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Andersen UØ, Rosenørn MR, Homøe P. Recurrent multifocal adult rhabdomyoma in an elderly woman diagnosed with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: A case report. Front Surg 2022; 9:1017725. [PMID: 36338635 PMCID: PMC9632728 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1017725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene FLCN. This mutation predisposes the carrier to multiple pulmonary cysts, recurrent pneumothorax, renal tumors and benign skin tumors. Since the first description of BHD, additional clinical signs have been added to the syndrome and a large variety of benign tumors, such as rhabdomyomas (RM), have been linked with the FLCN gene mutation. RMs are rare tumors derived from striated muscle. The adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma occurs mostly in elderly patients, with a male predominance. It is most often located in the head and neck area and it has a potential of recurrence. We report a case of recurrent multifocal ARM in the oral cavity, present in an elderly woman with BHD and treated surgically. This could add support to RMs being linked to BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Ørsø Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark,Correspondence: Ulrik Ørsø Andersen
| | | | - Preben Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
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2
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Kim D, Murvelashvili N, Hamidi O, Jia L. Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma and Additional Rare Pathologic Findings in Multi-Organs in a Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome Patient: With an Emphasis on the Molecular Characteristics of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2022:10668969221117246. [PMID: 35946080 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline alterations in the FLCN gene. We report a 38-year-old man with BHD syndrome presenting with multiple rare pathologic findings involving various organs, including adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC). Initially, he presented with severe cholestatic jaundice and was found to have a 25 cm left adrenal mass with radiologic evidence of lung metastases, which was diagnosed as ACC on resection. Concurrently, pigmented, bile-stained granular casts were present within the kidney and diffuse cholestasis of the liver consistent with Stauffer syndrome was identified. Subsequent staging workup detected a 1.2 cm tubulovillous adenoma in the distal ascending colon and an incidental 1.2 cm thyroid nodule. Germline genetic testing revealed a pathogenic FLCN c.1285dup. Targeted DNA next generation sequencing of ACC revealed FLCN c.1285dup, IDH2 c.5332C>T, PRKAR1A c.1074del, and PDGFRB c.3282C>A and concurrent transcriptomic analysis demonstrated VEGFA overexpression. Fourteen months after resection, follow-up computerized tomography (CT) identified the progression of lung metastases and chemotherapy with etoposide doxorubicin and cisplatin was initiated. Here, we report the first ACC with the molecular characteristics in a BHD syndrome patient, although 5 adrenal lesions, including ACC, adenomas or neoplasm with malignant potential due to higher Ki67 labelling index, have been reported in the literature and no somatic analysis in these tumors were performed. Despite the rarity, our case potentially expands the tumor spectrum of BHD patients, helps to solidify possible association with adrenal cortical tumors and reiterates the value of genetic counseling in patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Department of Pathology, 89063UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natia Murvelashvili
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, 89063UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oksana Hamidi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, 89063UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Liwei Jia
- Department of Pathology, 89063UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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3
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Gosis BS, Wada S, Thorsheim C, Li K, Jung S, Rhoades JH, Yang Y, Brandimarto J, Li L, Uehara K, Jang C, Lanza M, Sanford NB, Bornstein MR, Jeong S, Titchenell PM, Biddinger SB, Arany Z. Inhibition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by selective inhibition of mTORC1. Science 2022; 376:eabf8271. [PMID: 35420934 PMCID: PMC9811404 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain without effective therapies. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is a potential therapeutic target, but conflicting interpretations have been proposed for how mTORC1 controls lipid homeostasis. We show that selective inhibition of mTORC1 signaling in mice, through deletion of the RagC/D guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein folliculin (FLCN), promotes activation of transcription factor E3 (TFE3) in the liver without affecting other mTORC1 targets and protects against NAFLD and NASH. Disease protection is mediated by TFE3, which both induces lipid consumption and suppresses anabolic lipogenesis. TFE3 inhibits lipogenesis by suppressing proteolytic processing and activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and by interacting with SREBP-1c on chromatin. Our data reconcile previously conflicting studies and identify selective inhibition of mTORC1 as a potential approach to treat NASH and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget S Gosis
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shogo Wada
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea Thorsheim
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua H Rhoades
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yifan Yang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan B Sanford
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc R Bornstein
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunhye Jeong
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Calvo IA, Sharma S, Paulo JA, Gulka AOD, Boeszoermenyi A, Zhang J, Lombana JM, Palmieri CM, Laviolette LA, Arthanari H, Iliopoulos O, Gygi SP, Motamedi M. The fission yeast FLCN/FNIP complex augments TORC1 repression or activation in response to amino acid (AA) availability. iScience 2021; 24:103338. [PMID: 34805795 PMCID: PMC8590082 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of Rapamycin complex1 (TORC1) senses and integrates several environmental signals, including amino acid (AA) availability, to regulate cell growth. Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor (TS) protein in renal cell carcinoma, which paradoxically activates TORC1 in response to AA supplementation. Few tractable systems for modeling FLCN as a TS are available. Here, we characterize the FLCN-containing complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (called BFC) and show that BFC augments TORC1 repression and activation in response to AA starvation and supplementation, respectively. BFC co-immunoprecipitates V-ATPase, a TORC1 modulator, and regulates its activity in an AA-dependent manner. BFC genetic and proteomic networks identify the conserved peptide transmembrane transporter Ptr2 and the phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase Ade3 as new AA-dependent regulators of TORC1. Overall, these data ascribe an additional repressive function to Folliculin in TORC1 regulation and reveal S. pombe as an excellent system for modeling the AA-dependent, FLCN-mediated repression of TORC1 in eukaryotes. The S.pombe Folliculin complex, Bhd1-Fnp1 Complex (BFC) augments repression or activation of TORC1 in response to amino acid levels, similar to a rheostat BFC interacts and regulates V-ATPase activity in response to amino acid levels Proteomic data reveal Ptr2 and Ade3 as novel amino acid-dependent regulators of TORC1 S.pombe is an excellent model for studying the tumor suppressor function of BFC and related proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Calvo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander O D Gulka
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andras Boeszoermenyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jose M Lombana
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christina M Palmieri
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Laura A Laviolette
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mo Motamedi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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5
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Zhang H, Liu M, Wang X, Ren Y, Kim YM, Wang X, Lu X, Pang H, Liu G, Gu Y, Sun M, Shi Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang L. Genomic Copy Number Variants in CML Patients With the Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph+): An Update. Front Genet 2021; 12:697009. [PMID: 34447409 PMCID: PMC8383316 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.697009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Submicroscopic segmental imbalances detected by array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) were discovered to be common in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with t(9;22) as the sole chromosomal anomaly. To confirm the findings of the previous study and expand the investigation, additional CML patients with t(9;22) as the sole chromosomal anomaly were recruited and copy number variants (CNVs) were searched for. Methods Karyotyping tests were performed on 106 CML patients during January 2010-September 2019 in our Genetics Laboratory. Eighty-four (79.2%) patients had the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome as the sole chromosomal anomaly. Only 49(58.3%) of these 84 patients had sufficient marrow or leukemia blood materials to additionally be included in the array-CGH analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out to confirm the genes covered by the deleted or duplicated regions of the CNVs. Results 11(22.4%) out of the 49 patients were found to have one to three somatic segmental somatic segmental (CNVs), including fourteen deletions and three duplications. The common region associated with deletions was on 9q33.3-34.12. Identified in five (45.5%) of the 11 positive patients with segmental CNVs, the deletions ranged from 106 kb to 4.1 Mb in size. Two (18.2%) cases had a deletion in the ABL1-BCR fusion gene on der (9), while three (27.3%) cases had a deletion in the ASS1 gene. The remaining CNVs were randomly distributed on different autosomes. Conclusion Subtle genomic CNVs are relatively common in CML patients without cytogenetically visible additional chromosomal aberrations (ACAs). Long-term studies investigating the potential impact on patient prognosis and treatment outcome is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Xianglan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hui Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingran Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anshan Hospital of First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Anshan, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Dalian Children's Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Alesi N, Akl EW, Khabibullin D, Liu HJ, Nidhiry AS, Garner ER, Filippakis H, Lam HC, Shi W, Viswanathan SR, Morroni M, Ferguson SM, Henske EP. TSC2 regulates lysosome biogenesis via a non-canonical RAGC and TFEB-dependent mechanism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4245. [PMID: 34253722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is caused by TSC1 or TSC2 mutations, resulting in hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis, is negatively regulated by mTORC1 through a RAG GTPase-dependent phosphorylation. Here we show that lysosomal biogenesis is increased in TSC-associated renal tumors, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, kidneys from Tsc2+/- mice, and TSC1/2-deficient cells via a TFEB-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, in TSC1/2-deficient cells, TFEB is hypo-phosphorylated at mTORC1-dependent sites, indicating that mTORC1 is unable to phosphorylate TFEB in the absence of the TSC1/2 complex. Importantly, overexpression of folliculin (FLCN), a GTPase activating protein for RAGC, increases TFEB phosphorylation at the mTORC1 sites in TSC2-deficient cells. Overexpression of constitutively active RAGC is sufficient to relocalize TFEB to the cytoplasm. These findings establish the TSC proteins as critical regulators of lysosomal biogenesis via TFEB and RAGC and identify TFEB as a driver of the proliferation of TSC2-deficient cells.
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Ramirez Reyes JMJ, Cuesta R, Pause A. Folliculin: A Regulator of Transcription Through AMPK and mTOR Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667311. [PMID: 33981707 PMCID: PMC8107286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor gene responsible for the inherited Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which affects kidneys, skin and lungs. FLCN is a highly conserved protein that forms a complex with folliculin interacting proteins 1 and 2 (FNIP1/2). Although its sequence does not show homology to known functional domains, structural studies have determined a role of FLCN as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for small GTPases such as Rag GTPases. FLCN GAP activity on the Rags is required for the recruitment of mTORC1 and the transcriptional factors TFEB and TFE3 on the lysosome, where mTORC1 phosphorylates and inactivates these factors. TFEB/TFE3 are master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis and function, and autophagy. By this mechanism, FLCN/FNIP complex participates in the control of metabolic processes. AMPK, a key regulator of catabolism, interacts with FLCN/FNIP complex. FLCN loss results in constitutive activation of AMPK, which suggests an additional mechanism by which FLCN/FNIP may control metabolism. AMPK regulates the expression and activity of the transcriptional cofactors PGC1α/β, implicated in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the interplay between mTORC1, FLCN/FNIP, and AMPK and their implications in the control of cellular homeostasis through the transcriptional activity of TFEB/TFE3 and PGC1α/β. Other pathways and cellular processes regulated by FLCN will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué M. J. Ramirez Reyes
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael Cuesta
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Paquette M, El-Houjeiri L, C Zirden L, Puustinen P, Blanchette P, Jeong H, Dejgaard K, Siegel PM, Pause A. AMPK-dependent phosphorylation is required for transcriptional activation of TFEB and TFE3. Autophagy 2021; 17:3957-3975. [PMID: 33734022 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1898748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased macroautophagy/autophagy and lysosomal activity promote tumor growth, survival and chemo-resistance. During acute starvation, autophagy is rapidly engaged by AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activation and MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) complex 1 (MTORC1) inhibition to maintain energy homeostasis and cell survival. TFEB (transcription factor E3) and TFE3 (transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3) are master transcriptional regulators of autophagy and lysosomal activity and their cytoplasm/nuclear shuttling is controlled by MTORC1-dependent multisite phosphorylation. However, it is not known whether and how the transcriptional activity of TFEB or TFE3 is regulated. We show that AMPK mediates phosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3 on three serine residues, leading to TFEB and TFE3 transcriptional activity upon nutrient starvation, FLCN (folliculin) depletion and pharmacological manipulation of MTORC1 or AMPK. Collectively, we show that MTORC1 specifically controls TFEB and TFE3 cytosolic retention, whereas AMPK is essential for TFEB and TFE3 transcriptional activity. This dual and opposing regulation of TFEB and TFE3 by MTORC1 and AMPK is reminiscent of the regulation of another critical regulator of autophagy, ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1). Surprisingly, we show that chemoresistance is mediated by AMPK-dependent activation of TFEB, which is abolished by pharmacological inhibition of AMPK or mutation of serine 466, 467 and 469 to alanine residues within TFEB. Altogether, we show that AMPK is a key regulator of TFEB and TFE3 transcriptional activity, and we validate AMPK as a promising target in cancer therapy to evade chemotherapeutic resistance.AbbreviationsACACA: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; ACTB: actin beta; AICAR: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AMPKi: AMPK inhibitor, SBI-0206965; CA: constitutively active; CARM1: coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1; CFP: cyan fluorescent protein; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; DKO: double knock-out; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DQ-BSA: self-quenched BODIPY® dye conjugates of bovine serum albumin; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; FLCN: folliculin; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferases; HD: Huntington disease; HTT: huntingtin; KO: knock-out; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MITF: melanocyte inducing transcription factor; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; PolyQ: polyglutamine; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; TCL: total cell lysates; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TKO: triple knock-out; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Paquette
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Leeanna El-Houjeiri
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda C Zirden
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pietri Puustinen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Blanchette
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hyeonju Jeong
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kurt Dejgaard
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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9
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Endoh M, Baba M, Endoh T, Hirayama A, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Umemoto T, Hashimoto M, Nagashima K, Soga T, Lang M, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM, Suda T. A FLCN-TFE3 Feedback Loop Prevents Excessive Glycogenesis and Phagocyte Activation by Regulating Lysosome Activity. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1823-1834.e5. [PMID: 32049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) suppresses nuclear translocation of TFE3, a master transcription factor for lysosomal biogenesis, via regulation of amino-acid-sensing Rag GTPases. However, the importance of this lysosomal regulation in mammalian physiology remains unclear. Following hematopoietic-lineage-specific Flcn deletion in mice, we found expansion of vacuolated phagocytes that accumulate glycogen in their cytoplasm, phenotypes reminiscent of lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). We report that TFE3 acts in a feedback loop to transcriptionally activate FLCN expression, and FLCN loss disrupts this loop, augmenting TFE3 activity. Tfe3 deletion in Flcn knockout mice reduces the number of phagocytes and ameliorates LSD-like phenotypes. We further reveal that TFE3 stimulates glycogenesis by promoting the expression of glycogenesis genes, including Gys1 and Gyg, upon loss of Flcn. Taken together, we propose that the FLCN-TFE3 feedback loop acts as a rheostat to control lysosome activity and prevents excessive glycogenesis and LSD-like phagocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Endoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Masaya Baba
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tamie Endoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hashimoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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10
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Glykofridis IE, Knol JC, Balk JA, Westland D, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Lougheed SM, Derakhshan S, Veen P, Rooimans MA, van Mil SE, Böttger F, Poddighe PJ, van de Beek I, Drost J, Zwartkruis FJ, de Menezes RX, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Houweling AC, Jimenez CR, Wolthuis RM. Loss of FLCN-FNIP1/2 induces a non-canonical interferon response in human renal tubular epithelial cells. eLife 2021; 10:61630. [PMID: 33459596 PMCID: PMC7899648 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the Folliculin (FLCN) tumor suppressor gene cause Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing carriers to kidney tumors. FLCN is a conserved, essential gene linked to diverse cellular processes but the mechanism by which FLCN prevents kidney cancer remains unknown. Here, we show that disrupting FLCN in human renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) activates TFE3, upregulating expression of its E-box targets, including RRAGD and GPNMB, without modifying mTORC1 activity. Surprisingly, the absence of FLCN or its binding partners FNIP1/FNIP2 induces interferon response genes independently of interferon. Mechanistically, FLCN loss promotes STAT2 recruitment to chromatin and slows cellular proliferation. Our integrated analysis identifies STAT1/2 signaling as a novel target of FLCN in renal cells and BHD tumors. STAT1/2 activation appears to counterbalance TFE3-directed hyper-proliferation and may influence immune responses. These findings shed light on unique roles of FLCN in human renal tumorigenesis and pinpoint candidate prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Glykofridis
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Westland
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, Universiteitsweg, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sepide Derakhshan
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Puck Veen
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Böttger
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pino J Poddighe
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irma van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Oncode Institute, Heidelberglaan, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fried Jt Zwartkruis
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, Universiteitsweg, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hanne Ej Meijers-Heijboer
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Houweling
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob Mf Wolthuis
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Kurata K, Matsumoto H, Jimbo N, Yakushijin K, Yamamoto K, Ito M, Nakamachi Y, Matsuoka H, Saegusa J, Seyama K, Itoh T, Minami H. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in a patient with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:864-70. [PMID: 32789566 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by benign skin hamartomas, pulmonary cysts leading to spontaneous pneumothorax, and an increased risk of renal cancer. BHD syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene, a putative tumor suppressor, which result in loss of function of the folliculin protein and may cause cancer predisposition. In a 45-year-old woman with anemia, lymphadenopathy, and a history of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, 18F-FDG PET/CT detected diffuse and slight 18F-FDG accumulation in the bone marrow, enlarged spleen, and systemic multiple enlarged lymph nodes. Genetic examination identified a germline nonsense mutation [c.998C > G (p.Ser333*)] on exon 9 of FLCN. Pathological examination of the lymph node revealed a diffuse neoplastic proliferation of plasmacytoid lymphocytes. The neoplastic lymphoid cells were positive for CD20, CD138, and light chain kappa as per immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization, and a MYD88 gene mutation [c.755T > C (p.L252P)] was identified. Accordingly, she was diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma concomitant with BHD syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the development of hematological malignancy in a patient with BHD syndrome. The FLCN mutation might contribute lymphomagenesis as an additional mutation cooperating with the MYD88 mutation.
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12
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Testa U, Pelosi E, Castelli G. Genetic Alterations in Renal Cancers: Identification of The Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Initiation and Progression and of Therapeutic Targets. Medicines (Basel) 2020; 7:E44. [PMID: 32751108 PMCID: PMC7459851 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) involves three most recurrent sporadic types: clear-cell RCC (70-75%, CCRCC), papillary RCCC (10-15%, PRCC), and chromophobe RCC (5%, CHRCC). Hereditary cases account for about 5% of all cases of RCC and are caused by germline pathogenic variants. Herein, we review how a better understanding of the molecular biology of RCCs has driven the inception of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Genomic research has identified relevant genetic alterations associated with each RCC subtype. Molecular studies have clearly shown that CCRCC is universally initiated by Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene dysregulation, followed by different types of additional genetic events involving epigenetic regulatory genes, dictating disease progression, aggressiveness, and differential response to treatments. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of RCC has considerably expanded treatment options; genomic data might guide treatment options by enabling patients to be matched with therapeutics that specifically target the genetic alterations present in their tumors. These new targeted treatments have led to a moderate improvement of the survival of metastatic RCC patients. Ongoing studies based on the combination of immunotherapeutic agents (immune check inhibitors) with VEGF inhibitors are expected to further improve the survival of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.C.)
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13
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Zhao X, Ma Y, Cui J, Zhao H, Liu L, Wang Y, Min P, Zhang L, Chen Y, Du J, Zhang Y, Gu L. FLCN Regulates HIF2α Nuclear Import and Proliferation of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:121. [PMID: 32850947 PMCID: PMC7399043 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Hypothesis: This study aims to explore the specific molecular mechanism of folliculin (FLCN)-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and to investigate the relationship of FLCN and HIF2α. Folliculin was identified as a tumor suppressor gene. Its deletions and mutations are associated with a potential risk of renal cancer. At present, the specific molecular mechanism of FLCN-induced proliferation, invasion, and migration in ccRCC remains elusive. Methods: Cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry analysis, while cell migration and invasion were measured by wound healing assay and Matrigel invasion assay. The expression of FLCN, HIF2α, MMP9, and p-AKT was examined by Western blotting. The cells were transfected with plasmids or siRNA to upregulate or downregulate the expression of FLCN. Immunofluorescence microscopy was carried out to display the HIF2α location. We also determined the correlation of FLCN and HIF2α in human renal cancer samples. Results: FLCN was combined with HIF2α in renal tubular epithelial and cancer cells, and it effectively alleviates the deterioration of renal cancer cells by degrading HIF2α. The silencing of FLCN showed a promotion of HIF2α protein expression via PI3K/mTORC2 pathway, which in turn led to an increase in downstream target genes Cyclin D1 and MMP9. Moreover, interfering with siFLCN advanced the time of HIF2α entry into the nucleus. Conclusions: Our study illustrated that FLCN could be a new therapeutic target in ccRCC. FLCN combined with HIF2α and identified a novel PI3K/mTORC2/HIF2α signaling in ccRCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yadong Ma
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengxiang Min
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Kennedy JC, Khabibullin D, Hougard T, Nijmeh J, Shi W, Henske EP. Loss of FLCN inhibits canonical WNT signaling via TFE3. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3270-3281. [PMID: 31272105 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower lobe predominant pulmonary cysts occur in up to 90% of patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, but the key pathologic cell type and signaling events driving this distinct phenotype remain elusive. Through examination of the LungMAP database, we found that folliculin (FLCN) is highly expressed in neonatal lung mesenchymal cells. Using RNA-Seq, we found that inactivation of Flcn in mouse embryonic fibroblasts leads to changes in multiple Wnt ligands, including a 2.8-fold decrease in Wnt2. This was associated with decreased TCF/LEF activity, a readout of canonical WNT activity, after treatment with a GSK3-α/β inhibitor. Similarly, FLCN deficiency in HEK293T cells decreased WNT pathway activity by 76% post-GSK3-α/β inhibition. Inactivation of FLCN in human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) led to ~ 100-fold decrease in Wnt2 expression and a 33-fold decrease in Wnt7b expression-two ligands known to be necessary for lung development. Furthermore, canonical WNT activity was decreased by 60%. Classic WNT targets such as AXIN2 and BMP4, and WNT enhanceosome members including TCF4, LEF1 and BCL9 were also decreased after GSK3-α/β inhibition. FLCN-deficient MRC-5 cells failed to upregulate LEF1 in response to GSK3-α/β inhibition. Finally, we found that a constitutively active β-catenin could only partially rescue the decreased WNT activity phenotype seen in FLCN-deficient cells, whereas silencing the transcription factor TFE3 completely reversed this phenotype. In summary, our data establish FLCN as a critical regulator of the WNT pathway via TFE3 and suggest that FLCN-dependent defects in WNT pathway developmental cues may contribute to lung cyst pathogenesis in BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Hougard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie Nijmeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Woodford MR, Backe SJ, Sager RA, Bourboulia D, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. The Role of Heat Shock Protein-90 in the Pathogenesis of Birt-Hogg-Dubé and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Syndromes. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:322-326. [PMID: 32327294 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) and tuberous sclerosis (TS) syndromes share many clinical features. These two diseases display distinct histologic subtypes of renal tumors: chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal angiomyolipoma, respectively. Early work suggested a role for mTOR dysregulation in the pathogenesis of these two diseases, however their detailed molecular link remains elusive. Interestingly, a growing number of case reports describe renal angiomyolipoma in BHD patients, suggesting a common molecular origin. The BHD-associated proteins FNIP1/2 and the TS protein Tsc1 were recently identified as regulators of the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Dysregulation of Hsp90 activity has previously been reported to support tumorigenesis, providing a potential explanation for the overlapping phenotypic manifestations in these two hereditary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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16
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Chu L, Luo Y, Chen H, Miao Q, Wang L, Moats R, Wang T, Kennedy JC, Henske EP, Shi W. Mesenchymal folliculin is required for alveolar development: implications for cystic lung disease in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Thorax 2020; 75:486-493. [PMID: 32238524 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax are presented in most patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which is caused by loss of function mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the cystic lung disease in BHD are poorly understood. METHODS Mesenchymal Flcn was specifically deleted in mice or in cultured lung mesenchymal progenitor cells using a Cre/loxP approach. Dynamic changes in lung structure, cellular and molecular phenotypes and signalling were measured by histology, immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. RESULTS Deletion of Flcn in mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells results in significant reduction of postnatal alveolar growth and subsequent alveolar destruction, leading to cystic lesions. Cell proliferation and alveolar myofibroblast differentiation are inhibited in the Flcn knockout lungs, and expression of the extracellular matrix proteins Col3a1 and elastin are downregulated. Signalling pathways including mTORC1, AMP-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2 and Wnt-β-catenin are differentially affected at different developmental stages. All the above changes have statistical significance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal Flcn is an essential regulator during alveolar development and maintenance, through multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. The mesenchymal Flcn knockout mouse model provides the first in vivo disease model that may recapitulate the stages of cyst development in human BHD. These findings elucidate the developmental origins and mechanisms of lung disease in BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qing Miao
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rex Moats
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - John C Kennedy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD, also referred to as Hornstein-Knickenberg syndrome) is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome caused by mutations in the FLCN gene located on chromosome 17. Depending on their age, patients with BHD may exhibit various clinical signs and symptoms. Disease severity can vary greatly among members of the same family. Early symptoms include basal lung cysts, which can lead to recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces. The majority of patients (> 90 %) develop multiple fibrofolliculomas, especially on the face and upper trunk, in the second or third decade of life. Given the 12-34 % lifetime risk of developing benign or malignant renal tumors, targeted screening programs are prognostically crucial. While these renal tumors may belong to various histological subtypes, common variants include multifocal - sometimes bilateral - chromophobe and oncocytic hybrid tumors. Early diagnosis and adequate long-term care of families with BHD require interdisciplinary cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud K Steinlein
- Interdisciplinary Clinic for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Interdisciplinary Clinic for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Medical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke C Sattler
- Interdisciplinary Clinic for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Medical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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19
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Linehan WM, Schmidt LS, Crooks DR, Wei D, Srinivasan R, Lang M, Ricketts CJ. The Metabolic Basis of Kidney Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1006-1021. [PMID: 31088840 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Kidney cancer is not a single disease but represents several distinct types of cancer that have defining histologies and genetic alterations and that follow different clinical courses and have different responses to therapy. Mutation of genes associated with kidney cancer, such as VHL, FLCN, TFE3, FH, or SDHB, dysregulates the tumor's responses to changes in oxygen, iron, nutrient, or energy levels. The identification of these varying genetic bases of kidney cancer has increased our understanding of the biology of this cancer, allowing the development of targeted therapies and the appreciation that it is a cancer driven by metabolic alterations. SIGNIFICANCE: Kidney cancer is a complex disease composed of different types of cancer that present with different histologies, clinical courses, genetic changes, and responses to therapy. This review describes the known genetic changes within kidney cancer, how they alter tumor metabolism, and how these metabolic changes can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Basic Science Program, Frederick Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Crooks
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Darmood Wei
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Furuya M, Nakatani Y. Pathology of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: A special reference of pulmonary manifestations in a Japanese population with a comprehensive analysis and review. Pathol Int 2019; 69:1-12. [PMID: 30632664 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts and renal cell carcinomas. Affected individuals inherit germline mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN). Approximately 150 pathogenic FLCN variants have been identified worldwide. Many Japanese probands of BHD syndrome were first identified by pulmonologists and/or radiologists during treatment of pneumothoraces. Lung specimens obtained through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) have characteristic features unique to BHD syndrome; however, pathologists often miss key findings and diagnose patients with "bullae/blebs". The pleural and subpleural cysts of BHD syndrome-associated lung diseases are often modified by tissue remodeling and can be difficult to distinguish from emphysematous bullae/blebs. Intraparenchymal unruptured cysts tend to retain distinctive features that are different from other cystic lung diseases. Here, we review the clinicopathological findings of BHD syndrome in a Japanese population based on data from 200 probands diagnosed by genetic testing and a total of 520 symptomatic family members identified through BHD-NET Japan (http://www.bhd-net.jp/). Detailed morphology of pulmonary cysts obtained from VATS and autopsied lung specimens are described, and pathological clues for differentiating miscellaneous cystic lung disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Pathology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
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21
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Coutinho J, de Sa J, Teixeira FC, Santos CR, Chorão RS, Filipe RA, Rocha EF. Renal transplantation in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: should we? BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:267. [PMID: 30326848 PMCID: PMC6192299 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) Syndrome is a rare genodermatosis caused by a mutation on folliculin gene, with a strong link to renal cancer. To date few patients with such condition have reached dialysis stage, as nephron-sparing surgery is usually possible at the time of diagnosis. To our best knowledge no patient with BHD syndrome has been submitted to renal transplantation. Case presentation We report the case of a woman diagnosed with multifocal bilateral renal cell carcinoma that underwent bilateral radical nephrectomy and was started on a regular hemodialysis program at the age of 29. While on hemodialysis program she was diagnosed clinically with BHD syndrome and molecular testing confirmed an heterozygous mutation on FLCN gene. The patient has been kept on surveillance program for 2 years with no clinical complications from the genetic syndrome and in complete remission from renal cancer. Though there has not been any report of a patient with BHD being transplanted, risks and benefits for this patient were weighted. She has been considered apt by the transplant team and is currently waitlisted for cadaveric renal transplantation. Discussion It is a matter of discussion which should be cancer-free period for anephric patients with an inherited cancer syndrome to be candidates for renal transplant. So far BHD syndrome has not been causally associated with any other neoplastic disorder elsewhere. Accepting cancer biology is very complex and knowledge of the behaviour of this genetic syndrome is limited to a few cases reported worldwide, the authors believe that renal transplantation is the best treatment option for this young patient. The choice of post transplantation immunosuppression is debatable, but considering experience in other inherited cancer syndromes a maintenance scheme with mTOR inhibitor will be favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Coutinho
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim de Sa
- Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Castro Teixeira
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Catarina Reis Santos
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sa Chorão
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Rui Alves Filipe
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Ernesto Fernandes Rocha
- Hospital Amato Lusitano, Rua Professora Maria Amalia Fevereiro Lote A 105, 4°direito, 6000-472, Castelo Branco, Portugal
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22
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Baba M, Endoh M, Ma W, Toyama H, Hirayama A, Nishikawa K, Takubo K, Hano H, Hasumi H, Umemoto T, Hashimoto M, Irie N, Esumi C, Kataoka M, Nakagata N, Soga T, Yao M, Kamba T, Minami T, Ishii M, Suda T. Folliculin Regulates Osteoclastogenesis Through Metabolic Regulation. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1785-1798. [PMID: 29893999 PMCID: PMC6220829 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast differentiation is a dynamic differentiation process, which is accompanied by dramatic changes in metabolic status as well as in gene expression. Recent findings have revealed an essential connection between metabolic reprogramming and dynamic gene expression changes during osteoclast differentiation. However, the upstream regulatory mechanisms that drive these metabolic changes in osteoclastogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that induced deletion of a tumor suppressor gene, Folliculin (Flcn), in mouse osteoclast precursors causes severe osteoporosis in 3 weeks through excess osteoclastogenesis. Flcn-deficient osteoclast precursors reveal cell autonomous accelerated osteoclastogenesis with increased sensitivity to receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). We demonstrate that Flcn regulates oxidative phosphorylation and purine metabolism through suppression of nuclear localization of the transcription factor Tfe3, thereby inhibiting expression of its target gene Pgc1. Metabolome studies revealed that Flcn-deficient osteoclast precursors exhibit significant augmentation of oxidative phosphorylation and nucleotide production, resulting in an enhanced purinergic signaling loop that is composed of controlled ATP release and autocrine/paracrine purinergic receptor stimulation. Inhibition of this purinergic signaling loop efficiently blocks accelerated osteoclastogenesis in Flcn-deficient osteoclast precursors. Here, we demonstrate an essential and novel role of the Flcn-Tfe3-Pgc1 axis in osteoclastogenesis through the metabolic reprogramming of oxidative phosphorylation and purine metabolism. © 2018 The Authors Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Baba
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Endoh
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeCentre for Translational MedicineSingapore
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Toyama
- Department of Cell DifferentiationThe Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental BiologySchool of MedicineKeio UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Keizo Nishikawa
- Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Cell DifferentiationThe Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental BiologySchool of MedicineKeio UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of Stem Cell BiologyResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Hano
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of UrologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Michihiro Hashimoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Nobuko Irie
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Chiharu Esumi
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Miho Kataoka
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive EngineeringCenter for Animal Resources and Development (CARD)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio UniversityYamagataJapan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of UrologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Department of UrologyFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Division of Molecular and Vascular BiologyInstitute of Resource Development and Analysis (IRDA)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell BiologyGraduate School of Medicine and Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeCentre for Translational MedicineSingapore
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23
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Centini R, Tsang M, Iwata T, Park H, Delrow J, Margineantu D, Iritani BM, Gu H, Liggitt HD, Kang J, Kang L, Hockenbery DM, Raftery D, Iritani BM. Loss of Fnip1 alters kidney developmental transcriptional program and synergizes with TSC1 loss to promote mTORC1 activation and renal cyst formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197973. [PMID: 29897930 PMCID: PMC5999084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dube' Syndrome (BHDS) is a rare genetic disorder in humans characterized by skin hamartomas, lung cysts, pneumothorax, and increased risk of renal tumors. BHDS is caused by mutations in the BHD gene, which encodes for Folliculin, a cytoplasmic adapter protein that binds to Folliculin interacting proteins-1 and -2 (Fnip1, Fnip2) as well as the master energy sensor AMP kinase (AMPK). Whereas kidney-specific deletion of the Bhd gene in mice is known to result in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and renal cell carcinoma, the roles of Fnip1 in renal cell development and function are unclear. In this study, we utilized mice with constitutive deletion of the Fnip1 gene to show that the loss of Fnip1 is sufficient to result in renal cyst formation, which was characterized by decreased AMPK activation, increased mTOR activation, and metabolic hyperactivation. Using RNAseq, we found that Fnip1 disruption resulted in many cellular and molecular changes previously implicated in the development of PKD in humans, including alterations in the expression of ion and amino acid transporters, increased cell adhesion, and increased inflammation. Loss of Fnip1 synergized with Tsc1 loss to hyperactivate mTOR, increase Erk activation, and greatly accelerate the development of PKD. Our results collectively define roles for Fnip1 in regulating kidney development and function, and provide a model for how loss of Fnip1 contributes to PKD and perhaps renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Centini
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark Tsang
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Terri Iwata
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Heon Park
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daciana Margineantu
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Iritani
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - H. Denny Liggitt
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janella Kang
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lim Kang
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Hockenbery
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Iritani
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Steinlein OK, Ertl-Wagner B, Ruzicka T, Sattler EC. Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrom: ein zu selten diagnostiziertes erbliches Tumorsyndrom. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13457_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud K. Steinlein
- Interdisziplinäre Sprechstunde für Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrom; Institut für Humangenetik; Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Interdisziplinäre Sprechstunde für Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrom; Institut für Klinische Radiologie; Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie; Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Elke C. Sattler
- Interdisziplinäre Sprechstunde für Birt-Hogg-Dubé-Syndrom; Institut für Klinische Radiologie; Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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25
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Nagashima K, Fukushima H, Shimizu K, Yamada A, Hidaka M, Hasumi H, Ikebe T, Fukumoto S, Okabe K, Inuzuka H. Nutrient-induced FNIP degradation by SCFβ-TRCP regulates FLCN complex localization and promotes renal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9947-9960. [PMID: 28039480 PMCID: PMC5354783 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin-interacting protein 1 and 2 (FNIP1 and FNIP2) play critical roles in preventing renal malignancy through their association with the tumor suppressor FLCN. Mutations in FLCN are associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a rare disorder with increased risk of renal cancer. Recent studies indicated that FNIP1/FNIP2 double knockout mice display enlarged polycystic kidneys and renal carcinoma, which phenocopies FLCN knockout mice, suggesting that these two proteins function together to suppress renal cancer. However, the molecular mechanism functionally linking FNIP1/FNIP2 and FLCN remains largely elusive. Here, we demonstrated that FNIP2 protein is unstable and subjected to proteasome-dependent degradation via β-TRCP and Casein Kinase 1 (CK1)-directed ubiquitination in a nutrition-dependent manner. Degradation of FNIP2 leads to lysosomal dissociation of FLCN and subsequent lysosomal association of mTOR, which in turn promotes the proliferation of renal cancer cells. These results indicate that SCFβ-TRCP negatively regulates the FLCN complex by promoting FNIP degradation and provide molecular insight into the pathogenesis of BHD-associated renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nagashima
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Fukushima
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aya Yamada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masumi Hidaka
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ikebe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Okabe
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Abstract
TOR (target of rapamycin), an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase, acts as a central regulator of cell growth, proliferation and survival in response to nutritional status, growth factor, and stress signals. It plays a crucial role in coordinating the balance between cell growth and cell death, depending on cellular conditions and needs. As such, TOR has been identified as a key modulator of autophagy for more than a decade, and several deregulations of this pathway have been implicated in a variety of pathological disorders, including cancer. At the molecular level, autophagy regulates several survival or death signaling pathways that may decide the fate of cancer cells; however, the relationship between autophagy pathways and cancer are still nascent. In this review, we discuss the recent cellular signaling pathways regulated by TOR, their interconnections to autophagy, and the clinical implications of TOR inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Paquette
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Leeanna El-Houjeiri
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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27
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Ather H, Zahid N. Recurrent renal cancer in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2017; 42:75-78. [PMID: 29223882 PMCID: PMC5726742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. It is caused by constitutional mutations in the FLCN gene. Since BHDS is a rare syndrome therefore it is unknown to many physicians. However, it is important to identify this rare syndrome at early stages because incidence of renal cancer in BHD patients is very high and its detection at early stages can prevent its metastasis. Hence, we want to present a case of BHDS and draw the attention of the treating physician to this rare inherited disorder and discuss its appropriate diagnosis and management. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 50-year old male presented to the consulting clinics of a University Hospital with right flank pain since the last 2 months. The Computed Tomography (CT) and biopsy on the right renal mass indicated clear cell type renal cell carcinoma with significant lymphadenopathy. Past history of cystic lung disease and pneumothorax along with positive finding of renal cell carcinoma on CT and biopsy suggested Birt-Hogg-Dub́e (BHD) syndrome. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy and lymph node dissection. His 3 months post- surgery follow up CT scan indicated disease recurrence. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is important to identify this rare syndrome at early stages. Diagnosis for the patients with a positive family history for renal cell cancer and pneumothorax should be considered. FLCN sequencing should also be taken into account in patients and their families because incidence of renal cancer in BHD patients is very high and detection at early stages can prevent its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ather
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Nida Zahid
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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28
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Schmidt LS, Linehan WM. FLCN: The causative gene for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Gene 2018; 640:28-42. [PMID: 28970150 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the novel tumor suppressor gene FLCN are responsible for the autosomal dominant inherited disorder Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome that predisposes to fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax, and an increased risk for developing kidney tumors. Although the encoded protein, folliculin (FLCN), has no sequence homology to known functional domains, x-ray crystallographic studies have shown that the C-terminus of FLCN has structural similarity to DENN (differentially expressed in normal cells and neoplasia) domain proteins that act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for small Rab GTPases. FLCN forms a complex with folliculin interacting proteins 1 and 2 (FNIP1, FNIP2) and with 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes FLCN functional studies which support a role for FLCN in diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes that include modulation of the mTOR pathway, regulation of PGC1α and mitochondrial biogenesis, cell-cell adhesion and RhoA signaling, control of TFE3/TFEB transcriptional activity, amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1 on lysosomes through Rag GTPases, and regulation of autophagy. Ongoing research efforts are focused on clarifying the primary FLCN-associated pathway(s) that drives the development of fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and kidney tumors in BHD patients carrying germline FLCN mutations.
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29
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Liu L, Yang K, Wang X, Shi Z, Yang Y, Yuan Y, Guo T, Xiao X, Luo H. Detection of Folliculin Gene Mutations in Two Chinese Families with Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:8751384. [PMID: 28785590 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8751384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD, OMIM#135150) is a rare disease in clinic; it is characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts with an increased risk of recurrent pneumothorax, renal cysts, and renal neoplasms. Previous studies have demonstrated that variants in folliculin (FLCN, NM_144997) are mainly responsible for this disease. In this research, we enrolled two BHD families and applied direct sequencing of FLCN to explore the genetic lesions in them. Two FLCN mutations were identified: one is a novel deletion variant (c.668delA/p.N223TfsX19), while the other is a previously reported insertion mutation (c.1579_1580insA/p.R527QfsX75). And the pathogenicity of both variants was confirmed by cosegregation assay. Bioinformatics analysis showed that c.668delA may lead to functional haploinsufficiency of FLCN because mRNA carrying this mutation exhibits a faster degradation rate comparing to the wild type. Real-time qPCR also confirmed that the mRNA level of FLCN expression in the proband was decreased significantly compared with the controls, which may disrupt the mTOR pathway and lead to BHD. The insertion mutation (c.1579_1580insA) was predicted to cause a prolonged amino acid sequence of FLCN. The present identification of two mutations not only further supports the important role of tumor suppressor FLCN in BHD and primary spontaneous pneumothorax, but also expands the spectrum of FLCN mutations and will provide insight into genetic diagnosis and counseling of families with BHD.
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Yao Y, Jones E, Inoki K. Lysosomal Regulation of mTORC1 by Amino Acids in Mammalian Cells. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030051. [PMID: 28686218 PMCID: PMC5618232 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth in eukaryotic cells. The active mTORC1 promotes cellular anabolic processes including protein, pyrimidine, and lipid biosynthesis, and inhibits catabolic processes such as autophagy. Consistent with its growth-promoting functions, hyper-activation of mTORC1 signaling is one of the important pathomechanisms underlying major human health problems including diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The mTORC1 receives multiple upstream signals such as an abundance of amino acids and growth factors, thus it regulates a wide range of downstream events relevant to cell growth and proliferation control. The regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids is a fast-evolving field with its detailed mechanisms currently being revealed as the precise picture emerges. In this review, we summarize recent progress with respect to biochemical and biological findings in the regulation of mTORC1 signaling on the lysosomal membrane by amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Edith Jones
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1137 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1137 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical enter Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Jensen DK, Villumsen A, Skytte AB, Madsen MG, Sommerlund M, Bendstrup E. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a case report and a review of the literature. Eur Clin Respir J 2017; 4:1292378. [PMID: 28326182 PMCID: PMC5345590 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2017.1292378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the folliculin coding gene (FLCN). The clinical manifestations of the syndrome involve the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Because of the rarity of the syndrome, guidelines for diagnosis and management of the patients with BHDS are lacking. Objective: To present a case story and a review of the literature on BHDS in order to give an update on genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and follow-up strategies. Design: Literature review and case story. Results: A PubMed and Embase search identified 330 papers. BHDS is characterized by small benign tumors in the skin, spontaneous pneumothoraces caused by cysts in the lungs and a seven-fold increased risk of renal cancer. A case story of a young female patient presenting with pneumothorax and a family history of recurrent pneumothoraces in many relatives illustrates how the history and the diagnostic work up resulted in a diagnosis of BHDS. Conclusion: BHDS is a rare inherited disorder. In patients with spontaneous pneumothorax or cystic lung disease without any obvious explanation, BHDS should be considered. Concomitant skin manifestations, a family history of familiar pneumothorax, renal cancers and skin manifestations supports the suspicion of BHDS. Early diagnosis is important in order to subject patients to systematic screening for renal cancers. A radiological surveillance strategy for renal cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Kejlberg Jensen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anders Villumsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bendstrup
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Yukawa T, Fukazawa T, Yoshida M, Morita I, Kato K, Monobe Y, Furuya M, Naomoto Y. A Case of Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) Syndrome Harboring a Novel Folliculin (FLCN) Gene Mutation. Am J Case Rep 2016; 17:788-792. [PMID: 27780965 PMCID: PMC5083040 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.899407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 56 Final Diagnosis: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome Symptoms: Dyspnea Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Pulmonology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Yukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yoshida
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morita
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kato
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Monobe
- Department of Pathology 1, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Germline mutation of the FLCN gene causes Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD), a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax and renal tumours. We identified a hitherto unreported pathogenic FLCN frameshift deletion c.563delT (p.Phe188Serfs*35) in a family of a 46-year-old woman presented with macrohematuria due to bilateral chromophobe renal carcinomas. A heritable renal cancer was suspected due to the bilaterality of the tumour and as the father of this woman had suffered from renal cancer. Initially, however, BHD was overlooked by the medical team despite the highly suggestive clinical presentation. We assume that BHD is underdiagnosed, at least partially, due to low awareness of this variable condition and to insufficient use of appropriate genetic testing. Our study indicates that BHD and FLCN testing should be routinely considered in patients with positive family or personal history of renal tumours. In addition, we demonstrate how patients and their families can play a driving role in initiating genetic diagnosis, presymptomatic testing of at-risk relatives, targeted disease management, and genetic counselling of rare diseases such as BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Näf
- Department of Practice Development in Nursing, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Laubscher
- Genetic Center of the Foundation for People with Rare Diseases, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Hopfer
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Streit
- Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Gabor Matyas
- Genetic Center of the Foundation for People with Rare Diseases, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Kidney cancer is not a single disease but is made up of a number of different types of cancer classified by histology that are disparate in presentation, clinical course, and genetic basis. Studies of families with inherited renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have provided the basis for our understanding of the causative genes and altered metabolic pathways in renal cancer with different histologies. Von Hippel-Lindau disease was the first renal cancer disorder with a defined genetic basis. Over the next two decades, the genes responsible for a number of other inherited renal cancer syndromes including hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, Birt-Hogg-Dube´syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma, and succinate dehydrogenase-associated renal cancer were identified. Recently, renal cell carcinoma has been confirmed as part of the clinical phenotype in individuals from families with BAP1-associated tumor predisposition syndrome and MiTF-associated cancer syndrome. Here we summarize the clinical characteristics of and causative genes for these and other inherited RCC syndromes, the pathways that are dysregulated when the inherited genes are mutated, and recommended clinical management of patients with these inherited renal cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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36
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Abstract
The Rags represent a unique family of evolutionarily conserved, heterodimeric, lysosome-localized small GTPases that play an indispensible role in regulating cellular metabolism in response to various amino acid signaling mechanisms. Rapid progress in the field has begun to unveil a picture in which Rags act as central players in translating information regarding cellular amino acid levels by modulating their nucleotide binding status through an ensemble of support proteins localized in and around the lysosomes. By cooperating with other signaling pathways that converge on the lysosomes, Rags promote anabolic processes through positively affecting mTORC1 signaling in the presence of abundant amino acids. Conversely, Rag inactivation plays an indispensible role in switching cellular metabolism into a catabolic paradigm by promoting the activity of the master lysosomal/autophagic transcription factors TFEB and TFE3. Precise control of Rag signaling is necessary for cells to adapt to constantly changing cellular demands and emerging evidence has highlighted their importance in a wide variety of developmental and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen A Brady
- a Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Heba I Diab
- a Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- a Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Kenyon EJ, Luijten MNH, Gill H, Li N, Rawlings M, Bull JC, Hadzhiev Y, van Steensel MAM, Maher E, Mueller F. Expression and knockdown of zebrafish folliculin suggests requirement for embryonic brain morphogenesis. BMC Dev Biol 2016; 16:23. [PMID: 27391801 PMCID: PMC4939010 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome characterised by the development of benign skin fibrofolliculomas, multiple lung and kidney cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax and susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma. BHD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding Folliculin (FLCN). Little is known about what FLCN does in a healthy individual and how best to treat those with BHD. As a first approach to developing a vertebrate model for BHD we aimed to identify the temporal and spatial expression of flcn transcripts in the developing zebrafish embryo. To gain insights into the function of flcn in a whole organism system we generated a loss of function model of flcn by the use of morpholino knockdown in zebrafish. Results flcn is expressed broadly and upregulated in the fin bud, somites, eye and proliferative regions of the brain of the Long-pec stage zebrafish embryos. Together with knockdown phenotypes, expression analysis suggest involvement of flcn in zebrafish embryonic brain development. We have utilised the zFucci system, an in vivo, whole organism cell cycle assay to study the potential role of flcn in brain development. We found that at the 18 somite stage there was a significant drop in cells in the S-M phase of the cell cycle in flcn morpholino injected embryos with a corresponding increase of cells in the G1 phase. This was particularly evident in the brain, retina and somites of the embryo. Timelapse analysis of the head region of flcn morpholino injected and mismatch control embryos shows the temporal dynamics of cell cycle misregulation during development. Conclusions In conclusion we show that zebrafish flcn is expressed in a non-uniform manner and is likely required for the maintenance of correct cell cycle regulation during embryonic development. We demonstrate the utilisation of the zFucci system in testing the role of flcn in cell proliferation and suggest a function for flcn in regulating cell proliferation in vertebrate embryonic brain development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0119-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Kenyon
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
| | - Monique N H Luijten
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harmeet Gill
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nan Li
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew Rawlings
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Yavor Hadzhiev
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, UK.,Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eamonn Maher
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ferenc Mueller
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
The Birt-Hoge-Dubé syndrome tumor suppressor Folliculin is a regulator of metabolism and has as a wide range of cellular and organismal phenotypes associated with its disruption. However, the molecular mechanisms which underlie its functions are poorly understood. Folliculin has been described to associate with lysosomes in response to nutrient depletion and form a key part of the signaling network that controls the activity of mTORC1. We recently reported that Folliculin can control the nutrient dependent cytoplasmic distribution of lysosomes by promoting the formation of a complex with the Golgi-associated small GTPase Rab34 and its effector RILP. We thus define a mechanistic connection between the lysosomal nutrient signaling network and the transport machinery that controls the distribution and dynamics of this organelle. Here we summarise the main conclusions from that study, attempt to integrate our findings with other recent studies on lysosome distribution/dynamics, and discuss the potential consequences of the dysregulation of this processes caused by Folliculin loss for Birt-Hoge-Dubé syndrome and normal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Dodding
- a Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London , London , UK
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39
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Yan M, Audet-Walsh É, Manteghi S, Dufour CR, Walker B, Baba M, St-Pierre J, Giguère V, Pause A. Chronic AMPK activation via loss of FLCN induces functional beige adipose tissue through PGC-1α/ERRα. Genes Dev 2016; 30:1034-46. [PMID: 27151976 PMCID: PMC4863735 DOI: 10.1101/gad.281410.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) forms a repressor complex with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Given that AMPK is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, we generated an adipose-specific Flcn (Adipoq-FLCN) knockout mouse model to investigate the role of FLCN in energy metabolism. We show that loss of FLCN results in a complete metabolic reprogramming of adipose tissues, resulting in enhanced oxidative metabolism. Adipoq-FLCN knockout mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Importantly, FLCN ablation leads to chronic hyperactivation of AMPK, which in turns induces and activates two key transcriptional regulators of cellular metabolism, proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). Together, the AMPK/PGC-1α/ERRα molecular axis positively modulates the expression of metabolic genes to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and activity. In addition, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins as well as other markers of brown fat are up-regulated in both white and brown FLCN-null adipose tissues, underlying the increased resistance of Adipoq-FLCN knockout mice to cold exposure. These findings identify a key role of FLCN as a negative regulator of mitochondrial function and identify a novel molecular pathway involved in the browning of white adipocytes and the activity of brown fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sanaz Manteghi
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Walker
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Masaya Baba
- International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; International Research Centre for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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40
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Dong L, Gao M, Hao WJ, Zheng XQ, Li YG, Li XL, Yu Y. Case Report of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome: Germline Mutations of FLCN Detected in Patients With Renal Cancer and Thyroid Cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3695. [PMID: 27258496 PMCID: PMC4900704 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited syndrome that is characterized by the presence of fibrofolliculomas and/or trichodiscomas, pulmonary cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal tumors. Here, the 2 patients we reported with renal cell carcinomas and dermatological features were suspected to be suffering from BHD syndrome. Blood samples of these patients were sent for whole exon sequencing performed by Sanger sequencing. Eight mutations, including 5 mutations, which were mapped in noncoding region, 1 synonymous mutation, and 2 missense mutations, were detected in the FLCN gene in both patients. The 2 missense mutations, predicted to be disease-causing mutation or affecting protein function by MutationTaster and SIFT, confirmed the diagnosis. In addition, the 2 patients were also affected with papillary thyroid cancer. Total thyroidectomy and prophylactic bilateral central lymph node dissection were performed for them and the BHD-2 also received lateral lymph node dissection. Pathology reports showed that the patients had lymph node metastasis in spite of small size of thyroid lesions.The 2 missense mutations, not reported previously, expand the mutation spectrum of FLCN gene associated with BHD syndrome. For the thyroid cancer patients with BHD syndrome, total thyroidectomy and prophylactic bilateral central lymph node dissection may be suitable and the neck ultrasound may benefit BHD patients and their family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- From the Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, and Oncology Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy (LD, MG, W-JH, X-QZ, Y-GL, YY), Tianjin, China; and Department of Neuro-Oncology (X-LL), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Starling GP, Yip YY, Sanger A, Morton PE, Eden ER, Dodding MP. Folliculin directs the formation of a Rab34-RILP complex to control the nutrient-dependent dynamic distribution of lysosomes. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:823-41. [PMID: 27113757 PMCID: PMC4893818 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of lysosomes is important for their function and is, in part, controlled by cellular nutrient status. Here, we show that the lysosome associated Birt-Hoge-Dubé (BHD) syndrome renal tumour suppressor folliculin (FLCN) regulates this process. FLCN promotes the peri-nuclear clustering of lysosomes following serum and amino acid withdrawal and is supported by the predominantly Golgi-associated small GTPase Rab34. Rab34-positive peri-nuclear membranes contact lysosomes and cause a reduction in lysosome motility and knockdown of FLCN inhibits Rab34-induced peri-nuclear lysosome clustering. FLCN interacts directly via its C-terminal DENN domain with the Rab34 effector RILP Using purified recombinant proteins, we show that the FLCN-DENN domain does not act as a GEF for Rab34, but rather, loads active Rab34 onto RILP We propose a model whereby starvation-induced FLCN association with lysosomes drives the formation of contact sites between lysosomes and Rab34-positive peri-nuclear membranes that restrict lysosome motility and thus promote their retention in this region of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina P Starling
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anneri Sanger
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Penny E Morton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily R Eden
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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42
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Zhong M, Zhao X, Li J, Yuan W, Yan G, Tong M, Guo S, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Tumor Suppressor Folliculin Regulates mTORC1 through Primary Cilia. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11689-97. [PMID: 27072130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is the tumor suppressor associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome that predisposes patients to incident of hamartomas and cysts in multiple organs. Its inactivation causes deregulation in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. In this study, we show that FLCN is a ciliary protein that functions through primary cilia to regulate mTORC1. In response to flow stress, FLCN associates with LKB1 and recruits the kinase to primary cilia for activation of AMPK resided at basal bodies, which causes mTORC1 down-regulation. In cells depleted of FLCN, LKB1 fails to accumulate in primary cilia and AMPK at the basal bodies remains inactive, thus nullifying the inhibitory effect of flow stress on mTORC1 activity. Our results demonstrate that FLCN is part of a flow sensory mechanism that regulates mTORC1 through primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhong
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics; Key laboratory of Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Xuwen Zhao
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics; Key laboratory of Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Jinmei Li
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics; Key laboratory of Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Wenjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Gonghong Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Mingming Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Shuguang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics; Key laboratory of Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China,
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 and
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Kennedy JC, Khabibullin D, Henske EP. Mechanisms of pulmonary cyst pathogenesis in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: The stretch hypothesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:47-52. [PMID: 26877139 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN) on chromosome 17p cause Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD), which is associated with cystic lung disease. The risk of lung collapse (pneumothorax) in BHD patients is 50-fold higher than in the general population. The cystic lung disease in BHD is distinctive because the cysts tend to be basilar, subpleural and lentiform, differentiating BHD from most other cystic lung diseases. Recently, major advances in elucidating the primary functions of the folliculin protein have been made, including roles in mTOR and AMPK signaling via the interaction of FLCN with FNIP1/2, and cell-cell adhesion via the physical interaction of FLCN with plakophilin 4 (PKP4), an armadillo-repeat containing protein that interacts with E-cadherin and is a component of the adherens junctions. In addition, in just the last three years, the pulmonary impact of FLCN deficiency has been examined for the first time. In mouse models, evidence has emerged that AMPK signaling and cell-cell adhesion are involved in alveolar enlargement. In addition, the pathologic features of human BHD cysts have been recently comprehensively characterized. The "stretch hypothesis" proposes that cysts in BHD arise because of fundamental defects in cell-cell adhesion, leading to repeated respiration-induced physical stretch-induced stress and, over time, expansion of alveolar spaces particularly in regions of the lung with larger changes in alveolar volume and at weaker "anchor points" to the pleura. This hypothesis ties together many of the new data from cellular and mouse models of BHD and from the human pathologic studies. Critical questions remain. These include whether the consequences of stretch-induced cyst formation arise through a destructive/inflammatory program or a proliferative program (or both), whether cyst initiation involves a "second hit" genetic event inactivating the remaining wild-type copy of FLCN (as is known to occur in BHD-associated renal cell carcinomas), and whether cyst initiation involves exclusively the epithelial compartment versus an interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms of cystic lung disease in BHD may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, with more than 20,000 cases reported annually in the United States alone.
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Baba M, Toyama H, Sun L, Takubo K, Suh HC, Hasumi H, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Hasumi Y, Klarmann KD, Nakagata N, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM, Suda T, Keller JR. Loss of Folliculin Disrupts Hematopoietic Stem Cell Quiescence and Homeostasis Resulting in Bone Marrow Failure. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1068-82. [PMID: 27095138 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is an autosomal dominant tumor suppressor gene that modulates diverse signaling pathways required for growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, motility, and adhesion. FLCN is an essential protein required for murine embryonic development, embryonic stem cell (ESC) commitment, and Drosophila germline stem cell maintenance, suggesting that Flcn may be required for adult stem cell homeostasis. Conditional inactivation of Flcn in adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) drives hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into proliferative exhaustion resulting in the rapid depletion of HSPC, loss of all hematopoietic cell lineages, acute bone marrow (BM) failure, and mortality after 40 days. HSC that lack Flcn fail to reconstitute the hematopoietic compartment in recipient mice, demonstrating a cell-autonomous requirement for Flcn in HSC maintenance. BM cells showed increased phosphorylation of Akt and mTorc1, and extramedullary hematopoiesis was significantly reduced by treating mice with rapamycin in vivo, suggesting that the mTorc1 pathway was activated by loss of Flcn expression in hematopoietic cells in vivo. Tfe3 was activated and preferentially localized to the nucleus of Flcn knockout (KO) HSPCs. Tfe3 overexpression in HSPCs impaired long-term hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo, recapitulating the Flcn KO phenotype, and supporting the notion that abnormal activation of Tfe3 contributes to the Flcn KO phenotype. Flcn KO mice develop an acute histiocytic hyperplasia in multiple organs, suggesting a novel function for Flcn in macrophage development. Thus, Flcn is intrinsically required to maintain adult HSC quiescence and homeostasis, and Flcn loss leads to BM failure and mortality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Toyama
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lei Sun
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyung-Chan Suh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly D Klarmann
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Jonathan R Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. In mammals, growth factors and cellular energy stimulate mTORC1 activity through inhibition of the TSC complex (TSC1-TSC2-TBC1D7), a negative regulator of mTORC1. Amino acids signal to mTORC1 independently of the TSC complex. Here, we review recently identified regulators that link amino acid sufficiency to mTORC1 activity and how mutations affecting these regulators cause human disease.
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46
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Hasumi H, Baba M, Hasumi Y, Furuya M, Yao M. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: Clinical and molecular aspects of recently identified kidney cancer syndrome. Int J Urol 2015; 23:204-10. [PMID: 26608100 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease that predisposes patients to develop fibrofolliculoma, lung cysts and bilateral multifocal renal tumors, histologically hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, oncocytoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The predominant forms of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome-associated renal tumors, hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma are typically less aggressive, and a therapeutic principle for these tumors is a surgical removal with nephron-sparing. The timing of surgery is the most critical element for postoperative renal function, which is one of the important prognostic factors for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome patients. The folliculin gene (FLCN) that is responsible for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome was isolated as a novel tumor suppressor for kidney cancer. Recent studies using murine models for FLCN, a protein encoded by the FLCN gene, and its two binding partners, folliculin-interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) and folliculin-interacting protein 2 (FNIP2), have uncovered important roles for FLCN, FNIP1 and FNIP2 in cell metabolism, which include AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated energy sensing, Ppargc1a-driven mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mTORC1-dependent cell proliferation. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a hereditary hamartoma syndrome, which is triggered by metabolic alterations under a functional loss of FLCN/FNIP1/FNIP2 complex, a critical regulator of kidney cell proliferation rate; a mechanistic insight into the FLCN/FNIP1/FNIP2 pathway could provide us a basis for developing new therapeutics for kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Baba
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an inherited renal cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk of developing benign cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, bilateral pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces, and kidney tumours. Bilateral multifocal renal tumours that develop in BHD syndrome are most frequently hybrid oncocytic tumours and chromophobe renal carcinoma, but can present with other histologies. Germline mutations in the FLCN gene on chromosome 17 are responsible for BHD syndrome--BHD-associated renal tumours display inactivation of the wild-type FLCN allele by somatic mutation or chromosomal loss, confirming that FLCN is a tumour suppressor gene that fits the classic two-hit model. FLCN interacts with two novel proteins, FNIP1 and FNIP2, and with AMPK, a negative regulator of mTOR. Studies with FLCN-deficient cell and animal models support a role for FLCN in modulating the AKT-mTOR pathway. Emerging evidence links FLCN with a number of other molecular pathways and cellular processes important for cell homeostasis that are frequently deregulated in cancer, including regulation of TFE3 and/or TFEB transcriptional activity, amino-acid-dependent mTOR activation through Rag GTPases, TGFβ signalling, PGC1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. Currently, surgical intervention is the only therapy available for BHD-associated renal tumours, but improved understanding of the FLCN pathway will hopefully lead to the development of effective forms of targeted systemic therapy for this disease.
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Abstract
Amino acids have a dual role in cellular metabolism, as they are both the building blocks for protein synthesis and intermediate metabolites which fuel other biosynthetic reactions. Recent work has demonstrated that deregulation of both arms of amino acid management are common alterations seen in cancer. Among the most highly consumed nutrients by cancer cells are the amino acids glutamine and serine, and the biosynthetic pathways that metabolize them are required in various cancer subtypes and the object of current efforts to target cancer metabolism. Also altered in cancer are components of the machinery which sense amino acid sufficiency, nucleated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulator of cell growth via modulation of key processes including protein synthesis and autophagy. The precise ways in which altered amino acid management supports cellular transformation remain mostly elusive, and a fuller mechanistic understanding of these processes will be important for efforts to exploit such alterations for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yang Tsun
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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49
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Chen J, Huang D, Rubera I, Futami K, Wang P, Zickert P, Khoo SK, Dykema K, Zhao P, Petillo D, Cao B, Zhang Z, Si S, Schoen SR, Yang XJ, Zhou M, Xiao GQ, Wu G, Nordenskjöld M, Tauc M, Williams BO, Furge KA, Teh BT. Disruption of tubular Flcn expression as a mouse model for renal tumor induction. Kidney Int 2015; 88:1057-69. [PMID: 26083655 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of kidney cancer pathogenesis and its treatment has been limited by the scarcity of genetically defined animal models. The FLCN gene that codes for the protein folliculin, mutated in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, presents a new target for mouse modeling of kidney cancer. Here we developed a kidney-specific knockout model by disrupting the mouse Flcn in the proximal tubules, thus avoiding homozygous embryonic lethality or neonatal mortality, and eliminating the requirement of loss of heterozygosity for tumorigenesis. This knockout develops renal cysts and early onset (6 months) of multiple histological subtypes of renal neoplasms featuring high tumor penetrance. Although the majority of the tumors were chromophobe renal cell carcinomas in affected mice under 1 year of age, papillary renal cell carcinomas predominated in the kidneys of older knockout mice. This renal neoplasia from cystic hyperplasia at 4 months to high-grade renal tumors by 16 months represented the progression of tumorigenesis. The mTOR and TGF-β signalings were upregulated in Flcn-deficient tumors, and these two activated pathways may synergetically cause renal tumorigenesis. Treatment of knockout mice with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin for 10 months led to the suppression of tumor growth. Thus, our model recapitulates human Birt-Hogg-Dubé kidney tumorigenesis, provides a valuable tool for further study of Flcn-deficient renal tumorigenesis, and tests new drugs/approaches to their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Chen
- Kidney Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dachuan Huang
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kunihiko Futami
- Course of Applied Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Kidney Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peter Zickert
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sok-Kean Khoo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Karl Dykema
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Renal Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ping Zhao
- Spectrum Health, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Renal Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Molecular Diagnostics Program, College of Health Professions, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Brian Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zhongfa Zhang
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Renal Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Shuhui Si
- Kidney Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susan R Schoen
- Kidney Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ximing J Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guang-Qian Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Guan Wu
- Kidney Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michel Tauc
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Bart O Williams
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kyle A Furge
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Renal Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Renal Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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50
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Ferguson SM. Beyond indigestion: emerging roles for lysosome-based signaling in human disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:59-68. [PMID: 25950843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are becoming increasingly recognized as a hub that integrates diverse signals in order to control multiple aspects of cell physiology. This is illustrated by the discovery of a growing number of lysosome-localized proteins that respond to changes in growth factor and nutrient availability to regulate mTORC1 signaling as well as the identification of MiT/TFE transcription factors (MITF, TFEB and TFE3) as proteins that shuttle between lysosomes and the nucleus to elicit a transcriptional response to ongoing changes in lysosome status. These findings have been paralleled by advances in human genetics that connect mutations in genes involved in lysosomal signaling to a broad range of human illnesses ranging from cancer to neurological disease. This review summarizes these new discoveries at the interface between lysosome cell biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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