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Goodkey K, Wischmeijer A, Perrin L, Watson AES, Qureshi L, Cordelli DM, Toni F, Gnazzo M, Benedicenti F, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Low KJ, Voronova A. Olfactory bulb anomalies in KBG syndrome mouse model and patients. BMC Med 2024; 22:158. [PMID: 38616269 PMCID: PMC11017579 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
ANKRD11 (ankyrin repeat domain 11) is a chromatin regulator and the only gene associated with KBG syndrome, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. We have previously shown that Ankrd11 regulates murine embryonic cortical neurogenesis. Here, we show a novel olfactory bulb phenotype in a KBG syndrome mouse model and two diagnosed patients. Conditional knockout of Ankrd11 in murine embryonic neural stem cells leads to aberrant postnatal olfactory bulb development and reduced size due to reduction of the olfactory bulb granule cell layer. We further show that the rostral migratory stream has incomplete migration of neuroblasts, reduced cell proliferation as well as aberrant differentiation of neurons. This leads to reduced neuroblasts and neurons in the olfactory bulb granule cell layer. In vitro, Ankrd11-deficient neural stem cells from the postnatal subventricular zone display reduced migration, proliferation, and neurogenesis. Finally, we describe two clinically and molecularly confirmed KBG syndrome patients with anosmia and olfactory bulb and groove hypo-dysgenesis/agenesis. Our report provides evidence that Ankrd11 is a novel regulator of olfactory bulb development and neuroblast migration. Moreover, our study highlights a novel clinical sign of KBG syndrome linked to ANKRD11 perturbations in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Goodkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Clinical Genetics Service and Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Adrianne E S Watson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Leenah Qureshi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, UOC Neuropsichiatria Dell'età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Toni
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Programma Di Neuroradiologia Con Tecniche Ad Elevata Complessità (PNTEC), Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Gnazzo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedicenti
- Clinical Genetics Service and Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Karen J Low
- Department of Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Clinical Genetics Service, St. Michaels Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Anastassia Voronova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 5-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Yang K, Hasegawa Y, Bhattarai JP, Hua J, Dower M, Etyemez S, Prasad N, Duvall L, Paez A, Smith A, Wang Y, Zhang YF, Lane AP, Ishizuka K, Kamath V, Ma M, Kamiya A, Sawa A. Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02425-8. [PMID: 38321120 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janardhan P Bhattarai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milan Dower
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Semra Etyemez
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neal Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Duvall
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Paez
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Yang K, Hasegawa Y, Bhattarai JP, Hua J, Dower M, Etyemez S, Prasad N, Duvall L, Paez A, Smith A, Wang Y, Zhang YF, Lane AP, Ishizuka K, Kamath V, Ma M, Kamiya A, Sawa A. Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders. bioRxiv 2024:2022.09.23.509224. [PMID: 36203543 PMCID: PMC9536041 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.23.509224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
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4
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Yang K, Ayala-Grosso C, Bhattarai JP, Sheriff A, Takahashi T, Cristino AS, Zelano C, Ma M. Unraveling the Link between Olfactory Deficits and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7501-7510. [PMID: 37940584 PMCID: PMC10634556 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1380-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Smell loss has caught public attention during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Research on olfactory function in health and disease gains new momentum. Smell deficits have long been recognized as an early clinical sign associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we review research on the associations between olfactory deficits and neuropathological conditions, focusing on recent progress in four areas: (1) human clinical studies of the correlations between smell deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders; (2) development of olfactory mucosa-derived tissue and cell models for studying the molecular pathologic mechanisms; (3) recent findings in brain imaging studies of structural and functional connectivity changes in olfactory pathways in neuropsychiatric disorders; and (4) application of preclinical animal models to validate and extend the findings from human subjects. Together, these studies have provided strong evidence of the link between the olfactory system and neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting the relevance of deepening our understanding of the role of the olfactory system in pathophysiological processes. Following the lead of studies reviewed here, future research in this field may open the door to the early detection of neuropsychiatric disorders, personalized treatment approaches, and potential therapeutic interventions through nasal administration techniques, such as nasal brush or nasal spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Carlos Ayala-Grosso
- Unit of Cellular Therapy, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela
- Unit of Advanced Therapies, Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Innovación en Salud, Bogotá, Colombia 111-611
| | - Janardhan P Bhattarai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andrew Sheriff
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Alexandre S Cristino
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Chen YN, Kostka JK, Bitzenhofer SH, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Olfactory bulb activity shapes the development of entorhinal-hippocampal coupling and associated cognitive abilities. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4353-4366.e5. [PMID: 37729915 PMCID: PMC10617757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between olfaction and higher cognitive processing has been documented in the adult brain; however, its development is poorly understood. In mice, shortly after birth, endogenous and stimulus-evoked activity in the olfactory bulb (OB) boosts the oscillatory entrainment of downstream lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and hippocampus (HP). However, it is unclear whether early OB activity has a long-lasting impact on entorhinal-hippocampal function and cognitive processing. Here, we chemogenetically silenced the synaptic outputs of mitral/tufted cells, the main projection neurons in the OB, during postnatal days 8-10. The transient manipulation leads to a long-lasting reduction of oscillatory coupling and weaker responsiveness to stimuli within developing entorhinal-hippocampal circuits accompanied by dendritic sparsification of LEC pyramidal neurons. Moreover, the transient silencing reduces the performance in behavioral tests involving entorhinal-hippocampal circuits later in life. Thus, neonatal OB activity is critical for the functional LEC-HP development and maturation of cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nan Chen
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna K Kostka
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian H Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kapici OB, Kapici Y, Tekin A. Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111644. [PMID: 37087810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that limbic system abnormalities are seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the neurobiological changes in OCD are still unclear. Moreover, olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and its association with symptom severity have not been yet investigated in patients with OCD. This is the first study on OBV and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) values in OCD patients, to the best of our knowledge. Between January 2018 and March 2022, 25 patients with OCD and 26 healthy controls with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. Detailed disease history of OCD patients was taken, and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (YBOCS) was applied. The mean age of the patient group was 33.40±9.58, the mean age of the control group was 32.84±8.01. LOBV, ROBV, TOBV, and LOSD in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group (p=.013, p=.005, p=.001, p=.015, respectively). ROBV and TOBV were negatively correlated with YBOCS total and subscale scores. A negative correlation was found between ROBV and TOBV and disease duration (r=-0.749 and r=-0.640, respectively). The negative correlation of ROBV and TOBV values with disease duration and disease severity can be used to monitor the neurodegenerative process of OCD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bayar Kapici
- Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Adıyaman, 02040, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Kapici
- Kahta State Hospital, Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Adıyaman, 02020, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Tekin
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Adıyaman, 02040, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of mental illness. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory alterations in several mental illnesses. We also highlight the role, hitherto underestimated, that the olfactory pathways play in the regulation of higher brain functions and its involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, as well as the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The olfactory deficits present in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder consist of specific alterations of different components of the sense of smell, mainly the identification of odours, as well as the qualifications of their hedonic valence (pleasant or unpleasant). Epidemiological findings have shown that both environmental factors, such as air pollutants, and inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, can contribute to an increased risk of mental illness, at least in part, due to peripheral inflammatory mechanisms of the olfactory system. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function alterations in several psychiatric conditions and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis. We also highlight the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in these psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Mohammadi S, Gouravani M, Salehi MA, Harandi H, Moosaie F, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Yousem DM. Olfactory system measurements in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:25-39. [PMID: 35843987 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-022-03014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and the consequential damage to the olfactory system have been proposed as one of the possible underlying causes of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. We aimed to aggregate the results of the studies which reported imaging of the olfactory system of patients with COVID-19 versus controls. METHODS PubMed and EMBASE were searched to identify relevant literature reporting the structural imaging characteristics of the olfactory bulb (OB), olfactory cleft, olfactory sulcus (OS), or olfactory tract in COVID-19 patients. Hedge's g and weighted mean difference were used as a measure of effect size. Quality assessment, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were also conducted. RESULTS Ten studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, out of which seven studies with 183 cases with COVID-19 and 308 controls without COVID-19 were enrolled in the quantitative synthesis. No significant differences were detected in analyses of right OB volume and left OB volume. Likewise, right OS depth and left OS depth were also not significantly different in COVID-19 cases compared to non-COVID-19 controls. Also, we performed subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis to investigate the potential effect of confounding moderators. CONCLUSION The findings of this review did not confirm alterations in structural imaging of the olfactory system, including OB volume and OS depth by Covid-19 which is consistent with the results of recent histopathological evaluations.
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Kulason S, Ratnanather JT, Miller MI, Kamath V, Hua J, Yang K, Ma M, Ishizuka K, Sawa A. A comparative neuroimaging perspective of olfaction and higher-order olfactory processing: on health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:22-30. [PMID: 34462249 PMCID: PMC9900497 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is often the earliest indicator of disease in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. One tempting working hypothesis is that pathological changes in the peripheral olfactory system where the body is exposed to many adverse environmental stressors may have a causal role for the brain alteration. Whether and how the peripheral pathology spreads to more central brain regions may be effectively studied in rodent models, and there is successful precedence in experimental models for Parkinson's disease. It is of interest to study whether a similar mechanism may underlie the pathology of psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia. However, direct comparison between rodent models and humans includes challenges under light of comparative neuroanatomy and experimental methodologies used in these two distinct species. We believe that neuroimaging modality that has been the main methodology of human brain studies may be a useful viewpoint to address and fill the knowledge gap between rodents and humans in this scientific question. Accordingly, in the present review article, we focus on brain imaging studies associated with olfaction in healthy humans and patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and if available those in rodents. We organize this review article at three levels: 1) olfactory bulb (OB) and peripheral structures of the olfactory system, 2) primary olfactory cortical and subcortical regions, and 3) associated higher-order cortical regions. This research area is still underdeveloped, and we acknowledge that further validation with independent cohorts may be needed for many studies presented here, in particular those with human subjects. Nevertheless, whether and how peripheral olfactory disturbance impacts brain function is becoming even a hotter topic in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, given the risk of long-term changes of mental status associated with olfactory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Together, in this review article, we introduce this underdeveloped but important research area focusing on its implications in neurological and psychiatric disorders, with several pioneered publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kulason
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hasegawa Y, Ma M, Sawa A, Lane AP, Kamiya A. Olfactory impairment in psychiatric disorders: Does nasal inflammation impact disease psychophysiology? Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:314. [PMID: 35927242 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairments contribute to the psychopathology of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression. Recent neuroscience research has shed light on the previously underappreciated olfactory neural circuits involved in regulation of higher brain functions. Although environmental factors such as air pollutants and respiratory viral infections are known to contribute to the risk for psychiatric disorders, the role of nasal inflammation in neurobehavioral outcomes and disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we will first provide an overview of published findings on the impact of nasal inflammation in the olfactory system. We will then summarize clinical studies on olfactory impairments in schizophrenia and depression, followed by preclinical evidence on the neurobehavioral outcomes produced by olfactory dysfunction. Lastly, we will discuss the potential impact of nasal inflammation on brain development and function, as well as how we can address the role of nasal inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Considering the current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which often causes nasal inflammation and serious adverse effects for olfactory function that might result in long-lasting neuropsychiatric sequelae, this line of research is particularly critical to understanding of the potential significance of nasal inflammation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Chouinard‐Leclaire C, Manescu S, Collignon O, Lepore F, Frasnelli J. Altered morphological traits along central olfactory centers in congenitally blind subjects. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4486-4500. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Manescu
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC) Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Olivier Collignon
- Institutes for research in Psychology (IPSY) and Neurosciences (IoNS) University of Louvain Belgium
| | - Franco Lepore
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC) Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC) Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Anatomy Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Canada
- Centre d’études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS), Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord‐de‐l’Île‐de‐Montréal (CIUSSS du Nord‐de‐l’Île‐de‐Montréal) Canada
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12
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Takahashi Y, Abe C, Hane M, Wu D, Kitajima K, Sato C. Polysialylation in a DISC1 Mutant Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5207. [PMID: 35563598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder that affects the social life of patients. Psychiatric disorders are caused by a complex combination of genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors. Polysialylation represents a unique posttranslational modification of a protein, and such changes in neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) have been reported in postmortem brains from patients with psychiatric disorders. To understand the G × E effect on polysialylated NCAM expression, in this study, we performed precise measurements of polySia and NCAM using a disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)-mutant mouse (G), a mouse model of schizophrenia, under acute stress conditions (E). This is the first study to reveal a lower number and smaller length of polySia in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of DISC1 mutants relative to those in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, an analysis of polySia and NCAM responses to acute stress in five brain regions (olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus, amygdala, and hippocampus) revealed that the pattern of changes in these responses in WT mice and DISC1 mutants differed by region. These differences could indicate the vulnerability of DISC1 mutants to stress.
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Hajishah H, Salehi SA, Amini M, Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Student Research Committee, Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.. Investigating Olfactory Bulb Volume Reduction as a Potential Biomarker for Some Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Narrative Review. jcbr 2021; 5:9-20. [DOI: 10.52547/jcbr.5.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Inal M, Bayar Muluk N, Asal N, Alpua M. Peripheric smell regions in patients with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies: An MRI evaluation. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 92:1-5. [PMID: 34509233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated peripheric smell regions of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy patients by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 150 adult patients were included. Group 1 was consisted of 50 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Group 2 was consisted of 50 adult patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The control group (Group 3) was consisted of 50 healthy subjects without epilepsy. OB volume and OS depth were measured in all groups. RESULTS OB volumes of the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted < 0.0175). However, OS depths were not different between groups 1-3 (p > 0.05). In the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups, there were positive correlations between OB volumes; OS depths; left OB volume and bilateral OS depths p < 0.05). There were no significant correlations between OB volume and OS depth; and age and gender of the epilepsy group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that temporal and frontal epilepsy maybe related to decrease in OB volume and may cause olfactory impairment. Olfactory deficit maybe related to central epileptic focus. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of epilepsy are important to prevent olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Inal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, ENT Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Neşe Asal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Alpua
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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15
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Yang K, Hua J, Etyemez S, Paez A, Prasad N, Ishizuka K, Sawa A, Kamath V. Volumetric alteration of olfactory bulb and immune-related molecular changes in olfactory epithelium in first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2021; 235:9-11. [PMID: 34280869 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Semra Etyemez
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Adrian Paez
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neal Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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16
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Melis M, Haehner A, Mastinu M, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Molecular and Genetic Factors Involved in Olfactory and Gustatory Deficits and Associations with Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084286. [PMID: 33924222 PMCID: PMC8074606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in olfaction and taste are among the most frequent non-motor manifestations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) that start very early and frequently precede the PD motor symptoms. The limited data available suggest that the basis of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction related to PD are likely multifactorial and may include the same determinants responsible for other non-motor symptoms of PD. This review describes the most relevant molecular and genetic factors involved in the PD-related smell and taste impairments, and their associations with the microbiota, which also may represent risk factors associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4144
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17
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Gao W, Li G, Han X, Song Z, Zhao S, Sun F, Ma H, Cui A, Wang Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Ma G, Tang X. Regional brain network and behavioral alterations in EGR3 gene transfected rat model of schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2606-2615. [PMID: 33723811 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease while its etiology and effective treatment are not completely clear. A rat model of schizophrenia was previously established by transfecting EGR3 gene into the hippocampus of rats. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and cerebral alterations of the schizophrenic model rats and the risperidone effects. Twenty-six rats were divided into 3 groups: schizophrenia model group (E group), risperidone treatment group (T group), and healthy control group (H group). Morris water maze and open field test were used as behavioral tests, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed after EGR3 gene transfection and risperidone therapy. Graph analyses were used for examining cerebral alterations of the rats. Behavioral tests demonstrated reduced spatial working memory and exploring unfamiliar space ability in schizophrenic model rats. Graph analyses revealed reduced regional architectures in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, and pineal gland in group E compared to group H (p < 0.05), while group T showed increased regional architecture in pineal gland compared to group E (p < 0.05). Besides, the regional architectures in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens were lower in group T than group H, while the hippocampus showed increased regional architecture in group T compared to group H (p < 0.05). Schizophrenia induced several regional alterations in the cerebrum while risperidone can reverse part of these alterations. This study lends support for future research on the pathology of schizophrenia and provides new insights on the role of risperidone in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangfei Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Zeyu Song
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Feiyi Sun
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ailing Cui
- Anatomy Department of Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, 726000, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No.2 Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoying Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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18
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Poessel M, Breuer N, Joshi A, Pampel A, Villringer A, Hummel T, Horstmann A. Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume in Obesity and Its Relation to Metabolic Health Status. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:586998. [PMID: 33328935 PMCID: PMC7729134 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.586998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell perception plays an important role in eating behavior and might be involved in body weight gain. Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. We assessed olfactory bulb (OB) volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m2 (mean = 28.58 ± 6.64). Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability (Sniffin' Sticks, Food associated odor test) and self-report measurements on eating behavior. Additionally, we collected parameters associated with metabolic health in obesity (waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, leptin levels, body fat percentage, fat mass index, insulin resistance) to investigate recently proposed mechanistic explanatory models of why olfaction may be altered in obesity. We showed that OB volume was significantly lower in participants with obesity when compared to those of normal weight. Moreover, we found weak to moderate negative correlations between OB volume and BMI and related measures of metabolic health, especially leptin, body fat percentage, waist-height ratio and insulin resistance. However, neither OB volume nor BMI were related to olfactory function in our young and healthy sample. Nevertheless, our results provide first indications that obesity is associated with brain anatomical changes in the OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Poessel
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Breuer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Pampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind Brain Body Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, German.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Leipzig University Medical Center, Collaborative Research Council (CRC) 1052A5 'Obesity Mechanisms', Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Pabel LD, Murr J, Weidner K, Hummel T, Croy I. Null Effect of Olfactory Training With Patients Suffering From Depressive Disorders-An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32670115 PMCID: PMC7326271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a close functional relation between brain areas processing emotion and those processing olfaction, major depression is often accompanied by reduced olfactory function. Such hyposmia can be improved by regular olfactory training (OT) over several months. As this training furthermore improves subjective well-being, we explored whether OT is a useful complementary strategy for depression treatment. A total of 102 depressive outpatients were randomly assigned to OT or a control training condition, which were performed twice a day for 16 weeks. Compliance was continuously monitored. Before and after training we measured depression severity and olfactory function. About half of the patients of both groups did not complete the training. Among the remaining patients, depression severity decreased significantly in both groups. The absence of an interaction effect indicated no selective impact of OT and the variance of depression improvement explained by OT was as little as 0.1%. The low compliance suggests that OT is not feasible for large parts of our sample of depressive outpatients, most likely due to a disease-immanent lack of motivation. In those patients who completed the training, lack of specific effects suggest that OT is not more useful then unspecific activation or attention training. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered at German Registry for Clinical Trials (DRKS), main ID: DRKS00016350, URL: http://www.drks.de/DRKS00016350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise D. Pabel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Murr
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Ver Loren van Themaat AH, Uddin MJ, Christiani CJ, Hemager N, Ellersgaard D, Klee Burton B, Spang KS, Greve A, Gantriis D, Mors O, Elgaard Thorup AA, Plessen KJ, Nordentoft M, Møllegaard Jepsen JR. Odor identification in 7-year-old children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder - the Danish high risk and resilience study VIA 7. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:77-84. [PMID: 31924376 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odor identification deficits occur in individuals with schizophrenia and their unaffected first-degree relatives, while deficits are less pronounced in individuals with bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that children at familial high-risk for schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) show odor identification deficits compared to population-based controls and that children at familial high-risk for bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) perform intermediate. METHODS Odor identification was assessed at age 7 in 184 children with FHR-SZ, 106 children with FHR-BP, and 186 population-based controls with the Brief Smell Identification Test. Dimensional and predefined categorical outcomes were used in the analyses. Potential relationships with psychopathological, cognitive, and home environmental variables were conducted using hierarchical and logistic multiple regression analyses. RESULTS ANOVA revealed no between-group differences in odor identification. Using the recommended cut-off (below 5), we found a significantly greater proportion of boys at FHR-SZ than population-based boys with an abnormal odor identification (p = .013). However, a supplementary analysis using a Danish-based cut-off (below 4) did not support this. All children showed significant, positive associations of odor identification with female gender, social responsiveness, and verbal working memory. Lower social responsiveness predicted abnormal odor identification in boys at FHR-SZ, only using the recommended cut-off. CONCLUSIONS Odor identification efficacy and risk status appear independent in this early developmental phase. Using the recommended threshold, abnormal odor identification is more frequent in young boys at FHR-SZ than in population-based boys and is linked to lower social responsiveness. The validity of these results is questioned by non-significant differences in the rates when using an exploratory Danish-based threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hester Ver Loren van Themaat
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-10104 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Jerlang Christiani
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Hemager
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Ellersgaard
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klee Burton
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katrine Søborg Spang
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aja Greve
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gantriis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 175, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Amalie Elgaard Thorup
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Lausanne, Avenue d'Echallens 9, CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Entrance 15, 4th Floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4th Floor, Hellerup, DK-2900 Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services, Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, Copenhagen DK-2600, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Services, Nordstjernevej 41, Glostrup, Copenhagen DK-2600, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
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Koehler L, Fournel A, Albertowski K, Roessner V, Gerber J, Hummel C, Hummel T, Bensafi M. Impaired Odor Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder Is Associated with Decreased Activity in Olfactory Cortex. Chem Senses 2019; 43:627-634. [PMID: 30219913 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by atypical sensory functioning in the visual, tactile, and auditory systems. Although less explored, olfactory changes have been reported in ASD patients. To explore these changes on a neural level, 18 adults with ASD and 18 healthy neurotypical controls were examined in a 2-phase study. Participants were first tested for odor threshold and odor identification. Then, (i) structural magnetic resonance (MR) images of the olfactory bulb were acquired, and (ii) a functional MR imaging olfaction study was conducted. ASD patients exhibited decreased function for odor thresholds and odor identification; this was accompanied by a relatively decreased activation in the piriform cortex. In conclusion, these findings suggest, that the known alterations in olfaction in ASD are rooted in the primary olfactory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koehler
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Fournel
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, France
| | - K Albertowski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Gerber
- Department of Neuroradiology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Bensafi
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, France
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22
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Kum J, Kim JW, Braubach O, Ha JG, Cho HJ, Kim CH, Han HB, Choi JH, Yoon JH. Neural Dynamics of Olfactory Perception: Low- and High-Frequency Modulations of Local Field Potential Spectra in Mice Revealed by an Oddball Stimulus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:478. [PMID: 31191212 PMCID: PMC6546879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent brain connectome studies have evidenced distinct and overlapping brain regions involved in processing olfactory perception. However, neural correlates of hypo- or anosmia in olfactory disorder patients are poorly known. Furthermore, the bottom-up and top-down processing of olfactory perception have not been well-documented, resulting in difficulty in locating the disease foci of olfactory disorder patients. The primary aim of this study is to characterize the bottom-up process of the neural dynamics across peripheral and central brain regions in anesthetized mice. We particularly focused on the neural oscillations of local field potential (LFP) in olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory blub (OB), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus (HC) during an olfactory oddball paradigm in urethane anesthetized mice. Odorant presentations evoked neural oscillations across slow and fast frequency bands including delta (1-4 Hz), theta (6-10 Hz), beta (15-30 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz), and high gamma (70-100 Hz) in both peripheral and central nervous systems, and the increases were more prominent in the infrequently presented odorant. During 5 s odorant exposures, the oscillatory responses in power were persistent in OE, OB, and PFC, whereas neural oscillations of HC increased only for short time at stimulus onset. These oscillatory responses in power were insignificant in both peripheral and central regions of the ZnSO4-treated anosmia model. These results suggest that olfactory stimulation induce LFP oscillations both in the peripheral and central nervous systems and suggest the possibility of linkage of LFP oscillations in the brain to the oscillations in the peripheral olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeungeun Kum
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gyun Ha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hio-Been Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, South Korea
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Ramos JN, Ribeiro JC, Pereira AC, Ferreira S, Duarte IC, Castelo-Branco M. Evidence for impaired olfactory function and structural brain integrity in a disorder of ciliary function, Usher syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101757. [PMID: 30897432 PMCID: PMC6425118 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diseases involving cilia dysfunction, such as Usher Syndrome (USH), often involve visual and auditory loss. Psychophysical evidence has suggested that this may also hold true for the peripheral olfactory domain. Here we aimed to go a step further by attempting to establish relations between the integrity of cortical structures and olfactory function in this condition. We investigated olfactory function for USH types 1 (USH1) and 2 (USH2). Bilateral olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth were also analysed. Thirty-three controls with no previous olfactory deficits were age, sex and handedness-matched to 32 USH patients (11 USH1, 21 USH2). A butanol detection threshold test was performed to measure olfactory function. For OB volume and OS depth, morphometric measurements were performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on detailed segmentation by three independent operators. Averaged values across these were used for the statistical analyses. Total intracranial volume was estimated using Freesurfer to account for head size variability. Olfactory threshold was significantly lower in controls when compared to USH, USH1, and USH2. OS depth was found to be shallower in both hemispheres in USH patients when compared with the control group. OB volume was not significantly different between control and USH groups, or respective subgroups. Nevertheless, butanol threshold was negatively correlated with the left OB volume for the USH type 1 subgroup. The main effect of OS depth reduction was found to be mainly due to the comparison between USH2 and controls. Our results provide evidence for morphometric changes and olfactory dysfunction in patients with USH. This correlated with a reduction in left OB volume in the USH1 subgroup, the most severe USH phenotype. The main effect of reduced OS depth was found to stem mainly from USH2 raising questions regarding a possible complex interaction between sensory olfactory loss and central cortical changes in this disease. Evidence for olfactory loss in a disease involving ciliary dysfunction Olfactory sulcus depth is bilaterally reduced in Usher Syndrome (USH). Butanol threshold is negatively correlated with olfactory bulb volume in USH type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Nuno Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Carvalho Pereira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Catarina Duarte
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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24
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Huart C, Rombaux P, Hummel T. Neural plasticity in developing and adult olfactory pathways – focus on the human olfactory bulb. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:77-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Abstract
The senses of taste and smell developed early in evolution and are of high ecological and clinical relevance in humans. Chemosensory systems function, in large part, as hazard avoidance systems, thereby ensuring survival. Moreover, they play a critical role in nutrition and in determining the flavor of foods and beverages. Their dysfunction has been shown to be a key element of early stages of a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Advanced neuroimaging methods provide a unique means for understanding, in vivo, neural and psychological processing of smell, taste, and flavor, and how diseases can impact such processing. This chapter provides, from a neuroimaging perspective, a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and physiology involved in the odor and taste processing in the central nervous system. Some methodological challenges associated with chemosensory neuroimaging research are discussed. Multisensory integration, the mechanisms that enable holistic sensory experiences, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Olofsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Joshi RS, Panicker MM. Identifying the In Vivo Cellular Correlates of Antipsychotic Drugs. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO. [PMID: 30713996 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0220-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs such as 5-HT2A and D2 are implicated in the therapeutic and the side effects of antipsychotics. However, the pattern of brain activity that leads to the behavioral effects of antipsychotics is poorly understood. To address this question, we used the transgenic ‘FosTRAP’ mice (Mus musculus), where a fluorescent reporter marks the cells responsive to the stimulus of interest. Here, the stimulus was an administration of various antipsychotic drugs. In case of typical antipsychotics such as Haloperidol, the c-fos active cells were predominantly found in the striatum, whereas in case of the atypical antipsychotics (Clozapine and Olanzapine), c-fos-induced cells were more numerous in the cortical regions, e.g., orbital cortex, piriform cortex. Curiously, we also observed ependymal cells to be a novel cellular target of atypical antipsychotics. 5-HT2A is considered to be a major target for atypical antipsychotics. Therefore, we bred ‘FosTRAP’ mice with 5-HT2A knock-out (KO) mice and tested their response to the prototype of atypical antipsychotics, Clozapine. Interestingly, the absence of 5-HT2A did not significantly affect the number of c-fos-induced cells in the cortical regions. However, the ependymal cells showed a dramatically reduced response to Clozapine in the absence of 5-HT2A. In summary, the TRAP system has allowed us to identify various region-specific activity induced by antipsychotics and novel cellular targets of the antipsychotics. These results serve as a “proof of principle” study that can be extended to explore the biochemical and physiological changes brought about by antipsychotics and specifically identify antipsychotic-responsive cells in the live tissue.
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27
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Asal N, Bayar Muluk N, Inal M, Şahan MH, Doğan A, Buturak SV. Olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in psychotic patients and patients with anxiety disorder/depression. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:3017-3024. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Chen B. Abnormal cortical region and subsystem complexity in dynamical functional connectivity of chronic schizophrenia: A new graph index for fMRI analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:28-37. [PMID: 30316890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a predominant product of pathological alterations distributed throughout interconnected neural systems. Designing new objectively diagnostic methods are burning questions. Dynamical functional connectivity (DFCs) methodology based on fMRI data is an effective lever to investigate changeability evolution in macroscopic neural activity patterns underlying critical aspects of cognition and behavior. However, region properties of brain architecture have been less investigated by special indexes of dynamical graph in general mental disorders. METHODS Embracing the network dynamics concept, we introduce topology entropy index (TE-scores) which is focused on time-varying aspects of FCs, hence develop a new framework for researching the dysfunctional roots of schizophrenia in holism significance. In this work, the important process is to uncover noticeable regions endowed with antagonistic stance in TE-scores of between morbid and normal DFCs of 63 healthy controls (HCs) and 57 chronic schizophrenia patients (SZs). RESULTS For the whole brain region levels, right olfactory, right hippocampus, left parahippocampal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, left amygdala, and left cuneus in SZs are endowed with significantly different TE-scores. At brain subsystems level, TE-scores in DMN are abnormal in the SZs. Comparison with existing method(s): Topology entropy in DFCs is introduced to explore the dynamical information organization of diverse regions and their abnormal changes in mental illness. Several classical graph indexes (such as degree strength, betweenness, centrality) in the static brain network measure the region importance of FCs under senses of information integration and separation process. Although highly related to degree strength by comparing the corresponding values, topology entropy further explores the regions' aberrant adaptability of functional contact and function switching. CONCLUSION TE-scores of abnormal regions in SZs are associated to the passive apathetic social withdrawal, unusual thought content, disturbance of volition, preoccupation, active social avoidance and hallucinatory symptoms. Thought the strict contrastive study, it is worth stressing that topology entropy is a meaningful biological marker to excavating schizophrenic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, PR China.
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Takahashi T, Nakamura M, Sasabayashi D, Komori Y, Higuchi Y, Nishikawa Y, Nishiyama S, Itoh H, Masaoka Y, Suzuki M. Olfactory deficits in individuals at risk for psychosis and patients with schizophrenia: relationship with socio-cognitive functions and symptom severity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:689-698. [PMID: 29071372 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Odor identification deficits are well documented in patients with schizophrenia, but it remains unclear whether individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis exhibit similar changes and whether their olfactory function is related to social/cognitive functions and symptomatology. In this study, we investigated odor detection sensitivity and identification ability in 32 individuals with at-risk mental state (ARMS), 59 schizophrenia patients, and 169 healthy controls using a T&T olfactometer. The ARMS and schizophrenia subjects were administered the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess their cognitive and social functions, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for clinical symptoms. Both the ARMS and schizophrenia subjects had lower odor identification ability when compared with healthy controls, while no significant difference was found in the odor detection sensitivity. The lower odor identification ability in the ARMS group correlated with the severity of negative symptoms and weakly correlated with lower performance on the BACS verbal fluency test. The olfactory measures of schizophrenia patients did not correlate with illness duration, medication, symptom severity, and social and cognitive functions. For the ARMS and schizophrenia groups, the olfactory measures did not correlate with the SOFAS and SCoRS scores. These findings suggest that high-risk subjects for psychosis already show odor identification deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients, which probably reflect a biological trait related to vulnerability to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Mihoko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daiki Sasabayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuko Komori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuko Higuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shimako Nishiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroko Itoh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuri Masaoka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Shan L, Liu T, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Zhang M, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Xu F, Ma Y. Schizophrenia-like olfactory dysfunction induced by acute and postnatal phencyclidine exposure in rats. Schizophr Res 2018; 199:274-280. [PMID: 29510924 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in olfactory abilities are frequently observed in schizophrenia patients. However, whether olfactory dysfunction is found in animal models is not known. Here, we examined whether two well-established schizophrenia rat models exhibit olfactory-relevant dysfunction that is similar to schizophrenia patients. Olfactory sensitivity was tested in rats that were acutely (3.3mg/kg) or postnatally (10mg/kg, at postnatal day 7, 9 and 11) treated with phencyclidine (PCP) as schizophrenia models. Electrophysiological recordings were conducted to measure the olfactory-relevant local field potential after acute PCP treatment. Olfactory-relevant neural connections were tested via virus tracing in rats postnatally treated with PCP. We also assessed the reversal effects of olanzapine (OLZ) treatment on both models. We found that acute PCP treatment induced a decline in olfactory sensitivity (p=0.01) and significantly lower beta- and higher gamma-band oscillations (p=0.03, and p=0.00 respectively) which were partly attenuated by OLZ treatment (2mg/kg and 4mg/kg). Postnatal PCP exposure also resulted in an olfactory sensitivity deficit during adulthood (p=0.012 for males and p=0.009 for females), and an abnormal development of neural circuits (p=0.000). Together, our research indicated that olfactory dysfunction found in schizophrenia patients can also be observed on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tiane Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanye Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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31
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Kamath V, Paksarian D, Cui L, Moberg PJ, Turetsky BI, Merikangas KR. Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety. Bipolar Disord 2018; 20:547-555. [PMID: 29441710 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although olfactory abnormalities are well established in schizophrenia, considerably less work has examined olfactory performance in other neuropsychiatric conditions. In the current study, we examined odor identification, odor discrimination, detection threshold, and odor hedonic processing performance in individuals with bipolar I disorder (n = 43; n = 13 with psychotic features), bipolar II disorder (n = 48), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 134), anxiety (n = 48), and no mental disorder (n = 72) who participated in a community-based family study. METHODS Best estimate DSM-IV diagnoses were based on in-depth personal interviews as well as interviews with family members. Olfactory tests were administered during an in-person clinical visit and were compared using robust linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and psychiatric medication use, as well as nicotine use when necessary. RESULTS Compared to controls, odor identification performance was lower among individuals with MDD (b = -1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.50, -0.24) and bipolar I disorder (b = -1.79, 95% CI: -3.51, -0.67). Among the latter group, performance was only reduced among those with psychotic features (b = -3.49, 95% CI: -6.33, -0.65), particularly for pleasant odors (b = -1.46, 95% CI: -2.51, -0.42). Those with MDD showed lower identification accuracy for neutral odors (b = -0.63, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.06). Performances on measures of odor discrimination and detection threshold did not differ by diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings indicate that odor identification difficulties may exist in mood disorders, especially when psychotic features are present. In contrast, the global olfactory dysfunction observed in schizophrenia may not be a feature of other neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diana Paksarian
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lihong Cui
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen R Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Repeated exposure to odors modifies olfactory function. Consequently, "olfactory training" plays a significant role in hyposmia treatment. In addition, numerous studies show that the olfactory bulb (OB) volume changes in disorders associated with olfactory dysfunction. Aim of this study was to investigate whether and how olfactory bulb volume changes in relation to lateralized olfactory training in healthy people. Over a period of 4 months, 97 healthy participants (63 females and 34 males, mean age: 23.74 ± 4.16 years, age range: 19-43 years) performed olfactory training by exposing the same nostril twice a day to 4 odors (lemon, rose, eucalyptus and cloves) while closing the other nostril. Before and after olfactory training, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed to measure OB volume. Furthermore, participants underwent lateralized odor threshold and odor identification testing using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test battery.OB volume increased significantly after olfactory training (11.3 % and 13.1 % respectively) for both trained and untrained nostril. No significant effects of sex, duration and frequency of training or age of the subjects were seen. Interestingly, PEA odor thresholds worsened after training, while olfactory identification remained unchanged.These data show for the first time in humans that olfactory training may involve top-down process, which ultimately lead to a bilateral increase in olfactory bulb volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Negoias
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - K Pietsch
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Sato C, Hane M. Mental disorders and an acidic glycan-from the perspective of polysialic acid (PSA/polySia) and the synthesizing enzyme, ST8SIA2. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:353-73. [PMID: 30058042 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, are challenging to manage, worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders is essential and required. Studies investigating such molecular mechanisms are well performed and important findings are accumulating apace. Based on the fact that these disorders are due in part to the accumulation of genetic and environmental risk factors, consideration of multi-molecular and/or multi-system dependent phenomena might be important. Acidic glycans are an attractive family of molecules for understanding these disorders, because impairment of the fine-tuned glycan system affects a large number of molecules that are deeply involved in normal brain function. One of the candidates of this important family of glycan epitopes in the brain is polysialic acid (PSA/polySia). PSA is a well-known molecule because of its role as an oncodevelopmental antigen and is also widely used as a marker of adult neurogenesis. Recently, several reports have suggested that PSA and PSA-related genes are associated with multiple mental disorders. The relationships among PSA, PSA-related genes, and mental disorders are reviewed here.
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Turetsky BI, Moberg PJ, Quarmley M, Dress E, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Prabhakaran K, Gur RE, Roalf DR. Structural anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system in psychosis high-risk subjects. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:197-205. [PMID: 28974405 PMCID: PMC5878118 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairments are prominent in both schizophrenia and the preceding at-risk state. Their presence prior to illness predicts poor functional outcome. In schizophrenia, these impairments reflect peripheral olfactory structural abnormalities, which are hypothesized to arise during early embryonic development. If this is correct, then similar structural anomalies should be apparent among clinical high-risk subjects. METHODS Thirty-nine clinical high-risk (CR) subjects (24M/15F) were compared to 36 low-risk (LR) subjects (19M/17F). Olfactory measures derived from 3T MRI scans included olfactory bulb volume, primary olfactory cortical gray matter volume, and the depth of the olfactory sulcus overlying the bulb. Additionally, nasal cavity volumes were assessed with acoustic rhinometry. RESULTS Male CR subjects exhibited bilateral reductions in olfactory bulb volume and abnormal asymmetries of the posterior nasal cavities and olfactory sulci (left reduced relative to right). Post-hoc contrasts also indicated reduced left, but not right, olfactory cortical gray matter volume. Female CRs had no significant abnormalities, although they exhibited similar trend effects. Left olfactory bulb volume correlated, across all CR subjects, with negative, but not positive, symptoms. In a classification analysis, with 80% target specificity, olfactory measurements distinguished male CR from male LR subjects with 93% sensitivity. Among females, the comparable sensitivity was 69%. CONCLUSION Psychosis-risk youths exhibit an array of sexually dimorphic and laterally asymmetric anomalies of the peripheral olfactory system. These are consistent with a developmental disruption primarily affecting male fetuses. These structural biomarkers may enhance the identification of at-risk subjects with poor prognosis, before their clinical trajectory is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul J. Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Erich Dress
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karthik Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Abstract
Background Despite the importance of the sense of smell for establishing the flavor of foods and beverages, as well as protecting against environmental dangers, this primary sensory system is commonly ignored by the rhinologist. Methods In this article basic issues related to practical measurement of olfactory function in the clinic are described and examples of the application of the two most common paradigms for such measurement—odor identification and detection–are presented. A listing is made of the 27 olfactory tests currently used clinically, along with their strengths and weaknesses. A brief review of common nasosinus-related disorders for which quantitative olfactory testing has been performed is provided. Results Although many psychophysical tests are available for quantifying olfactory loss, it is apparent that a number are limited in terms of practicality, sensitivity, and reliability. In general, sensitivity and reliability are positively correlated with test length. Given the strengths of the more reliable forced-choice pyschophysical tests and the limitations of electrophysiological tests, the common distinction between “subjective” and “objective” tests is misleading and should not be used. Complete recovery of olfactory function, as measured quantitatively, rarely follows surgical or medical interventions in patients with rhinosinusitis. Conclusion Given the availability of practical clinical olfactory tests, the modern rhinologist can easily quantify cranial nerve (CN) I function. The application of such tests has led to a new understanding of the effects of nasal disease on olfactory function. Except in cases of total or near-total nasal obstruction, olfactory and airway patency measures usually are unrelated, in accord with the concept that rhinosinusitis primarily influences olfactory function by apoptotic pathological changes within the olfactory neuroepithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Though olfactory deficits are well-documented in schizophrenia, fewer studies have examined olfactory performance profiles across the psychosis spectrum. The current study examined odor identification, discrimination, and detection threshold performance in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, major depression with psychotic features, and other psychotic conditions. METHOD FEP patients (n = 97) and healthy adults (n = 98) completed birhinal assessments of odor identification, discrimination, and detection threshold sensitivity for lyral and citralva. Participants also completed measures of anticipatory pleasure, anhedonia, and empathy. Differences in olfactory performances were assessed between FEP patients and controls and within FEP subgroups. Sex-stratified post hoc analyses were employed for a complete analysis of sex differences. Relationships between self-report measures and olfactory scores were also examined. RESULTS Individuals with psychosis had poorer scores across all olfactory measures when compared to the control group. Within the psychosis cohort, patients with schizophrenia-associated psychosis had poorer odor identification, discrimination, and citralva detection threshold scores relative to controls. In schizophrenia patients, greater olfactory disturbance was associated with increased negative symptomatology, greater self-reported anhedonia, and lower self-reported anticipatory pleasure. Patients with mood-associated psychosis performed comparable to controls though men and women in this cohort showed differential olfactory profiles. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that olfactory deficits extend beyond measures of odor identification in FEP with greater deficits observed in schizophrenia-related subgroups of psychosis. Studies examining whether greater olfactory dysfunction confers greater risk for developing schizophrenia relative to other forms of psychosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Division of Medical Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218, US; tel: 410-614-6342, fax: 410-955-0504, e-mail:
| | - Patricia Lasutschinkow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Özkiriş M, Gencer ZK, Aydin R, Açikgöz M, Saydam L. Olfactory Bulb Volume Changes in Patients With Nasal Septal Deviation. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:e203-7. [PMID: 28403131 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000003436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The olfactory bulb (OB) plays a pivotal role in the processing of olfactory information. The aim of this study was to investigate the OB volume changes and its possible associations with nasal septal deviation. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Otolaryngology Department of Bozok University School of Medicine and Neurology Department of Yozgat State Hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety patient's cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies (46 males and 44 females, mean age 36 ± 13.4 years; range 18-56 years) with isolated nasal septal deviations were recruited for the study. Olfactory bulb volumes in all study subjects were evaluated in T2-weighted coronal MRI images by planimetric manual contouring. RESULTS Nasal septal deviation angles were found to range between 5° and 23.21° (mean 13.6° ± 3.58°). The right-sided deviations included 17 mild (<9°, Group I), 20 moderate (9°-15°, Group II), and 16 severe (15° and up, Group III) patients. The left-sided deviations included 14 mild (<9°, Group I), 13 moderate (9°-15°, Group II), and 10 severe (15° and up, Group III) subjects. Olfactory bulb volumes were calculated in both right- and left-sided deviation groups. In the patients with left-sided septal deviations of Groups I, II, and III, the left OB volumes of Groups I, II, and III were 46.49 ± 3.87, 47.46 ± 3.36, and 60.68 ± 5.65 mm and the right OB volumes were 53.37 ± 3.76, 56.47 ± 4.43, and 76.69 ± 6.84 mm, respectively. The statistical evaluation of the right OB volumes did not produce significant difference between Groups I and II (P = 0.73). The authors demonstrated statistically significant differences in comparison of Groups I to III and Groups II to III (P = 0.002 and P = 0.016, respectively). In the right septal deviation group for Groups I, II, and III, mean volumes of right OB volumes were 45.59 ± 4.46, 48.63 ± 3.78, and 61.35 ± 5.84 mm, respectively, and the left OB volumes were 54.67 ± 4.73, 57.65 ± 4.53, and 75.84 ± 7.67 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between Groups I and II (P = 0.95) left OB volumes in the right-sided deviation group, but statistically significant difference was demonstrated in Groups I to III and Groups II to III compartments (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003). CONCLUSION In our study, while mild and moderate septal deviations lacked any significant affect on OB volumes, severe deviations were found to have significant impact on these parameter. Additionally the contralateral OB volumes in the severe septum deviation group were significantly bigger when compared to the ipsilateral OB volumes. Further multidisciplinary studies are required to evaluate the clinical significance of OB volume changes in diagnosis and follow-up of several otolaryngologic or nonotolaryngologic diseases.
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Negoias S, Hummel T, Symmank A, Schellong J, Joraschky P, Croy I. Olfactory bulb volume predicts therapeutic outcome in major depression disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 10:367-72. [PMID: 25977168 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The volume of the olfactory bulb (OB) is strongly reduced in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and this group exhibits markedly decreased olfactory function. It has been suggested that olfactory input is important for maintaining balance in limbic neurocircuits. The aim of our study was to investigate whether reduced OB volume is associated with response to therapy in MDD. Twenty-four inpatients (all women, age 21-49 years, mean 38 ± 10 years SD) with MDD and 36 healthy controls (all women, age 20-52 years, mean 36 ± 10 years SD) underwent structural MRI. OB volume was compared between responders (N = 13) and non-responders (N = 11) to psychotherapy. Retest of OB volume was performed about 6 months after the end of therapy in nine of the patients. Therapy responders exhibited no significant difference in OB volume compared to healthy controls. However, average OB volume of non-responders was 23 % smaller compared to responders (p = .0011). Furthermore, OB volume was correlated with the change of depression severity (r = .46, p = .024). Volume of the OB did not change in the course of therapy. OB volume may be a biological vulnerability factor for the occurrence and/or maintenance of depression, at least in women.
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Roalf DR, Quarmley M, Calkins ME, Satterthwaite TD, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE, Moberg PJ, Turetsky BI. Temporal Lobe Volume Decrements in Psychosis Spectrum Youths. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:601-610. [PMID: 27559077 PMCID: PMC5463880 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural brain abnormalities have been amply demonstrated in schizophrenia. These include volume decrements in the perirhinal/entorhinal regions of the ventromedial temporal lobe, which comprise the primary olfactory cortex. Olfactory impairments, which are a hallmark of schizophrenia, precede the onset of illness, distinguish adolescents experiencing prodromal symptoms from healthy youths, and may predict the transition from the prodrome to frank psychosis. We therefore examined temporal lobe regional volumes in a large adolescent sample to determine if structural deficits in ventromedial temporal lobe areas were associated, not only with schizophrenia, but also with a heightened risk for psychosis. Seven temporal lobe regional volumes (amygdala [AM], hippocampus, inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, and entorhinal cortex [EC]) were measured in 386 psychosis spectrum adolescents, 521 adolescents with other types of psychopathology, and 359 healthy adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopment Cohort. Total intracranial and left EC volumes, which were both smallest among the psychosis spectrum, were the only measures that distinguished all 3 groups. Left AM was also smaller in psychosis spectrum compared with healthy subjects. EC volume decrement was strongly correlated with impaired cognition and less robustly associated with heightened negative/disorganized symptoms. AM volume decrement correlated with positive symptoms (persecution/special abilities). Temporal lobe volumes classified psychosis spectrum youths with very high specificity but relatively low sensitivity. These MRI measures may therefore serve as important confirmatory biomarkers denoting a worrisome preclinical trajectory among at-risk youths, and the specific pattern of deficits may predict specific symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark A. Elliott
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul J. Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Patel VA, Zacharia TT, Goldenberg D, McGinn JD. End-organ radiographic manifestations of cranial neuropathies: A concise review. Clin Imaging 2017; 44:5-11. [PMID: 28364580 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial neuropathies are a spectrum of disorders associated with dysfunction of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves and the subsequent anatomic structures they innervate. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review radiographic imaging findings of end-organ aberrations secondary to cranial neuropathies. METHOD All articles related to cranial neuropathies were retrieved through the PubMed MEDLINE NCBI database from January 1, 1991 to August 31, 2014. These manuscripts were analyzed for their relation to cranial nerve end-organ disease pathogenesis and radiographic imaging. RESULTS The present review reveals detectable end-organ changes on CT and/or MRI for the following cranial nerves: olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve. CONCLUSION Radiographic imaging can assist in the detailed evaluation of end-organ involvement, often revealing a corresponding cranial nerve injury with high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy. A thorough understanding of the distal manifestations of cranial nerve disease can optimize early pathologic detection as well as dictate further clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas T Zacharia
- Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David Goldenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Johnathan D McGinn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Gul AI, Sari K, Ozkiris M, Aydin R, Simsek GG, Serin HI, Saydam L. Correlation Between Olfactory Bulb Volume and Chronic Depression: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20150207075621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Irfan Gul
- Department of Psychiatry, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
| | - Kamran Sari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ozkiris
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
| | - Reha Aydin
- Department of Psychiatry, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
| | | | - Halil Ibrahim Serin
- Department of Radiology, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
| | - Levent Saydam
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Bozok University, School of Medicine, Yozgat - Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinguo Wei
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
- Department of Biotechnology; Weifang Business Vocational College; Phoenix Road No. 1600 Zhucheng Shandong 262234 China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
| | - Shisheng Ma
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
| | - Dongge Guo
- College of life science; Qufu Normal University; Jingxuan West Street No. 57 Qufu Shandong 273165 China
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Yang J, Chen J, Cai G, Lu R, Sun T, Luo T, Wu S, Ling S. Exposure to Sevoflurane Affects the Development of Parvalbumin Interneurons in the Main Olfactory Bulb in Mice. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:72. [PMID: 27445710 PMCID: PMC4920108 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is widely used in adult and pediatric patients during clinical surgeries. Although studies have shown that exposure to sevoflurane impairs solfactory memory after an operation, the neuropathological changes underlying this effect are not clear. This study detected the effect of sevoflurane exposure on the development of calcium-binding proteins-expressing interneurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). We exposed neonatal mice to 2% sevoflurane at two different developmental time points and found that exposing mice to sevoflurane at postnatal day (PD) 7 significantly decreased the expression of GAD67 and parvalbumin (PV) in the olfactory bulb (OB) but did not alter the expression of calretinin (CR) or calbindin D28k (CB). The number and dendritic morphology of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB were impaired by exposure to sevoflurane at PD7. However, exposure to sevoflurane at PD10 had no effect on calcium-binding protein expression or the number and dendritic morphology of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB. These results suggest that exposing neonatal mice to sevoflurane during a critical period of olfactory development affects the development of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Shucai Ling
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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Gialluisi A, Visconti A, Willcutt EG, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Falchi M, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Francks C, Fisher SE. Investigating the effects of copy number variants on reading and language performance. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:17. [PMID: 27186239 PMCID: PMC4868026 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reading and language skills have overlapping genetic bases, most of which are still unknown. Part of the missing heritability may be caused by copy number variants (CNVs). METHODS In a dataset of children recruited for a history of reading disability (RD, also known as dyslexia) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their siblings, we investigated the effects of CNVs on reading and language performance. First, we called CNVs with PennCNV using signal intensity data from Illumina OmniExpress arrays (~723,000 probes). Then, we computed the correlation between measures of CNV genomic burden and the first principal component (PC) score derived from several continuous reading and language traits, both before and after adjustment for performance IQ. Finally, we screened the genome, probe-by-probe, for association with the PC scores, through two complementary analyses: we tested a binary CNV state assigned for the location of each probe (i.e., CNV+ or CNV-), and we analyzed continuous probe intensity data using FamCNV. RESULTS No significant correlation was found between measures of CNV burden and PC scores, and no genome-wide significant associations were detected in probe-by-probe screening. Nominally significant associations were detected (p~10(-2)-10(-3)) within CNTN4 (contactin 4) and CTNNA3 (catenin alpha 3). These genes encode cell adhesion molecules with a likely role in neuronal development, and they have been previously implicated in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. A further, targeted assessment of candidate CNV regions revealed associations with the PC score (p~0.026-0.045) within CHRNA7 (cholinergic nicotinic receptor alpha 7), which encodes a ligand-gated ion channel and has also been implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions and language impairment. FamCNV analysis detected a region of association (p~10(-2)-10(-4)) within a frequent deletion ~6 kb downstream of ZNF737 (zinc finger protein 737, uncharacterized protein), which was also observed in the association analysis using CNV calls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CNVs do not underlie a substantial proportion of variance in reading and language skills. Analysis of additional, larger datasets is warranted to further assess the potential effects that we found and to increase the power to detect CNV effects on reading and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | | | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Proskynitopoulos PJ, Stippler M, Kasper EM. Post-traumatic anosmia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A systematic and illustrated review. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:S263-75. [PMID: 27213113 PMCID: PMC4866055 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.181981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a disorder associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is prevalent in up to 20% of patients suffering from TBI. Nevertheless, most studies focusing on the relationship between OD and TBIs do not differentiate between the different types of TBI (mild, medium, and severe). In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic review of the existing literature for the association between mild TBI (mTBI) and OD in order to examine their relationship, focusing on its neurosurgical management and the radiographic characteristics. Methods: The MEDLINE database was systematically reviewed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. We found 66 articles, of which 10 fulfilled our criteria. Results: All except two studies reported a significant association between trauma severity and olfaction. Two studies found a negative correlation between TBI severity and olfactory bulb volume with one reporting an r value of −0.62). Three studies reported an association between the observation of radiographic intracranial hemorrhage or skull base fractures and the history of TBI. Conclusion: According to our search results, we conclude that OD is a prevalent but underdiagnosed problem in mTBI. Because OD is associated with a significant decrease in quality of life, we think that neurosurgical teams need to asses olfactory function in mTBI patients when they report to clinics. To illustrate this scenario, we include two distinct cases of patients with anosmia after mTBI in this review. Finally, we suggest a treatment algorithm for patients with mTBI so that a possible OD can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Stippler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Ekkehard M Kasper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
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Egbujo C, Sinclair D, Borgmann-Winter K, Arnold SE, Turetsky B, Hahn CG. Molecular evidence for decreased synaptic efficacy in the postmortem olfactory bulb of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:554-62. [PMID: 26260078 PMCID: PMC5119750 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest altered synaptic plasticity/connectivity as a pathophysiologic mechanism for various symptom domains of schizophrenia. Olfactory dysfunction, an endophenotype of schizophrenia, reflects altered activity of the olfactory circuitry, which conveys signals from olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory cortex via synaptic connections in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory system begins with intranasal olfactory receptor neuron axons synapsing with mitral and tufted cells in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, which then convey signals directly to the olfactory cortex. We hypothesized that olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia is associated with dysregulation of synaptic efficacy in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. To test this, we employed semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry to examine the olfactory bulbs of 13 postmortem samples from schizophrenia and their matched control pairs for glomerular expression of 5 pre- and postsynaptic proteins that are involved in the integrity and function of synapses. In the glomeruli of schizophrenia cases compared to their matched controls, we found significant decreases in three presynaptic proteins which play crucial roles in vesicular glutamate transport - synapsin IIa (-18.05%, p=0.019), synaptophysin (-24.08% p=0.0016) and SNAP-25 (-23.9%, p=0.046). Two postsynaptic proteins important for spine formation and glutamatergic signaling were also decreased-spinophilin (-17.40%, p=0.042) and PSD-95 (-34.06%, p=0.015). These findings provide molecular evidence for decreased efficacy of synapses within the olfactory bulb, which may represent a synaptic mechanism underlying olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Egbujo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Duncan Sinclair
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karin Borgmann-Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bruce Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Tonacci A, Billeci L, Tartarisco G, Ruta L, Muratori F, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. [Formula: see text]Olfaction in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:1-25. [PMID: 26340690 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1081678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory function is a well-known early biomarker for neurodegeneration and neural functioning in the adult population, being supported by a number of brain structures that could be dysfunctioning in neurodegenerative processes. Evidence has suggested that atypical sensory and, particularly, olfactory processing is present in several neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In this paper, we present data obtained by a systematic literature review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, regarding the possible association between olfaction and ASDs, and analyze them critically in order to evaluate the occurrence of olfactory impairment in ASDs, as well as the possible usefulness of olfactory evaluation in such conditions. The results obtained in this analysis suggested a possible involvement of olfactory impairment in ASDs, underlining the importance of olfactory evaluation in the clinical assessment of ASDs. This assessment could be potentially included as a complementary evaluation in the diagnostic protocol of the condition. Methods for study selection and inclusion criteria were specified in advance and documented in PROSPERO protocol #CRD42014013939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tonacci
- a National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Pisa Unit , Pisa , Italy
| | - Lucia Billeci
- a National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Pisa Unit , Pisa , Italy
| | - Gennaro Tartarisco
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy
| | - Liliana Ruta
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy.,c Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Stella Maris Scientific Institute , Calambrone, Pisa , Italy
| | - Filippo Muratori
- c Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Stella Maris Scientific Institute , Calambrone, Pisa , Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- b National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Clinical Physiology , IFC-CNR, Messina Unit , Messina , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- d Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University Hospital "G. Martino" , Messina , Italy
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Röckle I, Hildebrandt H. Deficits of olfactory interneurons in polysialyltransferase- and NCAM-deficient mice. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:421-33. [PMID: 26153130 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neurogenic niche of the anterior subventricular zone (SVZ) persistently generates neuroblasts, which migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells. Loss of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM or its post-translational modification polysialic acid (polySia) impairs migration causing accumulations of cells in the proximal RMS and decreased OB volume. Polysialylation of NCAM is implemented by two polysialyltransferases, ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4, with overlapping functions. Here, we used mice with Ncam1 and polysialyltransferase deletions to analyze how partial or complete loss of polySia synthesis or a combined loss of polySia and NCAM affects the RMS and the interneuron composition in the OB. Numerous calretinin (CR)-positive cells were detected dispersed around the RMS in Ncam1 knockout, St8sia2, St8sia4 double-knockout, and St8sia2, St8sia4, Ncam1 triple-knockout mice, as well as in St8sia2(-/-) but not in St8sia4(-/-) mice. These changes were not reflected by reductions of CR-positive cells in the granule or glomerular layer of the OB. Instead, calbindin-positive periglomerular interneurons were strongly reduced in all polySia-NCAM negative mice and slightly attenuated in St8sia2(-/-) as well as in the St8sia4(-/-) mice, which were devoid of ectopic CR-positive cells along the RMS. Consistent with the early developmental generation of calbindin- as compared with CR-positive OB interneurons, this phenotype was fully developed at postnatal day 5. Together, these results demonstrate that the early development of calbindin-positive periglomerular interneurons depends on the presentation of polySia on NCAM and requires the activity of both polysialyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Röckle
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Adult neurogenesis appears very well conserved among mammals. It was, however, not until recently that quantitative data on the extent of this process became available in humans, largely because of methodological challenges to study this process in man. There is substantial hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans, but humans appear unique among mammals in that there is no detectable olfactory bulb neurogenesis but continuous addition of new neurons in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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