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Tolstrup LK, Leifsson PS, Guardabassi L, Nielsen JP, Pedersen KS. Cystitis: significant associations between pathology, histology, and quantitative bacteriology in sows, a cross-sectional study. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:41. [PMID: 37752562 PMCID: PMC10523660 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of cystitis in pig production is controversial and sparse information is available on its frequency and etiology in sows. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria, macroscopical and histological lesions of the urinary bladder in culled sows. Urinary bladders and urine samples were obtained from 176 culled sows at slaughter. The urine samples collected by cystocentesis were analyzed to determine bacterial content and pathological findings, macroscopic as well as microscopic, of the bladder were recorded for each sow. RESULTS The prevalence of bacteriuria, defined by bacterial concentrations ≥ 103 colony forming units per mL of urine, was 34%. Escherichia coli was isolated from 69% of the samples with bacteriuria. Redness of the mucosa was the most frequently observed macroscopic change of the bladder. Intense redness and presence of pus was considered significant pathological changes and occurred in 27% of the urinary bladders. The histopathological examination showed that mononuclear cells were the predominant type of cell infiltration in the bladder mucosa, while neutrophils occurred in very few samples. The criteria for cystitis determined by histopathology were met in 46% of the samples. The criteria were based on presence of hyperemia, edema, and inflammatory cell reaction defined as 40 or more neutrophils or mononuclear cells per high power field. All three indicators of cystitis were significantly associated with each other (p < 0.05) at sow level. CONCLUSION This study shows that signs of cystitis are common in culled sows. The prevalence of cystitis was 34% based on bacteriological examination, 27% based on macroscopic examination and 46% based on histological examination. Significant associations were found between the three indicators of cystitis: bacteriuria, pathological and histological lesions of the bladder. Based on macroscopic changes and histopathology of the bladder, the cut-off of ≥ 103 colony forming units per mL of urine seems to be appropriate for assessing urine cultures obtained by cystocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Kathe Tolstrup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Páll Skúli Leifsson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Ø-Vet A/S, Koeberupvej 33, 4700, Naestved, Denmark.
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2
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Stærk K, Jensen LK, Andersen TE. Evaluation of urine dipstick tests in experimental porcine urinary tract infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12404. [PMID: 37524716 PMCID: PMC10390499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is a common disease in pigs and a major reason for sows to be culled. The disease, however, is difficult to diagnose due to lack of distinct clinical signs in the animals. We evaluated the diagnostic value of two commercial urine dipstick tests in 10 pigs using an experimental model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Urine collected at baseline and 48 h after inoculation were analyzed. We show that dipstick tests positive of blood, leucocytes and particularly nitrite are very specific for E. coli UTI with a 100% positive predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | | | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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3
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Björkman S, Kauffold J, Kaiser MØ. Reproductive health of the sow during puerperium. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:561-579. [PMID: 36054784 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The modern hyperprolific sow is susceptible to metabolic disease and chronic inflammation. The most sensitive phase is parturition, when the sow experiences systemic inflammation and stress, and major changes in metabolism and endocrinology. Resolution of inflammation and stress needs to happen quickly to ensure good reproductive health during puerperium. If the sow fails to adapt to these changes, puerperal disease may occur. The economically most important puerperal disease complex is the postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS). Other puerperal diseases include infections of the urogenital tract. Diagnosis of PPDS and urogenital disease on-farm is challenging but several diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, behavioral observations, ultrasonography and biomarkers are available. Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for monitoring the health of the urogenital tract, the mammary gland, and uterine involution and guide further diagnostic interventions. Biomarkers such as Chromogranin A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 represent promising tools to monitor general health and the systemic state of inflammation and oxidative stress of the sow. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, dopamine antagonists, and oxytocin are promising to address the symptoms of PPDS. Reducing of stress, improving nutrition and intestinal health, and supporting animal welfare-friendly husbandry help in the prevention of PPDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Steinparzer R, Duerlinger S, Schmoll F, Steinrigl A, Bagó Z, Willixhofer D, Al Salem O, Takács S, Knecht C, Renzhammer R, Schwendenwein I, Ladinig A, Unterweger C. Leptospira interrogans Serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae Failed to Establish Distinct Infection in Naïve Gilts: Lessons Learned from a Preliminary Experimental Challenge. Pathogens 2023; 12. [PMID: 36678483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is a pathogen involved in fertility problems in pigs. Nevertheless, little information is available on pathogenicity, transmission, tissue tropism, and immune response. The objective of this preliminary study was to induce a diagnostically detectable infection in naïve gilts using Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae to gain the knowledge required for designing a large-scale trial. Eight seronegative fertile gilts were divided into three groups: control (n = 2), challenge (n = 3; 10 mL of 108 leptospires/mL intravenously), and contact (n = 3). A daily clinical examination and periodic sampling of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were performed until four weeks after infection when necropsy was undertaken. Seroconversion of infected animals was detected first by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) between four and seven days after inoculation. No clinical signs were observed except pyrexia. Laboratory data primarily remained within reference intervals. Leptospira were undetectable in all groups by real-time PCR (sera, urine, vaginal swabs, and tissue samples) and bacterial culture (urine and tissue samples). However, histologic evidence for tubulo-interstitial nephritis could be found. Based on the study results and limitations, questions to be solved and approaches to be reconsidered are raised for the conduction of further experimental studies to understand the pathogenesis and the role of Icterohaemorrhagiae in pig health.
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5
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Pousinis P, Virgiliou C, Mouskeftara T, Chalvatzi S, Kroustallas F, Panteris E, Papadopoulos GA, Fortomaris P, Cernat M, Leontides L, Begou O. Untargeted Metabolomics Pilot Study Using UHPLC-qTOF MS Profile in Sows' Urine Reveals Metabolites of Bladder Inflammation. Metabolites 2022; 12. [PMID: 36557224 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows (characterized by ascending infections of the urinary bladder (cyst), ureters, and renal pelvis), are major health issues with a significant economic impact to the swine industry. The current detection of UTI incidents lacks sensitivity; thus, UTIs remain largely under-diagnosed. The value of metabolomics in unraveling the mechanisms of sow UTI has not yet been established. This study aims to investigate the urine metabolome of sows for UTI biomarkers. Urine samples were collected from 58 culled sows from a farrow-to-finish herd in Greece. Urine metabolomic profiles in 31 healthy controls and in 27 inflammatory ones were evaluated. UHPLC-qTOF MS/MS was applied for the analysis with a combination of multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Eighteen potential markers were found. The changes in several urine metabolites classes (nucleosides, indoles, isoflavones, and dipeptides), as well as amino-acids allowed for an adequate discrimination between the study groups. Identified metabolites were involved in purine metabolism; phenylalanine; tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism. Through ROC analysis it was shown that the 18 identified metabolite biomarkers exhibited good predictive accuracy. In summary, our study provided new information on the potential targets for predicting early and accurate diagnosis of UTI. Further, this information also sheds light on how it could be applied in live animals.
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Skampardonis V, Cernat M, Papadopoulos GA, Kroustallas F, Chalvatzi S, Psychas V, Marouda C, Fortomaris P, Leontides L. Lack of association between claw lesions or claw overgrowth and inflammation of the urinary bladder of culled sows from Greek herds. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Mohanna AT, Alshamrani KM, SaemAldahar MA, Kidwai AO, Kaneetah AH, Khan MA, Mazraani N. The Sensitivity and Specificity of White Blood Cells and Nitrite in Dipstick Urinalysis in Association With Urine Culture in Detecting Infection in Adults From October 2016 to October 2019 at King Abdulaziz Medical City. Cureus 2021; 13:e15436. [PMID: 34249577 PMCID: PMC8253458 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common clinical presentations that exhaust the patients and confuse physicians. Some of the risk factors that contribute to UTIs are age, female gender, and diabetes. Urinalysis is used to detect abnormalities in the urine, such as the presence of leukocytes, blood, and nitrite. However, urinalysis accuracy depends on the patient and the analyzer. On the other hand, urine culture is considered gold standard for diagnosing UTI. For that, the aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity of white blood cells (WBC) and nitrite in dipstick urinalysis in detecting UTI. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City on adult patients aged 19-65 years who underwent dipstick urinalysis and culture at the same visit from October 2016 to October 2019. The data were collected from the medical records from all the departments by using a data collection sheet through Best Care system. The sample was selected conveniently, and it was determined to be 359 patients with a confidence interval of 95%. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between the outcome and the results of the dipstick urinalysis and urine culture. P-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. Results Three hundred and fifty-nine patients were included into the study with a majority of females (81.1%) with a mean age of 47.5 years. Two hundred and fifty-two patients were culture positive, WBC sensitivity and specificity were 62.7% and 100%, and nitrite sensitivity and specificity were 20.6% and 93.5%, respectively. Ninety-nine diabetic patients were culture positive; for diabetic patients, WBC sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 100% and nitrite sensitivity and specificity were 18.2% and 97.6%, respectively, while for non-diabetic patients, WBC sensitivity and specificity were 60.85% and 100% and nitrite sensitivity and specificity were 22.2% and 90.8%, respectively. Conclusion Our study showed that results of WBC are more sensitive and specific than those of nitrite in comparison to the gold standard (urine culture). Diabetics and non-diabetics have slightly different results. According to our results it is difficult to depend on the dipstick urinalysis without culture. More studies are recommended in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman T Mohanna
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Khalid M Alshamrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Majd A SaemAldahar
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulbari O Kidwai
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulrahman H Kaneetah
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mohammed A Khan
- Medical Education, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,Medical Education, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Nadia Mazraani
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
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8
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Cernat M, Skampardonis V, Papadopoulos GA, Kroustallas F, Chalvatzi S, Petridou E, Psychas V, Marouda C, Fortomaris P, Leontides L. Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:33. [PMID: 33875002 PMCID: PMC8054422 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows characterized by cystitis, which may progress to ureteritis and pyelonephritis, can affect their productivity, longevity and welfare. In this study, we determined the prevalence of UTI by histopathology and bacteriology. Furthermore, we investigated possible associations between histologically confirmed cystitis and the results of urinalysis and urine cultures in culled sows from three farrow-to-finish herds in Greece. Materials and methods One hundred eighty-five routinely culled sows were included in the study. Their urinary bladder was collected from abattoirs and subjected to histopathology. Furthermore, urinalysis and urine cultures were performed on urine samples aseptically collected from the bladders. Results Histologically confirmed cystitis was evident in 85/185 (45.94%) culled sows. Among those, 44 (51.76%) suffered from acute and 41 (48.24%) from chronic inflammation. The majority of positive urine cultures were due to colonization of the urinary tract with E.coli, which accounted for 55.81% of the total cases, followed by Staphylococcus spp. which accounted for 18.60% of detected infections. Evidence of cystitis was associated with bacteriuria and sows with bacteriuria were 2.30 (P = 0.03, 95% CI: 1.10–4.83) times more likely to have histologically confirmed cystitis compared to sows with negative urine cultures. Bacteriuria was associated with proteinuria (P < 0.01, OR = 9.72, 2.63–35.88), increased urine pH (P < 0.01, 3.40, 1.10–10.56) and presence of sediment (P < 0.01, 6.00, 1.50–23.76) in urine. Sows with proteinuria had 9.72 (P < 0.01, 2.63–35.88) times higher odds of bacteriuria than those without. Histologically defined cystitis was associated with proteinuria (P < 0.01, 2.03–13.20) and decreased urine pH (P < 0.01, 0.13–0.72). Sows with proteinuria were 5.18 (P < 0.01, 2.03–13.2) times more likely to have histological lesions consistent with cystitis, than those without. For one unit increase in pH, it was 3.20 (P = 0.006, 1.39–7.69) times less likely for a sow to have chronic or acute cystitis compared to absence of cystitis. Conclusion In the studied population, UTI affected almost one out of two culled sows. Bacteriuria, which was more common among sows with UTI than those without, was mainly ascribed to members of the intestinal and environmental bacteria. Proteinuria and the existence of urine sediment which were associated with UTI, could be used as proxy traits for UTI in live sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Cernat
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Economics of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Skampardonis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Economics of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios A Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotios Kroustallas
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Chalvatzi
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Psychas
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Marouda
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Economics of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
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Ye G, Huang J, Li G, Zhang J, Sun Y, Zeng D, Bao W, Zhong J, Huang Q. Clinical efficacy of intravaginal recombinant lysostaphin administration on endometritis in sows. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:746-754. [PMID: 33389826 PMCID: PMC8136942 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant lysostaphin has been used for the treatment of cow endometritis and mastitis in China. To our knowledge, no scientific effort has been made to evaluate the efficacy of lysostaphin in sows with clinical endometritis. Lysostaphin, loaded in effervescent tablets that were completely foamed and dissolved within 30 min in the presence of water or body fluids and released active lysostaphin, were administered vaginally on endometritis sows in this study. The clinical recovery, bacterial clearance and reproductive performance of sows with endometritis were investigated. We found that the 400U dosage (400U lysostaphin/pill/time, repeat once on the third day, a total of two times, with 10% oxytetracycline uterine injection as a control) is the most effective treatment. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent finding (34%, n = 188), followed by Streptococcus (32%, n = 181), Escherichia coli (19%, n = 104) and other bacilli (15%, n = 83) before treatment by drugs. Administration of lysostaphin resulted in an extremely significant (p < .01) reduction in S. aureus (0.18 ± 0.25 from 4.57 ± 0.33) and Streptococcus (0.11 ± 0.14 from 3.88 ± 0.29), as well as a significant (p < .05) reduction in E. coli (0.55 ± 0.42 from 3.11 ± 0.14). Mixed infections (83%) were predominant before treatment, in contrast to single infections (61%) after treatment. Large‐scale trials were conducted to verify the clinical efficacy of lysostaphin on sow endometritis. The average cure rate of 400u lysostaphin on sow endometritis(82.5%) was higher than the antibiotic group(72.17%). In addition, our results revealed that intravaginal administration of lysostaphin had no adverse effect on the reproductive performance of sows. Thus, this lysostaphin has potential application value as a new method alternative to antibiotics to treat endometritis in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China.,Kunshan Bio-Green Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Kunshan, P.R.China
| | - Jinjiang Huang
- Kunshan Bio-Green Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Kunshan, P.R.China.,Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jien Zhang
- Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxue Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology South, China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Qingshan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
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Abstract
Abstract The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes collective antimicrobial therapies via feed a routine. This, however, generates sub-doses unable to heal and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was a determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to a bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg), and submitted to a new urine collection 24h and 48h after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals, and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.
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Peltoniemi O, Oliviero C, Yun J, Grahofer A, Björkman S. Management practices to optimize the parturition process in the hyperprolific sow. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S96-S106. [PMID: 32810239 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Claudio Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Jinhyeon Yun
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Alexander Grahofer
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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12
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Grahofer A, Björkman S, Peltoniemi O. Diagnosis of endometritis and cystitis in sows: use of biomarkers. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S107-S116. [PMID: 32810245 PMCID: PMC7433928 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grahofer
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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13
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Arrighi S. The urothelium: anatomy, review of the literature, perspectives for veterinary medicine. Ann Anat 2014; 198:73-82. [PMID: 25533627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arrighi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Laboratory of Anatomy and Confocal Microscopy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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