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Yi J, Bertels Z, Del Rosario JS, Widman AJ, Slivicki RA, Payne M, Susser HM, Copits BA, Gereau RW. Bradykinin receptor expression and bradykinin-mediated sensitization of human sensory neurons. Pain 2024; 165:202-215. [PMID: 37703419 PMCID: PMC10723647 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bradykinin is a peptide implicated in inflammatory pain in both humans and rodents. In rodent sensory neurons, activation of B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors induces neuronal hyperexcitability. Recent evidence suggests that human and rodent dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons, differ in the expression and function of key GPCRs and ion channels; whether bradykinin receptor expression and function are conserved across species has not been studied in depth. In this study, we used human DRG tissue from organ donors to provide a detailed characterization of bradykinin receptor expression and bradykinin-induced changes in the excitability of human sensory neurons. We found that B2 and, to a lesser extent, B1 receptors are expressed by human DRG neurons and satellite glial cells. B2 receptors were enriched in the nociceptor subpopulation. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that acute bradykinin increases the excitability of human sensory neurons, whereas prolonged exposure to bradykinin decreases neuronal excitability in a subpopulation of human DRG neurons. Finally, our analyses suggest that donor's history of chronic pain and age may be predictors of higher B1 receptor expression in human DRG neurons. Together, these results indicate that acute bradykinin-induced hyperexcitability, first identified in rodents, is conserved in humans and provide further evidence supporting bradykinin signaling as a potential therapeutic target for treating pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John Smith Del Rosario
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Allie J. Widman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard A. Slivicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maria Payne
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Henry M. Susser
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bryan A. Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Yi J, Bertels Z, Del Rosario JS, Widman AJ, Slivicki RA, Payne M, Susser HM, Copits BA, Gereau RW. Bradykinin receptor expression and bradykinin-mediated sensitization of human sensory neurons. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.31.534820. [PMID: 37034782 PMCID: PMC10081334 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.534820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin is a peptide implicated in inflammatory pain in both humans and rodents. In rodent sensory neurons, activation of B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors induces neuronal hyperexcitability. Recent evidence suggests that human and rodent dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons, differ in the expression and function of key GPCRs and ion channels; whether BK receptor expression and function are conserved across species has not been studied in depth. In this study, we used human DRG tissue from organ donors to provide a detailed characterization of bradykinin receptor expression and bradykinin-induced changes in the excitability of human sensory neurons. We found that B2 and, to a lesser extent, B1 receptors are expressed by human DRG neurons and satellite glial cells. B2 receptors were enriched in the nociceptor subpopulation. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that acute bradykinin increases the excitability of human sensory neurons, while prolonged exposure to bradykinin decreases neuronal excitability in a subpopulation of human DRG neurons. Finally, our analyses suggest that donor’s history of chronic pain and age may be predictors of higher B1 receptor expression in human DRG neurons. Together, these results indicate that acute BK-induced hyperexcitability, first identified in rodents, is conserved in humans and provide further evidence supporting BK signaling as a potential therapeutic target for treating pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John Smith Del Rosario
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Allie J. Widman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard A. Slivicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maria Payne
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Henry M. Susser
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Bryan A. Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wu C, Zhou XX, Li JZ, Qiang HF, Wang Y, Li G. Pretreatment of cardiac progenitor cells with bradykinin attenuates H 2O 2-induced cell apoptosis and improves cardiac function in rats by regulating autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:437. [PMID: 34353364 PMCID: PMC8340370 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells (hCPCs) can effectively improve ischemic heart disease. However, the major challenge in applying hCPCs to clinical therapy is the low survival rate of graft hCPCs in the host heart, which limited the benefit of transplanted hCPCs. Bradykinin (BK) is a principal active agent of the tissue kinin-kallikrein system. Our previous studies have highlighted that BK mediated the growth and migration of CPCs by regulating Ca2+ influx. However, the protective effect of BK on CPCs, improvement in the survival rate of BK-pretreated hCPCs in the infarcted heart, and the related mechanism remain elusive. Methods HCPCs were treated with H2O2 to induce cell apoptosis and autophagy, and different concentration of BK was applied to rescue the H2O2-induced injury detected by MTT assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and mitoSOX assays. The role of autophagy in the anti-apoptotic effect of BK was chemically activated or inhibited using the autophagy inducer, rapamycin, or the inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA). To explore the protective effect of BK on hCPCs, 3-MA or BK-pretreated hCPCs were transplanted into the myocardial infarcted rats. An echocardiogram was used to determine cardiac function, H&E and Masson staining were employed to assess pathological characteristics, HLA gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR, and immunostaining was applied to examine neovascularization using confocal microscopy. Results The in vitro results showed that BK suppressed H2O2-induced hCPCs apoptosis and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner by promoting pAkt and Bcl-2 expression and reducing cleaved caspase 3 and Bax expression. Moreover, BK restrained the H2O2-induced cell autophagy by decreasing LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5 expression and increasing P62 expression. In the in vivo experiment, the transplanted BK- or 3-MA-treated hCPCs were found to be more effectively improved cardiac function by decreasing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory infiltration, and myocardial fibrosis, and promoting neovascularization in the infarcted heart, compared to untreated-hCPCs or c-kit- cardiomyocytes (CPC- cells). Conclusions Our present study established a new method to rescue transplanted hCPCs in the infarcted cardiac area via regulating cell apoptosis and autophagy of hCPCs by pretreatment with BK, providing a new therapeutic option for heart failure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Zhou Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Feng Qiang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
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Billebeau A, Fain O, Launay D, Boccon-Gibod I, Bouillet L, Gobert D, Plu-Bureau G, Gompel A. Hereditary Angioedema with and Without C1-Inhibitor Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Immunol 2020; 41:163-170. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease with potential life-threatening risks. To study the natural course of HAE under therapy-free conditions throughout patient life is essential for practitioners and patients to avoid possible risk factors and guide treatment. Objectives Describe the natural course of HAE and explore possible risk factors, providing new clues for guiding clinical prevention and treatment. Methods A web-based survey was conducted in 103 Chinese patients with type 1 HAE. Disease progression at different age stages was provided by each participant. The data for exploring the natural course of HAE composed of two parts: one came from the participants who had never adopted any prophylactic drug for HAE; the other was from the patients with a history of medication, but only the periods before they got confirmed diagnosis and received medications were analyzed. The demographic characteristics, lifestyles, disease severity, and family history were also collected. Results Among 103 patients, 14 (13.6%) had their first HAE attack before 10 years old and 51 (49.5%) between 10 and 19. The disease worsened in 83.3% of the patients in their twenties. The proportion of patients with symptoms alleviated increased after the age of 30 years old, but the disease maintained relatively severe in most cases before 50. The participants also reported 233 members shared similar symptoms of angioedema in their family and 30 had died of laryngeal edema with the median death age of 46 years old. The disease severity was not observed to be affected significantly by gender, BMI, alcohol or smoking. Conclusions We summarized HAE progression patterns under therapy-free conditions, showing the natural course of HAE development along with aging. Long-term prophylaxis and symptomatic treatment are recommended for all HAE patients, especially young and middle-aged and might be adjusted depending on the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, #1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, #1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhi
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, #1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
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Fu C, Cao Y, Yao Y, Tang S, Fan Q, Ling Y. Expression of B2 Receptor on Circulating CD34-Positive Cells and Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction. Dis Markers 2019; 2019:7816438. [PMID: 31360266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7816438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) is a widely expressed cell surface receptor. The relationship between B2R expression on circulating CD34+ cells and prognosis of myocardial infarction remains unknown. Methods We analyzed the expression of B2R on circulating CD34-positive cells and plasma VEGF concentration in 174 myocardial infarction patients. All involved patients were divided into two groups: high B2R group and low B2R group according to the median B2R expression percentage. 48 months of follow-up was performed. The endpoints were heart failure and revascularization. Results The plasma level of VEGF in the low B2R group is 67 ± 12 pg/mL, whereas the high B2R group has significantly elevated VEGF levels of 145 ± 27 pg/mL (P < 0.001). The concentration of VEGF has correlated with expression of B2R (r = 0.574, P < 0.001). During the 48 months of follow-up, low expression of B2 receptor on circulating CD34-positive cells indicates the high incidence of heart failure (hazard ratio: 2.247; 95% confidence interval: 1.110-4.547; P = 0.024) and revascularization (hazard ratio: 2.335; 95% confidence interval: 1.075-5.074; P = 0.032). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the cumulative hazard of heart failure (P = 0.014) and revascularization (P = 0.032) has significant differences between low B2R and high B2R. Conclusion Low expression of B2R on circulating progenitor cells indicated the poor outcomes of myocardial infarction.
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Mesquita TRR, Miguel-dos-Santos R, Jesus ICGD, de Almeida GKM, Fernandes VA, Gomes AAL, Guatimosim S, Martins-Silva L, Ferreira AJ, Capettini LDSA, Pesquero JL, Lauton-Santos S. Ablation of B1- and B2-kinin receptors causes cardiac dysfunction through redox-nitroso unbalance. Life Sci 2019; 228:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Fu C, Cao Y, Li B, Xu R, Sun Y, Yao Y. Bradykinin protects cardiac c-kit positive cells from high-glucose-induced senescence through B2 receptor signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17731-17743. [PMID: 31119778 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac c-kit positive cells are cardiac-derived cells that exist within the heart and have a great many protective effects. The senescence of cardiac c-kit positive cells probably leads to cell dysfunction. Bradykinin plays a key role in cell protection. However, whether bradykinin prevents cardiac c-kit positive cells from high-glucose-induced senescence is unknown. Here, we found that glucose treatment causes the premature senescence of cardiac c-kit positive cells. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) expression was declined by glucose-induced senescence. Bradykinin treatment inhibited senescence and reduced intracellular oxygen radicals according to senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Moreover, the mitochondrial membrane potential was damaged, as measured by JC-1 staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential was preserved under bradykinin treatment. The concentration of superoxide was decreased, and the concentration of intracellular adenosine triphosphate was increased after bradykinin treatment. Western blot showed that bradykinin leads to AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and decreased levels of P53 and P16 when compared with glucose treatment alone. Antagonists of B2R, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mTOR, and B2R small interfering RNA prevented the protective effect of bradykinin. P53 antagonist also inhibited the glucose-induced senescence of cardiac c-kit positive cells. In conclusion, bradykinin prevents the glucose-induced premature senescence of cardiac c-kit positive cells through the B2R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/P53 signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Yi Ji Shan hospital affiliated to Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, AnHui, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhong Da hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, JiangSu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wann Nan Medical College, Wuhu, AnHui, China
| | - Yuhan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wann Nan Medical College, Wuhu, AnHui, China.,Department of Nephrology, Yi Ji Shan Hospital affiliated to Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhong Da hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, JiangSu, China
| | - Rongfeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhong Da hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, JiangSu, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhong Da hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, JiangSu, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhong Da hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, JiangSu, China
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Sang H, Qiu Z, Cai J, Lan W, Yu L, Zhang H, Li M, Xie Y, Guo R, Ye R, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang R. Early Increased Bradykinin 1 Receptor Contributes to Hemorrhagic Transformation After Ischemic Stroke in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:597-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li G, Wang Y, Li GR. Bradykinin regulates cell growth and migration in cultured human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10822-10835. [PMID: 28099911 PMCID: PMC5355226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin is a well-known endogenous vasoactive peptide. The present study investigated the bradykinin receptor expression in human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells and the potential role of bradykinin in regulating cell cycling progression and mobility. It was found that mRNA and protein of bradykinin type 2 receptors, but not bradykinin type 1 receptors, were abundant in cultured human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells. Bradykinin (1-10 nM) stimulated cell growth and migration in a concentration-dependent manner. The increase of cell proliferation was related to promoting G0/G1 transition into G2/M and S phase. Western blots revealed that bradykinin significantly increased pAkt and pERK1/2 as well as cyclin D1, which were countered by HOE140 (an antagonist of bradykinin type 2 receptors) or by silencing bradykinin type 2 receptors. The increase of pAkt, pERK1/2 and cyclin D1 by bradykinin was prevented by the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, the PLC inhibitors U73122 and neomycin, and/or the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine and the MAPK inhibitor PD98059. Our results demonstrate the novel information that bradykinin promotes cell cycling progression and migration in human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells via activating PI3K, PLC, PKC, cyclin D1, pERK1/2, and pAkt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Siltari A, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Bradykinin -induced vasodilatation: Role of age, ACE1-inhibitory peptide, mas- and bradykinin receptors. Peptides 2016; 85:46-55. [PMID: 27628189 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin exerts its vascular actions via two types of receptors, the non-constitutively expressed bradykinin receptor type 1 (BR1) and the constitutive type 2 receptor (BR2). Bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation is age-dependent, a phenomenon related to the varying amounts of BR1 and BR2 in the vasculature. Isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro), a bioactive tripeptide, lowers elevated blood pressure and improves impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in hypertensive rats. It inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1). Other mechanisms of action have also been postulated. The aims of the study were to clarify the underlying mechanisms of the age-dependency of bradykinin-induced vasodilatation such as the roles of the two bradykinin receptors, the mas-receptor and synergism with Ile-Pro-Pro. The vascular response studies were conducted using mesenteric artery and aorta rings from normotensive 6 wk. (young) and 22 wk. (old) Wistar rats. Cumulative dosing of acetylcholine, bradykinin and angiotensin(1-7) (Ang(1-7))were tested in phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction with or without 10min pre-incubation with antagonists against BR1-, BR2- or mas-receptors, Ang(1-7) or ACE1-inhibitors captopril and Ile-Pro-Pro. The bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation in vitro was age-dependent and it was improved by pre-incubation with Ile-Pro-Pro, especially in old rats with endothelial dysfunction. The mas-receptor antagonist, D-Pro7-Ang(1-7) abolished bradykinin-induced relaxation totally. Interestingly, BR1 and BR2 antagonists only slightly reduced bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation, as an evidence for the involvement of other mechanisms in addition to receptor activation. In conclusion, bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation was age-dependent and Ile-Pro-Pro improved it. Mas receptor antagonist abolished relaxation while bradykinin receptor antagonist only slightly reduced it, suggesting that bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation is regulated also by other mechanisms than the classical BR1/BR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siltari
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - R Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Vapaatalo
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Fu C, Li B, Sun Y, Ma G, Yao Y. Bradykinin inhibits oxidative stress-induced senescence of endothelial progenitor cells through the B2R/AKT/RB and B2R/EGFR/RB signal pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24675-89. [PMID: 26360782 PMCID: PMC4694787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have multiple protective effects that facilitate repair of damage to tissues and organs. However, while various stressors are known to impair EPC function, the mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced EPC senescence remains unknown. We demonstrated that B2 receptor (B2R) expression on circulating CD34+ cells was significantly reduced in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, CD34+ cell B2R expression in patients with DM was inversely correlated with plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations. Bradykinin (BK) treatment decreased human EPC (hEPC) senescence and intracellular oxygen radical production, resulting in reduced retinoblastoma 1 (RB) RNA expression in H2O2-induced senescent hEPCs and a reversal of the B2R downregulation that is normally observed in senescent cells. Furthermore, BK treatment of H2O2-exposed cells leads to elevated phosphorylation of RB, AKT, and cyclin D1 compared with H2O2-treatment alone. Antagonists of B2R, PI3K, and EGFR signaling pathways and B2R siRNA blocked BK protective effects. In summary, this study demonstrates that BK significantly inhibits oxidative stress-induced hEPC senescence though B2R-mediated activation of PI3K and EGFR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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Feng W, Xu X, Zhao G, Zhao J, Dong R, Ma B, Zhang Y, Long G, Wang DW, Tu L. Increased Age-Related Cardiac Dysfunction in Bradykinin B2 Receptor–Deficient Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 71:178-87. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Dong R, Xu X, Li G, Feng W, Zhao G, Zhao J, Wang DW, Tu L. Bradykinin inhibits oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocytes senescence via regulating redox state. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77034. [PMID: 24204728 PMCID: PMC3808370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell senescence is central to a large body of age related pathology, and accordingly, cardiomyocytes senescence is involved in many age related cardiovascular diseases. In consideration of that, delaying cardiomyocytes senescence is of great importance to control clinical cardiovascular diseases. Previous study indicated that bradykinin (BK) protected endothelial cells from senescence induced by oxidative stress. However, the effects of bradykinin on cardiomyocytes senescence remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of bradykinin on H2O2-induced H9C2 cells senescence. Methods and Results Bradykinin pretreatment decreased the senescence induced by H2O2 in cultured H9C2 cells in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, 1 nmol/L of BK almost completely inhibited the increase in senescent cell number and p21 expression induced by H2O2. Since H2O2 induces senescence through superoxide-induced DNA damage, we also observed the DNA damage by comet assay, and BK markedly reduced DNA damage induced by H2O2, and moreover, BK treatment significantly prevented reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in H9C2 cells treated with H2O2. Importantly, when co-incubated with bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE-140 or eNOS inhibitor N-methyl-L-arginine acetate salt (L-NAME), the protective effects of bradykinin on H9C2 senescence were totally blocked. Furthermore, BK administration significantly prevented the increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity characterized by increased ROS generation and gp91 expression and increased translocation of p47 and p67 to the membrane and the decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression induced by H2O2 in H9C2 cells, which was dependent on BK B2 receptor mediated nitric oxide (NO) release. Conclusions Bradykinin, acting through BK B2 receptor induced NO release, upregulated antioxidant Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activity and expression while downregulating NADPH oxidase activity and subsequently inhibited ROS production, and finally protected against cardiomyocytes senescence induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Dong
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhen Xu
- The Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- The Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- The Institute of Hypertension and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Fonarow GC, Sanders PW, Farahmand F, Allman RM, Aban IB, Love TE, Levesque R, Kilgore ML, Ahmed A. A propensity-matched study of the comparative effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in heart failure patients age ≥ 65 years. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:1443-8. [PMID: 21890091 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors versus angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) in real-world older heart failure (HF) patients remains unclear. Of the 8,049 hospitalized HF patients aged ≥ 65 years discharged alive from 106 Alabama hospitals, 4,044 received discharge prescriptions of either ACE inhibitors (n = 3,383) or ARBs (n = 661). Propensity scores for ARB use, calculated for each of 4,044 patients, were used to match 655 (99% of 661) patients receiving ARBs with 661 patients receiving ACE inhibitors. The assembled cohort of 655 pairs of patients was well balanced on 56 baseline characteristics. During >8 years of follow-up, all-cause mortality occurred in 63% and 68% of matched patients receiving ARBs and ACE inhibitors, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] associated with ARB use 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75 to 0.99, p = 0.031). Among the 956 matched patients with data on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the association between ARB (vs ACE inhibitor) use was significant in only 419 patients with LVEFs ≥ 45% (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.84, p = 0.001) but not in the 537 patients with LVEFs < 45% (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.23, p = 0.999; p for interaction = 0.012). HRs for HF hospitalization associated with ARB use were 0.99 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.14, p = 0.876) overall, 0.80 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.03, p = 0.080) in those with LVEFs ≥45%, and 1.14 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.43, p = 0.246) in those with LVEFs <45% (p for interaction = 0.060). In conclusion, in older HF patients with preserved LVEFs, discharge prescriptions of ARBs (vs ACE inhibitors) were associated with lower mortality and a trend toward lower HF hospitalization, findings that need replication in other HF populations.
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Liesmaa I, Shiota N, Kokkonen JO, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Bradykinin type-2 receptor expression correlates with age and is subjected to transcriptional regulation. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:159646. [PMID: 21977324 DOI: 10.1155/2012/159646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating work in experimental animals suggests that bradykinin (BK) exerts cardioprotective effects via bradykinin type-2 receptors (BK-2Rs). In human end-stage heart failure, BK-2Rs are significantly downregulated by mechanisms that have remained elusive. Heart tissues from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC; n = 7), coronary heart disease (CHD; n = 6), and normal patients (n = 6) were analyzed by RT-PCR, SSCP, and Western blotting. In normal and IDC hearts, BK-2R expression increased with age, with a lower relative increase in IDC hearts. BK-2R mRNA and protein levels showed a positive linear correlation, suggesting transcriptional regulation. Two known BK-2R promoter polymorphisms, −58T/C and −9/+9, were found to be present in the study population. The allelic frequencies for the C-allele in −58T/C were 0.58 in normal and CHD hearts and 0.81 in IDC hearts. Furthermore, the allelic frequencies for the −9 and +9 alleles were 0.42 and 0.58 in normal hearts and 0.64 and 0.36 in IDC hearts, respectively. All analyzed CHD hearts were homozygous for the −9 allele. Thus, the expression of cardioprotective BK-2Rs in human hearts is increased with age in normal and IDC hearts and may be regulated on the transcriptional level. Moreover, comparison of normal subjects and patients with failing hearts revealed different allelic frequencies in each of two known BK-2R gene polymorphisms.
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Abstract
Many factors, such as nitric oxide synthase, androgen and growth factors, can regulate the tone of corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle with an age-related tendency. It has been shown that the active metabolites of kallikreins-kinins system (KKS), including bradykinin, Lys-BK and Met-Lys-BK, can also relax the CC smooth muscle significantly in vitro. Our aim was to evaluate the specific association between KKS and age in rat CC. CC and thoracic aorta were isolated from rats at postnatal weeks (PW) of 2, 8, 12, 20, 30, 40 and 60, respectively. Tissue kallikrein-I (KLKI) and kinin B2 receptor (B2R) mRNA in CC and thoracic aorta were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Protein expression of KLKI and B2R were determined with immunofluorescence in situ and Western blot. Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence in situ and Western blot all demonstrated that the age-related changes in expression of KLKI were similar between the CC and thoracic aorta. It significantly increased with age from PW2 to PW30, reached the peak at PW30 and then declined gradually. However, there was no statistically significant difference among PW30, PW40 and PW60. Similarly, the expression of B2R increased gradually with age reached and remained at the peak during adult stages and no significant differences were found among PW20, PW30 and PW40; then, it decreased significantly at PW60. The changes in the expression of B2R in CC and age-matched aorta were similar except that it was significantly less than that in the aorta at PW60. The expression of KLKI and B2R changed in an age-dependent pattern in rat CC and have a tendency to decline during ageing, which is of the same tendency as reported for erection capacity in ageing males and suggests why ageing is an independent predictor of ED, to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Abstract
Not only the prevalence, but also the mortality due to ischaemic cardiovascular disease is higher in older than in young humans, and the demographic shift towards an ageing population will further increase the prevalence of age-related cardiovascular disease. In order to develop strategies aimed to limit reversible and irreversible myocardial damage in older patients, there is a need to better understand age-induced alterations in protein expression and cell signalling. Cardioprotective phenomena such as ischaemic and pharmacological pre and postconditioning attenuate ischaemia/reperfusion injury in young hearts. Whether or not pre and postconditioning are still effective in aged organs, animals, or patients, i.e. under conditions where such cardioprotection is most relevant, is still a matter of debate; most studies suggest a loss of protection in aged hearts. The present review discusses changes in protein expression and cell signalling important to ischaemia/reperfusion injury with myocardial ageing. The efficacy of cardioprotective manoeuvres, e.g. ischaemic pre and postconditioning in aged organs and animals will be discussed, and the development of strategies aimed to antagonize the age-induced loss of protection will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Oeseburg H, Iusuf D, van der Harst P, van Gilst WH, Henning RH, Roks AJM. Bradykinin protects against oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell senescence. Hypertension 2008; 53:417-22. [PMID: 19075096 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Premature aging (senescence) of endothelial cells might play an important role in the development and progression of hypertension and atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that bradykinin, a hormone that mediates vasoprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced senescence. Bradykinin treatment (0.001 to 1 nmol/L) dose-dependently decreased senescence induced by 25 micromol/L of H(2)O(2) in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, as witnessed by a complete inhibition of increased senescent cell numbers and a 34% reduction of the levels of the senescence-associated cell cycle protein p21. Because H(2)O(2) induces senescence through superoxide-induced DNA damage, single-cell DNA damage was measured by comet assay. Bradykinin reduced DNA damage to control levels. The protective effect of bradykinin also resulted in a significant increase in the migration of H(2)O(2)-treated bovine aorta endothelial cells in an in vitro endothelial injury model, or "scratch" assay. The protective effect of bradykinin was abolished by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE-140 and the NO production inhibitor N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine acetate salt. Therefore, we conclude that bradykinin protects endothelial cells from superoxide-induced senescence through bradykinin B2 receptor- and NO-mediated inhibition of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisko Oeseburg
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, AB 43, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3211, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Aging is associated with cerebrovascular dysregulation, which may underlie the increased susceptibility to ischemic stroke and vascular cognitive impairment occurring in the elder individuals. Although it has long been known that oxidative stress is responsible for the cerebrovascular dysfunction, the enzymatic system(s) generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) have not been identified. In this study, we investigated whether the superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase is involved in alterations of neurovascular regulation induced by aging. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was recorded by laser-Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized C57BL/6 mice equipped with a cranial window (age=3, 12, and 24 months). In 12-month-old mice, the CBF increases evoked by whisker stimulation or by the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine and bradykinin were attenuated by 42, 36, and 53%, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, responses to the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-D-penicillamine or adenosine were not attenuated (P>0.05). These cerebrovascular effects were associated with increased production of ROS in neurons and cerebral blood vessels, assessed by hydroethidine microfluorography. The cerebrovascular impairment present in 12-month-old mice was reversed by the ROS scavenger Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride or by the NADPH oxidase peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat, and was not observed in mice lacking the Nox2 subunit of NADPH oxidase. These findings establish Nox2 as a critical source of the neurovascular oxidative stress mediating the deleterious cerebrovascular effects associated with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibaik Park
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Lauton-Santos S, Guatimosim S, Castro CH, Oliveira FA, Almeida AP, Dias-Peixoto MF, Gomes MA, Pessoa P, Pesquero JL, Pesquero JB, Bader M, Cruz JS. Kinin B1 receptor participates in the control of cardiac function in mice. Life Sci 2007; 81:814-22. [PMID: 17714737 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinins have an important role in control of the cardiovascular system. They have been associated with protective effects in the heart tissue. Kinins act through stimulation of two 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, denoted B(1) and B(2) receptors. However, the physiological relevance of B(1) receptor in the heart has not been clearly established. Using B(1) kinin receptor gene knock-out mice we tested the hypothesis that the B(1) receptor plays an important role in the control of baseline cardiac function. We examined the functional aspects of the intact heart and also in the isolated cardiomyocytes to study intracellular Ca(2+) cycling by using confocal microscopy and whole-cell voltage clamp techniques. We measured heart rate, diastolic and systolic tension, contraction and relaxation rates and, coronary perfusion pressure. Whole-cell voltage clamp was performed to measure L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)). The hearts from B(1)(-/-) mice showed smaller systolic tension. The average values for WT and B(1)(-/-) mice were 2.6+/-0.04 g vs. 1.6+/-0.08 g, respectively. This result can be explained, at least in part, by the decrease in the Ca(2+) transient (3.1+/-0.06 vs. 3.4+/-0.09 for B(1)(-/-) and WT, respectively). There was an increase in I(Ca,L) at depolarized membrane potentials. Interestingly, the inactivation kinetics of I(Ca,L) was statistically different between the groups. The coronary perfusion pressure was higher in the hearts from B(1)(-/-) mice indicating an increase in coronary resistance. This result can be explained by the significant reduction of eNOS (NOS-3) expression in the aorta of B(1)(-/-) mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that B(1) receptor exerts a fundamental role in the mammalian cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lauton-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Stanisavljevic S, Ignjatovic T, Deddish PA, Brovkovych V, Zhang K, Erdös EG, Skidgel RA. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors block protein kinase C epsilon by activating bradykinin B1 receptors in human endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:1153-8. [PMID: 16282523 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used to treat patients with cardiovascular and kidney diseases, but inhibition of ACE alone does not fully explain the beneficial effects. We reported that ACE inhibitors directly activate bradykinin B1 receptor at the canonical Zn2+ binding site, leading to prolonged nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. Protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon, a novel PKC isoform, is up-regulated in myocardium after infarction, suggesting a role in the development of cardiac dysfunction. In cytokine-treated human lung microvascular endothelial cells, B1 receptor activation by ACE inhibitors (enalaprilat, quinaprilat) or peptide ligands (des-Arg10-Lys1-bradykinin, des-Arg9-bradykinin) inhibited PKC epsilon with an IC50 = 7 x 10(-9) M. Despite the reported differences in binding affinity to receptor, the two peptide ligands were equally active, even when inhibitor blocked the cleavage of Lys(1), thus the conversion by aminopeptidase. The synthetic undecapeptide (LLPHEAWHFAR) representing the binding site for ACE inhibitors on human B(1) receptors reduced PKC epsilon inhibition by enalaprilat but not by peptide agonist. A combination of inducible and endothelial NO synthase inhibitors, 1400W [N-(3(aminomethyl) benzyl) acetamidine dihydrochloride] and N omega-nitro-L-arginine (2 microM), significantly reduced inhibition by enalaprilat (100 nM), whereas the NO donor (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl) amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (100 microM) inhibited PKC epsilon activity just as the B1 ligands did. In conclusion, NO generated by B1 receptor activation inhibits PKC epsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Stanisavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue (MC 868), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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