients had insufficient 25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum levels. Interestingly among the six with vitamin D in the normal range, five had a diagnosis of in situ/microinvasive melanoma. Treatment with 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol induced antiproliferative effects on melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo, modulating the expression of cell cycle key regulatory molecules. Cell cycle arrest in G1 or G2 phase was invariably observed in vitamin D treated melanoma cells. The antiproliferative activity induced by 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol in experimental melanoma models, together with the discovery of insufficient 25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum levels in melanoma patients, provide the rationale for using vitamin D in melanoma adjuvant therapy, alone or in association with other therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Spath
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lavra
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fidanza
- Dermatology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Carlesimo
- Dermatology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giubettini
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Emidio Luciani
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bucci
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pisani
- Internal Medicine Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.,Molecular and Cellular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, CCK R8:04, S-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Ulivieri A, Magi F, Porcelli T, Amendola S, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Trovato MC, Salehi LB, Bartolazzi A. Combined clinical and ultrasound follow-up assists in malignancy detection in Galectin-3 negative Thy-3 thyroid nodules. Endocrine 2016; 54:139-147. [PMID: 26475496 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of galectin-3 ThyroTest in the preoperative evaluation of cytologically indeterminate (Thy-3) thyroid nodules has been largely validated by retrospective and prospective multicentre studies. Here we report the results of galectin-3 ThyroTest routinely applied in the management of Thy-3 nodules in combination with clinical and ultrasonography (US) examination, in which galectin-3 positive nodules were directly referred to surgery whereas galectin-3 negative lesions were considered for clinical and US long-term follow-up. A cohort of 331 patients, bearing 340 thyroid Thy-3 nodules, was enrolled and subjected to galectin-3 expression analysis. A total of 256 galectin-3 negative nodules were directed to periodical clinical and US examination, while 84 galectin-3 positive cases were referred to surgery. Excluding 63 dropout patients plus 15 patients that were operated because of clinical reasons the remaining 176 galectin-3 negative nodules were followed with clinical and US examination for an average period of 31 months. During the follow-up, the volume of galectin-3 negative nodules was unchanged in 85 cases (48 %), reduced in 47 (27 %), and increased in 44 (25 %). Based on combined clinical features and US follow-up results, a total of 36 out of 191 galectin-3 negative nodules (19 %) were referred to surgery, with a final histological finding of 28 benign lesions, three follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP), and five malignant lesions, corresponding to a 7 % false negative rate. In the group of 84 galectin-3 positive nodules, we detected 65 thyroid cancers with a prevalence of 77 %, 12 FT-UMPs, and 7 false positive lesions, corresponding to a 4 % false positive rate. A total of 150 patients were not operated and are still under clinical and US monitoring while surgery was performed in 118 patients with a final 70 thyroid cancers diagnosed, corresponding to a 59 % prevalence of malignancy detected at surgery and to a 26 % prevalence of malignancy among the entire Thy-3 nodule population. Galectin-3 ThyroTest is an easy and cheap diagnostic procedure that integrates conventional fine-needle-aspiration cytology, reduces the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies and increases the rate of malignancy at surgery. Clinical and US follow-up of galectin-3 negative lesions allows to further reduce false negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Amendola
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario "G. Martino", via Consolare Valeria, Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Laboratory of Surgical and Experimental Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Kolben TM, Kraft F, Kolben T, Goess C, Semmlinger A, Dannecker C, Schmoeckel E, Mayr D, Sommer NN, Mahner S, Jeschke U. Expression of Sialyl Lewis a, Sialyl Lewis x, Lewis y, Gal-3, Gal-7, STMN1 and p16 in cervical dysplasia. Future Oncol 2016; 13:145-157. [PMID: 27646625 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is commonly divided into three grades. Guidelines increasingly recommend surgery only in CIN 3 lesions. We investigated markers to evaluate differences in CIN 2 and 3 lesions as well as possible predictors for regression/progression in CIN 2 lesions. MATERIALS & METHODS Biopsies (n = 128) of healthy cervical tissue and CIN 1-3 were stained for Sialyl Lewis a, Sialyl Lewis x, Lewis y, Gal-3, Gal-7, STMN1 and p16. RESULTS We observed significant differences between CIN 2 and 3 lesions for Sialyl Lewis a, Sialyl Lewis x, Gal-3, Gal-7, STMN1 and p16. Expression of Sialyl Lewis a was significantly higher in CIN 2 patients who progressed during follow-up. CONCLUSION Significant differences in marker expression support the differentiation of CIN 2 and 3. Lewis a may help to predict progression/regression in CIN 2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Kolben
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Kraft
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Goess
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Semmlinger
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Dannecker
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nora N Sommer
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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28
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Garufi A, Pistritto G, Cirone M, D'Orazi G. Reactivation of mutant p53 by capsaicin, the major constituent of peppers. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:136. [PMID: 27599722 PMCID: PMC5012067 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the p53 oncosuppressor gene are highly frequent in human cancers. These alterations are mainly point mutations in the DNA binding domain of p53 and disable p53 from transactivating target genes devoted to anticancer activity. Mutant p53 proteins are usually more stable than wild-type p53 and may not only impair wild-type p53 activity but also acquire pro-oncogenic functions. Therefore, targeting mutant p53 to clear the hyperstable proteins or change p53 conformation to reactivate wild-type p53 protein functions is a powerful anticancer strategy. Several small molecules have been tested for p53 reactivation in mutant p53-carrying cells while studies exploiting the effect of natural compounds are limited. Capsaicin (CPS) is the major constituent of peppers and show antitumor activity by targeting several molecular pathway, however, its effect on mutant p53 reactivation has not been assessed yet. In this study we aimed at investigating whether mutant p53 could be a new target of capsaicin-induced cell death and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS p53 levels were analysed by western blot upon capsaicin treatment in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. The mutant p53 reactivation was evaluated by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses of wild-type p53 target genes. The specific wild-type p53 activation was determined by using the inhibitor of p53 transactivation function, pifithrin-α and siRNA for p53. RESULTS Here, we show that capsaicin induced autophagy that was, at least in part, responsible of mutant p53 protein degradation. Abrogation of mutant p53 by capsaicin restored wild-type p53 activities over mutant p53 functions, contributing to cancer cell death. Similar effects were confirmed in cancer cells bearing tumor-associated p53 mutations and in H1299 (p53 null) with overexpressed p53R175H and p53R273H mutant proteins. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate for the first time that capsaicin may reduce mutant p53 levels and reactivate wild-type p53 protein in mutant p53-carrying cells and the p53 reactivation contributes to capsaicin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Garufi
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Rome, 00144, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Pistritto
- Department of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University "Sapienza", Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Rome, 00144, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, 66013, Italy.
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29
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Campo VL, Marchiori MF, Rodrigues LC, Dias-Baruffi M. Synthetic glycoconjugates inhibitors of tumor-related galectin-3: an update. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:853-876. [PMID: 27526114 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is associated with the development and malignancy of several types of tumor, mediating important tumor-related functions, such as tumorigenesis, neoplastic transformation, tumor cell survival, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and regulation of apoptosis. Therefore, synthetic galectin-3 inhibitors are of utmost importance for development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. In this review we present an updated selection of synthetic glycoconjugates inhibitors of tumor-related galectin-3, properly addressed as monosaccharide- and disaccharide-based inhibitors, and multivalent-based inhibitors, disclosuring relevant methods for their synthesis along with their inhibitory activities towards galectin-3. In general, Cu(I)-assisted 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions were predominantly applied for the synthesis of the described inhibitors, which had their inhibitory activities against galectin-3 evaluated by fluorescence polarization, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), hemagglutination, ELISA and cell imaging assays. Overall, the presented synthetic glycoconjugates represent frontline galectin-3 inhibitors, finding important biomedical applications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leiria Campo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Fiori Marchiori
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lílian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Café S/N, CEP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
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30
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D'Alessandria C, Braesch-Andersen S, Bejo K, Reder S, Blechert B, Schwaiger M, Bartolazzi A. Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging and Biologic Characterization of Thyroid Tumors by ImmunoPET Targeting of Galectin-3. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3583-92. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Pokrywka M, Bubka M, Janik M, Pocheć E, Hoja-Łukowicz D, Lityńska A. Gal-3 does not suppress cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A-375 melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:428-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pokrywka
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Kopernika 15A 31-501 Kraków Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7A 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Monika Bubka
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Marcelina Janik
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Lityńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
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32
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Wang L, Guo XL. Molecular regulation of galectin-3 expression and therapeutic implication in cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:165-171. [PMID: 26898438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a multifunctional protein, distributes inside and outside cells and plays an important role in tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in multiple tumors. Changes in galectin-3 expression are commonly seen in cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. Therefore, to understand the molecular regulation of galectin-3 expression could aid the development of new approach for cancer treatment. This review summarizes different expression of galectin-3 in cancer cells and patients' serum, the regulation mechanism and the potential therapeutic targets of galectin-3 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Ruvolo PP, Ruvolo VR, Benton CB, AlRawi A, Burks JK, Schober W, Rolke J, Tidmarsh G, Hail N, Davis RE, Andreeff M. Combination of galectin inhibitor GCS-100 and BH3 mimetics eliminates both p53 wild type and p53 null AML cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:562-71. [PMID: 26704388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectin 3 (LGALS3) expression is prognostic for poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. GCS-100 is a novel galectin inhibitor that may prove useful for AML therapy. In this study, we found that GCS-100 induced apoptosis in AML cells. The agent reduced MCL-1 expression suggesting that GCS-100 could be more effective when combined with a BH3 mimetic. Indeed, potent synergistic cytotoxicity was achieved when GCS-100 was combined with ABT-737 or ABT-199. Furthermore, the GCS-100/ABT-199 combination was effective against primary AML blast cells from patients with FLT3 ITD mutations, which is another prognostic factor for poor outcome in AML. This activity may involve wild-type p53 as shRNA knockdown of LGALS3 or galectin 1 (LGALS1) sensitized wild-type p53 OCI-AML3 cells to GCS-100/ABT-737-induced apoptosis to a much greater extent than p53 null THP-1 cells. Suppression of LGALS3 by shRNA inhibited MCL-1 expression in OCI-AML3 cells, but not THP-1 cells, suggesting the induced sensitivity to ABT-737 may involve a MCL-1 mediated mechanism. OCI-AML3 cells with LGALS1 shRNA were also sensitized to ABT-737. However, these cells exhibited increased MCL-1 expression, so MCL-1 reduction is apparently not required in this process. A role for p53 appears important as GCS-100 induces p53 expression and shRNA knockdown of p53 protected OCI-AML3 cells from the cytotoxic effects of the GCS-100/ABT-737 treatment combination. Our results suggest that galectins regulate a survival axis in AML cells, which may be targeted via combined inhibition with drugs such as GCS-100 and ABT-199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher B Benton
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed AlRawi
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy Schober
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Rolke
- La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Numsen Hail
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The predominant function of the tumor suppressor p53 is transcriptional regulation. It is generally accepted that p53-dependent transcriptional activation occurs by binding to a specific recognition site in promoters of target genes. Additionally, several models for p53-dependent transcriptional repression have been postulated. Here, we evaluate these models based on a computational meta-analysis of genome-wide data. Surprisingly, several major models of p53-dependent gene regulation are implausible. Meta-analysis of large-scale data is unable to confirm reports on directly repressed p53 target genes and falsifies models of direct repression. This notion is supported by experimental re-analysis of representative genes reported as directly repressed by p53. Therefore, p53 is not a direct repressor of transcription, but solely activates its target genes. Moreover, models based on interference of p53 with activating transcription factors as well as models based on the function of ncRNAs are also not supported by the meta-analysis. As an alternative to models of direct repression, the meta-analysis leads to the conclusion that p53 represses transcription indirectly by activation of the p53-p21-DREAM/RB pathway.
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Key Words
- CDE, cell cycle-dependent element
- CDKN1A
- CHR, cell cycle genes homology region
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DREAM complex
- DREAM, DP, RB-like, E2F4, and MuvB complex
- E2F/RB complex
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- NF-Y, Nuclear factor Y
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- genome-wide meta-analysis
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- a Molecular Oncology; Medical School ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
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Ruvolo PP. Galectin 3 as a guardian of the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:427-437. [PMID: 26264495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 3 is a member of a family of β-galactoside binding proteins and has emerged as an important regulator of diverse functions critical in cancer biology including apoptosis, metastasis, immune surveillance, molecular trafficking, mRNA splicing, gene expression, and inflammation. Galectin 3's ability to support cancer cell survival by intra-cellular and extra-cellular mechanisms suggests this molecule is an important component of the tumor microenvironment that potentially could be targeted for therapy. Data is emerging that Galectin 3 is elevated in many cancers including solid tumors and the cancers of the blood. Galectin 3 also appears to be a key molecule produced by tumor microenvironment support cells including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to suppress immune surveillance by killing T cells and interfering with NK cell function and by supporting metastasis. Levels of Galectin 3 increase in the MSC of aging mice and perhaps this contributes to the development of cancer in the elderly. Galectin 3 modulates surface protein expression of a diverse set of glycoproteins including CD44 by regulating endocytosis of these proteins. In addition, Galectin 3 binding to receptor kinases such as CD45 and the T cell receptor is critical in the regulation of their function. In this review I will examine the various mechanisms how Galectin 3 supports chemoresistance and metastasis in solid tumors and in leukemia and lymphoma. I will also discuss possible therapeutic strategies to target this Galectin for cancer therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Metastasis, Inflammation, and Immune Surveillance edited by Peter Ruvolo and Gregg L. Semenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States.
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Choy YJ, Hong SY, Pack SJ, Woo RS, Baik TK, Song DY. Changes of gene expression of Gal3, Hsp27, Lcn2, and Timp1 in rat substantia nigra following medial forebrain bundle transection using a candidate gene microarray. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 66-67:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mancini F, Pieroni L, Monteleone V, Lucà R, Fici L, Luca E, Urbani A, Xiong S, Soddu S, Masetti R, Lozano G, Pontecorvi A, Moretti F. MDM4/HIPK2/p53 cytoplasmic assembly uncovers coordinated repression of molecules with anti-apoptotic activity during early DNA damage response. Oncogene 2015; 35:228-40. [PMID: 25961923 PMCID: PMC4717155 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The p53 inhibitor, MDM4 (MDMX) is a cytoplasmic protein with p53-activating function under DNA damage conditions. Particularly, MDM4 promotes phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46, a modification that precedes different p53 activities. We investigated the mechanism by which MDM4 promotes this p53 modification and its consequences in untransformed mammary epithelial cells and tissues. In response to severe DNA damage, MDM4 stimulates p53Ser46P by binding and stabilizing serine–threonine kinase HIPK2. Under these conditions, the p53-inhibitory complex, MDM4/MDM2, dissociates and this allows MDM4 to promote p53/HIPK2 functional interaction. Comparative proteomic analysis of DNA damage-treated cells versus -untreated cells evidenced a diffuse downregulation of proteins with anti-apoptotic activity, some of which were targets of p53Ser46P/HIPK2 repressive activity. Importantly, MDM4 depletion abolishes the downregulation of these proteins indicating the requirement of MDM4 to promote p53-mediated transcriptional repression. Consistently, MDM4-mediated HIPK2/p53 activation precedes HIPK2/p53 nuclear translocation and activity. Noteworthy, repression of these proteins was evident also in mammary glands of mice subjected to γ-irradiation and was significantly enhanced in transgenic mice overexpressing MDM4. This study evidences the flexibility of MDM2/MDM4 heterodimer, which allows the development of a positive activity of cytoplasmic MDM4 towards p53-mediated transcriptional function. Noteworthy, this activity uncovers coordinated repression of molecules with shared anti-apoptotic function which precedes active cell apoptosis and that are frequently overexpressed and/or markers of tumour phenotype in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mancini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - L Pieroni
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma 'Tor Vergata', Roma, Italy
| | - V Monteleone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy
| | - R Lucà
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy
| | - L Fici
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - E Luca
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - A Urbani
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma 'Tor Vergata', Roma, Italy
| | - S Xiong
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Soddu
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - R Masetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - G Lozano
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Pontecorvi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - F Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Roma, Italy
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Chen SS, Sun LW, Brickner H, Sun PQ. Downregulating galectin-3 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via RNA interference. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:44-53. [PMID: 25684095 PMCID: PMC4704704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, serves as a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) of dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating proinflammatory cytokine production. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) siRNA downregulates expression of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23 p19, while upregulates IL-10 and IL-12 p35 in TLR/NLR stimulated human MoDCs. Furthermore, Gal-3 siRNA-treated MoDCs enhanced IFN-γ production in SEB-stimulated CD45RO CD4 T-cells, but attenuated IL-17A and IL-5 production by CD4 T-cells. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against Gal-3, or recombinant Gal-3 did not differentially modulate IL-23 p19 versus IL-12 p35. The data indicate that intracellular Gal-3 acts as cytokine hub of human DCs in responding to innate immunity signals. Gal-3 downregulation reprograms proinflammatory cytokine production by MoDCs that inhibit Th2/Th17 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Liang-Wu Sun
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Howard Brickner
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Qing Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Dewi V, Kwok A, Lee S, Lee MM, Tan YM, Nicholas HR, Isono KI, Wienert B, Mak KS, Knights AJ, Quinlan KGR, Cordwell SJ, Funnell APW, Pearson RCM, Crossley M. Phosphorylation of Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3/BKLF) and C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) modulates KLF3 DNA binding and activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8591-605. [PMID: 25659434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 3 (KLF3/BKLF), a member of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of transcription factors, is a widely expressed transcriptional repressor with diverse biological roles. Although there is considerable understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allow KLF3 to silence the activity of its target genes, less is known about the signal transduction pathways and post-translational modifications that modulate KLF3 activity in response to physiological stimuli. We observed that KLF3 is modified in a range of different tissues and found that the serine/threonine kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) can both bind and phosphorylate KLF3. Mass spectrometry identified serine 249 as the primary phosphorylation site. Mutation of this site reduces the ability of KLF3 to bind DNA and repress transcription. Furthermore, we also determined that HIPK2 can phosphorylate the KLF3 co-repressor C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) at serine 428. Finally, we found that phosphorylation of KLF3 and CtBP2 by HIPK2 strengthens the interaction between these two factors and increases transcriptional repression by KLF3. Taken together, our results indicate that HIPK2 potentiates the activity of KLF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitri Dewi
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Alister Kwok
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Stella Lee
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Ming Min Lee
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Yee Mun Tan
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Hannah R Nicholas
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Kyo-ichi Isono
- the RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Beeke Wienert
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ka Sin Mak
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander J Knights
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
| | - Alister P W Funnell
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard C M Pearson
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Merlin Crossley
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia, the School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia, and
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Abstract
Galectins are a family of animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains that recognize β-galactosides. Despite structural similarities, these proteins have diverse functions in a variety of cellular processes. While a large number of extracellular functions have been demonstrated for galectins, the existence of intracellular functions has been clearly shown for a number of galectins, including regulation of cell growth and apoptosis; these latter functions may not involve glycan binding. There is considerable interest in intracellular regulation by galectins of cell growth and apoptosis, as these are fundamental cellular processes in normal homeostasis. Their dysregulation can cause pathologies such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, and neural degenerative diseases. Here we describe methods that we routinely perform in the laboratory to investigate the role of galectins in cell growth and apoptosis. These include methods for cell isolation, cell maintenance, and genetic manipulations to perturb galectin gene expression, as well as assays for cell growth and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Garufi A, D'Orazi G. High glucose dephosphorylates serine 46 and inhibits p53 apoptotic activity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:79. [PMID: 25260780 PMCID: PMC4181716 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background In response to diverse genotoxic stimuli p53 is activated as transcription factor to exert its tumor-suppressor function. P53 activation requires protein stabilization, nuclear localization and posttranslational modifications in key residues that may influence p53 selection of target genes. Among them, serine 46 (Ser46) phosphorylation is considered specific for apoptotic activation. Hyperglicaemia, the high blood glucose condition, may negatively affect tumor response to therapies through several mechanisms, conferring resistance to drug-induced cell death. However, whether high glucose might modify p53Ser46 phosphorylation has never been addressed. Methods and results Here, we performed biochemical and molecular analyses in different cancer cell lines treated with chemotherapy in the presence or absence of high glucose condition. Analyses of p53 posttranslational modifications showed that drug-induced p53Ser46 phosphorylation was reduced by high glucose. Such reduction depended by high glucose-induced calyculin A-sensitive phosphatase(s), able to specifically target p53Ser46 phosphorylation. The specific effect on Ser46 phosphorylation was addressed by analysing Ser15 phosphorylation that instead was not modified by high glucose. In agreement, a constitutively phosphorylated Ser46D p53 mutant was resistant to high glucose. As a consequence of phosphoSer46 impairment, high glucose reduced the tumor cell response to drugs, correlating with reduced p53 apoptotic transactivation. The drug-induced apoptotic cell death, reduced by high glucose, was finally restored by the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A. Conclusions These data indicate that high glucose specifically inhibited Ser46 phosphorylation thus reducing p53 apoptotic activity. These results uncover a new mechanism of p53 inactivation providing an interesting novel molecular link between metabolic diseases such as diabetes or obesity and tumor progression and resistance to therapies.
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De Nicola F, Catena V, Rinaldo C, Bruno T, Iezzi S, Sorino C, Desantis A, Camerini S, Crescenzi M, Floridi A, Passananti C, Soddu S, Fanciulli M. HIPK2 sustains apoptotic response by phosphorylating Che-1/AATF and promoting its degradation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1414. [PMID: 25210797 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Che-1/AATF is an RNA polymerase II-binding protein that is involved in the regulation of gene transcription, which undergoes stabilization and accumulation in response to DNA damage. We have previously demonstrated that following apoptotic induction, Che-1 protein levels are downregulated through its interaction with the E3 ligase HDM2, which leads to Che-1 degradation by ubiquitylation. This interaction is mediated by Pin1, which determines a phosphorylation-dependent conformational change. Here we demonstrate that HIPK2, a proapoptotic kinase, is involved in Che-1 degradation. HIPK2 interacts with Che-1 and, upon genotoxic stress, phosphorylates it at specific residues. This event strongly increases HDM2/Che-1 interaction and degradation of Che-1 protein via ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal system. In agreement with these findings, we found that HIPK2 depletion strongly decreases Che-1 ubiquitylation and degradation. Notably, Che-1 overexpression strongly counteracts HIPK2-induced apoptosis. Our results establish Che-1 as a new HIPK2 target and confirm its important role in the cellular response to DNA damage.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Galectin-3 is involved in many physical and pathologic process, and is closely correlated with tumorigenesis, development and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the gene expression and significance of Galectin-3 in normal lung tissue and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue. METHODS Gene expression was examined using the immunohistochemical S-P method in 62 NSCLC cases and in 17 cases with normal lung tissue. RT-PCR verified the expression of Galectin-3 at the transcriptional level. RESULTS The expression rate of Galectin-3 in NSCLC tissue was 83.8% (52/62), which was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue (P<0.01). Galectin-3 expression was not correlated with sex (χ²=0.113, P>0.05), age (χ²=0.220, P>0.05), and histological type (χ²=0.012, P>0.05), but was negatively correlated with pathological differentiation (r=-0.292, P<0.05) and positively correlated with the clinical stage (r=0.336, P<0.05) in NSCLC tissue. RT-PCR results showed that the expression level of Galectin-3 in NSCLC tissue was significantly higher than in normal lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 may be useful in lung cancer diagnosis and may increase diagnosis rate when combined with other lung cancer markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150081 Harbin, China
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Ricci A, Cherubini E, Ulivieri A, Lavra L, Sciacchitano S, Scozzi D, Mancini R, Ciliberto G, Bartolazzi A, Bruno P, Graziano P, Mariotta S. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase2 in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:235-41. [PMID: 22689412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (Hipk2) is an emerging player in cell response to genotoxic agents that contributes to the cell's decision between cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. HIPK2 acts as co-regulator of an increasing number of transcription factors and modulates many different basic cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, DNA damage response, differentiation. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by an anatomical disarrangement of the lung due to fibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition and lung function impairment. Although the role of inflammation is still debated, attention has been focused on lung cell functions as fibroblast phenotype and activity. Aim of the present study was to analyze the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at HIPK2 locus 7q32.34 in human lung fibroblasts and the HIPK2 expression in 15 IPF samples and in four primary fibroblast cell cultures isolated from IPF biopsies using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blots and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated a frequency of LOH in IPF fibroblasts of 46% for the internal D7S6440 microsatellite and 26.6% for the external D7S2468 microsatellite. Furthermore, we demonstrated low HIPK2 protein expression in those fibroblasts from IPF patients that present the HIPK2 LOH. The restoration of HIPK2 expression in IPF derived cells induced a significant reduction of chemoresistance after treatment with cisplatin. The results obtained allow us to hypothesize that HIPK2 dysfunction may play a role in fibroblasts behavior and in IPF pathogenesis. HIPK2 may be considered as a novel potential target for anti-fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ricci
- Università di Roma La Sapienza, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Roma, Italy
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Veschi V, Petroni M, Cardinali B, Dominici C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Giannini G. Galectin-3 impairment of MYCN-dependent apoptosis-sensitive phenotype is antagonized by nutlin-3 in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49139. [PMID: 23152863 PMCID: PMC3494673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in about 20–25% of human neuroblastomas and characterizes the majority of the high-risk cases, which display less than 50% prolonged survival rate despite intense multimodal treatment. Somehow paradoxically, MYCN also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis, understanding the molecular mechanisms of which might be relevant for the therapy of MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We recently reported that the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN is linked to stabilization of p53 and its proapoptotic kinase HIPK2. In MYCN primed neuroblastoma cells, further activation of both HIPK2 and p53 by Nutlin-3 leads to massive apoptosis in vitro and to tumor shrinkage and impairment of metastasis in xenograft models. Here we report that Galectin-3 impairs MYCN-primed and HIPK2-p53-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Galectin-3 is broadly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and is repressed by MYCN to induce the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. Despite its reduced levels, Galectin-3 can still exert residual antiapoptotic effects in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells, possibly due to its specific subcellular localization. Importantly, Nutlin-3 represses Galectin-3 expression, and this is required for its potent cell killing effect on MYCN amplified cell lines. Our data further characterize the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN, expand our understanding of the activity of MDM2-p53 antagonists and highlight Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker for the tailored p53 reactivation therapy in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK) R8∶04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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D'Orazi G, Rinaldo C, Soddu S. Updates on HIPK2: a resourceful oncosuppressor for clearing cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:63. [PMID: 22889244 PMCID: PMC3432601 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a multitalented protein that exploits its kinase activity to modulate key molecular pathways in cancer to restrain tumor growth and induce response to therapies. HIPK2 phosphorylates oncosuppressor p53 for apoptotic activation. In addition, also p53-independent apoptotic pathways are regulated by HIPK2 and can be exploited for anticancer purpose too. Therefore, HIPK2 activity is considered a central switch in targeting tumor cells toward apoptosis upon genotoxic damage and the preservation and/or restoration of HIPK2 function is crucial for an efficient tumor response to therapies. As a proof of principle, HIPK2 knockdown impairs p53 function, induces chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and tumor growth in vivo, on the contrary, HIPK2 overexpression activates apoptotic pathways, counteracts hypoxia, inhibits angiogenesis, and induces chemosensitivity both in p53-dependent and -independent ways. The role of HIPK2 in restraining tumor development was also confirmed by studies with HIPK2 knockout mice. Recent findings demonstrated that HIPK2 inhibitions do exist in tumors and depend by several mechanisms including HIPK2 cytoplasmic localization, protein degradation, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), recapitulating the biological outcome obtained by RNA interference studies in tumor cells, such as p53 inactivation, resistance to therapies, apoptosis inhibition, and tumor progression. These findings may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for treating cancer patients. This review will focus on the last updates about HIPK2 contribution in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G, d'Annunzio", Chieti 66013, Italy.
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Coppola V, Musumeci M, Patrizii M, Cannistraci A, Addario A, Maugeri-Saccà M, Biffoni M, Francescangeli F, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S, Memeo L, Pagliuca A, Muto G, Zeuner A, De Maria R, Bonci D. BTG2 loss and miR-21 upregulation contribute to prostate cell transformation by inducing luminal markers expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2012; 32:1843-53. [PMID: 22614007 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men. Despite significant advances in prostate cancer diagnosis and management, the molecular events involved in the transformation of normal prostate cells into cancer cells have not been fully understood. It is generally accepted that prostate cancer derives from the basal compartment while expressing luminal markers. We investigated whether downregulation of the basal protein B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is implicated in prostate cancer transformation and progression. Here we show that BTG2 loss can shift normal prostate basal cells towards luminal markers expression, a phenotype also accompanied by the appearance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits. We also show that the overexpression of microRNA (miR)-21 suppresses BTG2 levels and promotes the acquisition of luminal markers and EMT in prostate cells. Furthermore, by using an innovative lentiviral vector able to compete with endogenous mRNA through the overexpression of the 3'-untranslated region of BTG2, we demonstrate that in prostate tumor cells, the levels of luminal and EMT markers can be reduced by derepression of BTG2 from microRNA-mediated control. Finally, we show that the loss of BTG2 expression confers to non-tumorigenic prostate cells ability to grow in an orthotopic murine model, thus demonstrating the central role of BTG2 downregulaton in prostate cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Coppola
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Bartolazzi A, Bellotti C, Sciacchitano S. Methodology and technical requirements of the galectin-3 test for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:2-7. [PMID: 21691201 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31821ee9bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the β-galactosyl binding protein galectin-3 has been the object of extensive molecular, structural, and functional studies aimed to clarify its biological role in cancer. Multicenter studies also contributed to discover the potential clinical value of galectin-3 expression analysis in distinguishing, preoperatively, benign from malignant thyroid nodules. As a consequence galectin-3 is receiving significant attention as tumor marker for thyroid cancer diagnosis, but some conflicting results mostly owing to methodological problems have been published. The possibility to apply preoperatively a reliable galectin-3 test method on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)-derived thyroid cells represents an important achievement. When correctly applied, the method reduces consistently the gray area of thyroid FNA cytology, contributing to avoid unnecessary thyroid surgery. Although the efficacy and reliability of the galectin-3 test method have been extensively proved in several studies, its translation in the clinical setting requires well-standardized reagents and procedures. After a decade of experimental work on galectin-3-related basic and translational research projects, the major methodological problems that may potentially impair the diagnostic performance of galectin-3 immunotargeting are highlighted and discussed in detail. A standardized protocol for a reliable galectin-3 expression analysis is finally provided. The aim of this contribution is to improve the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules, promoting the preoperative use of a reliable galectin-3 test method as ancillary technique to conventional thyroid FNA cytology. The final goal is to decrease unnecessary thyroid surgery and its related social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ma T, Yamada S, Ichwan SJA, Iseki S, Ohtani K, Otsu M, Ikeda MA. Inability of p53-reactivating compounds Nutlin-3 and RITA to overcome p53 resistance in tumor cells deficient in p53Ser46 phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:931-7. [PMID: 22166212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays key roles in protecting cells from tumorigenesis. Phosphorylation of p53 at Ser46 (p53Ser46) is considered to be a crucial modification regulating p53-mediated apoptosis. Because the activity of p53 is impaired in most human cancers, restoration of wild-type p53 (wt-p53) function by its gene transfer or by p53-reactivating small molecules has been extensively investigated. The p53-reactivating compounds Nutlin-3 and RITA activate p53 in the absence of genotoxic stress by antagonizing the action of its negative regulator Mdm2. Although controversial, Nutlin-3 was shown to induce p53-mediated apoptosis in a manner independent of p53 phosphorylation. Recently, RITA was shown to induce apoptosis by promoting p53Ser46 phosphorylation. Here we examined whether Nutlin-3 or RITA can overcome resistance to p53-mediated apoptosis in p53-resistant tumor cell lines lacking the ability to phosphorylate p53Ser46. We show that Nutlin-3 did not rescue the apoptotic defect of a Ser46 phosphorylation-defective p53 mutant in p53-sensitive tumor cells, and that RITA neither restored p53Ser46 phosphorylation nor induced apoptosis in p53Ser46 phosphorylation-deficient cells retaining wt-p53. Furthermore, treatment with Nutlin-3 or RITA together with adenoviral p53 gene transfer also failed to induce apoptosis in p53Ser46 phosphorylation-deficient cells either expressing or lacking wt-p53. These results indicate that neither Nutlin-3 nor RITA in able to induce p53-mediated apoptosis in the absence of p53Ser46 phosphorylation. Thus, the dysregulation of this phosphorylation in tumor cells may be a critical factor that limits the efficacy of these p53-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Section of Molecular Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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