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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemangioma is one of the most common benign tumors in infants and young children. The 2 most important cells in the course of infantile hemangioma (IH) are hemangioma stem cells (HemSCs) and hemangioma endothelial cells (HemECs). Infantile hemangioma is characterized by massive proliferation of HemECs, but current studies indicate that HemSCs play an important role in pathogenesis of IH. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify molecules that influence HemSC differentiation and HemEC proliferation and apoptosis to help clarify the pathogenesis of IH and provide novel drug targets for the treatment of IH. METHODS Relevant basic science studies related to IH were identified by searching Google Scholar, Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, and peer-reviewed journal articles. RESULT Hemangioma stem cells can differentiate into HemECs, pericytes, and adipocytes. In the proliferating phase of IH, HemSCs mainly differentiate into HemECs and pericytes to promote angiogenesis. In the regressive phase, they mainly differentiate into adipocytes. Therefore, increasing the proportion of HemSCs differentiating into adipocytes, inhibiting the proliferation of HemECs, and promoting the apoptosis of HemECs can facilitate the regression of IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- From the Department of Plastic surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sasaki K, Nishina S, Yamauchi A, Fukuda K, Hara Y, Yamamura M, Egashira K, Hino K. Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Induces Antitumor Immunity and Cytotoxicity in Liver Tumors in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:739-762. [PMID: 33191170 PMCID: PMC7841526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shed light on the importance of antitumor immunity as a therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The altered glucose metabolism known as the Warburg effect recently has gained attention as a cancer immune-resistance mechanism. Considering glycolysis inhibitors as therapeutic agents, their specific delivery to cancer cells is critical not to induce adverse effects. Thus, we investigated antitumor effects of a glycolysis inhibitor, consisting of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG)-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (2DG-PLGA-NPs), against hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. METHODS The antitumor effects of 2DG-PLGA-NPs were examined using hepatoma cell lines, xenograft tumors, and hepatocarcinogenic and syngeneic mouse models. RESULTS The 2DG-PLGA-NPs induced cytotoxic effects and antitumor immunity through enhanced T-cell trafficking. In addition, 2DG-PLGA-NPs induced decreased lactate production and increased interferon-γ-positive T cells in liver tumors. Human CD8+ T cells cocultured with 2DG-PLGA-NP-treated Huh7 cells showed their increased interferon-γ production and glucose uptake compared with the CD8+ T cells co-cultured with PLGA-NP-treated Huh7 cells. Chemotaxis of CD8+ T cells was suppressed by lactate and enhanced by glucose. Interferon-γ enhanced CD8+ T-cell chemotaxis in both an autocrine and paracrine manner. Notably, the 2DG-PLGA-NPs augmented chemokine (CXCL9/CXCL10) production in liver tumors via interferon-γ-Janus kinase-signal transducers and activator of transcription pathway and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated suppression of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation. These 2DG-PLGA-NPs not only amplified antitumor effects induced by sorafenib or an anti-programmed death-1 antibody, but also suppressed anti-programmed death-1-resistant tumors. CONCLUSIONS The newly developed 2DG-PLGA-NPs showed antitumor immunity and cytotoxicity in liver tumors in mice, suggesting the potential of 2DG-PLGA-NPs for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Sasaki
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology
| | - Sohji Nishina
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Keisuke Hino, MD, PhD, or Sohji Nishina, MD, PhD, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan. fax: (81) 864641196.
| | | | | | | | - Masahiro Yamamura
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Sentan Pharma, Inc, Japan,Department of Translational Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Keisuke Hino, MD, PhD, or Sohji Nishina, MD, PhD, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan. fax: (81) 864641196.
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Zhang G, Zhai N, Zhang X. Alkannin represses growth of pancreatic cancer cells based on the down regulation of miR-199a. Biofactors 2020; 46:849-859. [PMID: 31967380 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkannin displays tumor suppressive activity by initiating apoptosis. Here, we corroborated its role in pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1) cells and addressed the molecular mechanism in which microRNA-199a (miR-199a) and Klotho might be implicated. PANC-1 and MIN6 cells were treated by alkannin and its role was evaluated in cellular viability. Next we assessed the ability of PANC-1 cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade as well as apoptosis process. Besides, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), CyclinD1, p53, and caspases were quantified using Western blot. miR-199a was detected by qRT-PCR. miR-199a-silenced or -replenished cells were established to study its function role in Klotho in conjunction with alkannin. Further, Klotho-overexpressed or -silenced cells were constructed to investigate the alteration of mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways. Alkannin repressed the viability of PANC-1 cells instead of MIN6 cells. Alkannin counteracted the growth of PANC-1 cells through inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion and facilitating apoptosis, which was evidenced by the modulation on PCNA, CyclinD1, p53, and cleavage of caspases. The silence of miR-199a by alkannin was also involved in the antitumor process. Alkannin enhanced Klotho expression possibly through silencing miR-199a. Besides, mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling were counteracted by Klotho overexpression while facilitated by its silence. Alkannin inhibited the growth of PANC-1 cells via modulating miR-199a-Klotho node. During this process, mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways were blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Affiliated Jining No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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Zeng Z, Chen H, Cai J, Huang Y, Yue J. IL-10 regulates the malignancy of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells via regulation of PCNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 688:108404. [PMID: 32416101 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemangioma (HA) is the most common benign tumor and formed by the proliferating endothelial cells of blood vessels. Interleukins (ILs) have been reported to be critical for HA progression. Our present study found that the expression of IL-10 was decreased in HA cells and tissues as compared to their corresponding controls. Treatment with recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) can suppress the proliferation of HA cells via suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), while over expression of PCNA can attenuate rIL-10-inhibited cell proliferation. Further, rIL-10 can decrease the promoter activity and mRNA stability of PCNA in HA cells. Mechanistically, rIL-10 can increase expression of miR-27b-3p to decrease mRNA stability of PCNA, while down regulation of YY1 is involved in rIL-10 suppressed transcription of PCNA. Collectively, IL-10 can suppress the expression of PCNA via miR-27b-3p mediated suppression of mRNA stability and YY1 mediated down regulation of transcription. It suggested that rIL-10 might be a potential therapeutic approach for HA development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofan Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Junhong Cai
- Molecular Laboratory Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Yanjing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Jie Yue
- Department of Cardiovascula Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Jeddo SFA, Wei X, Li K, Li X, Yang Q, Dongol S, Li J. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase serves as a poor prognosis marker and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1037-1048. [PMID: 32705239 PMCID: PMC7388486 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bones and frequently affects young children and adolescents. There are several challenges associated with treating osteosarcoma owing to the aggressiveness of the disease, as well as the risk of chemoresistance. Numerous studies are being performed with the aim of identifying improved prognostic and therapeutic markers for this malignancy. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is an oncogene that has been studied in several types of cancer in recent years. In the present study, the expression of MELK in osteosarcoma and normal tissue samples was examined, and the effects of MELK expression on osteosarcoma cellular proliferation, metastasis, the cell cycle and apoptosis were demonstrated using CCK-8, wound healing, migration and invasion and apoptosis assays. The role of MELK in cancer progression in osteosarcoma was determined, revealing the association between MELK expression and prognosis of osteosarcoma. It was demonstrated that knockdown of MELK resulted in reduced proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro along with potentiation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the effect of the targeted MELK inhibitor, OTSSP167, on tumor progression of osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo was assessed. Mechanistically, it was demonstrated that MELK promoted osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis by regulating PCNA and MMP9 expression via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, the present study revealed the oncogenic role played by MELK, and established MELK as a valuable prognostic and therapeutic marker in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim F A Jeddo
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xianfu Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ka Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Samina Dongol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Sun B, Dong C, Lei H, Gong Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Sun L. Knockdown of inhibitor of differentiation 1 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis by inactivating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:236-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Wang Y, Dai YX, Wang SQ, Qiu MK, Quan ZW, Liu YB, Ou JM. miR-199a-5p inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in hemangioma cells through targeting HIF1A. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 31:394632017749357. [PMID: 29268640 PMCID: PMC5849215 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017749357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exhibit a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis and
tumor progression, of which miR-199a-5p (miR-199a) has been reported to function
as a tumor suppressor in multiple malignancies. However, the precise mechanisms
underlying miR-199a in hemangiomas (HAs) remain elusive. In this study, we found
that miR-199a had low expression level, while proliferating cell nuclear antigen
(PCNA) had high expression level in proliferating-phase HAs compared with the
involuting-phase HAs and normal tissues. Spearman correlation analysis revealed
the negative correlation of miR-199a with PCNA expression in proliferating-phase
HAs. In vitro experiments showed that restoration of miR-199a suppressed cell
proliferation capability and induced cell apoptosis in HA-derived endothelial
cells (HDEC) and CRL-2586 EOMA cells, followed with decreased PCNA expression
and increased cleaved caspase-3 expression, but miR-199a inhibitor reversed
these effects. Furthermore, HIF1A was identified as a target of miR-199a and had
negative correlation with miR-199a expression in proliferating-phase HAs.
Overexpression of HIF1A attenuated the anti-proliferation effect of miR-199a
mimic in HAs cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that miR-199a may
inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in HAs cells via targeting HIF1A and
provide a potential therapeutic target for HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Ke Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Min Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Qiu MK, Wang SQ, Pan C, Wang Y, Quan ZW, Liu YB, Ou JM. ROCK inhibition as a potential therapeutic target involved in apoptosis in hemangioma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2987-2993. [PMID: 28339093 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression was examined in hemangiomas (HA), benign, birthmark-like tumors occurring in infancy, and confirmed in HA-derived endothelial cells (HDEC), for which cell proliferation and apoptosis were also assessed. Protein and mRNA accumulation of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen was significantly higher in proliferating phase HAs than in involuting phase HAs. In contrast, p53 and caspase-3 exhibited higher levels of accumulation in involuting than proliferating HAs. Cell apoptotic indexes were low in proliferating phase HAs and increased in involuting phase HAs. HDECs were treated with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Y-27632 induced p53 expression and downregulated VEGF expression, significantly inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis in HA cells. The inhibitor effects were confirmed in HAs from HDEC-injected nude mice. These results indicated that ROCK is involved in p53-mediated apoptosis and VEGF expression in HA cells and suggested that such inhibition may be exploited for future HA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ke Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Min Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Saxena A, Shoeb M, Tammali R, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK. Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses azoxymethane-induced colonic premalignant lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:141-7. [PMID: 25218594 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities are major risk factors for the development of colon cancer. In the present study, we examined the effects of polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor, fidarestat, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic premalignant lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db obese mice. Our results indicate that fidarestat given in the drinking water caused a significant reduction in the total number of colonic premalignant lesions in the AOM treated obese mice. Further, the expression levels of PKC-β2, AKT, COX-2 and iNOS in the colonic mucosa of AOM-treated mice were significantly decreased by fidarestat. The serum levels of IL-1α, IP-10, MIG, TNF-α and VEGF are significantly suppressed in AOM + fidarestat treated obese mice. Fidarestat also decreased the expression of COX-2, iNOS, XIAP, survivin, β-catenin and NF-κB in high glucose-treated HT29 colon cancer cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that fidarestat inhibits the development of colonic premalignant lesions in an obesity-related colon cancer and is chemopreventive to colorectal carcinogenesis in obese individuals.
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Leo MS, Sivamani RK. Phytochemical modulation of the Akt/mTOR pathway and its potential use in cutaneous disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:861-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ou JM, Yu ZY, Qiu MK, Dai YX, Dong Q, Shen J, Wang XF, Liu YB, Quan ZW, Fei ZW. Knockdown of VEGFR2 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2263. [PMID: 24704994 PMCID: PMC3980207 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process of development and growth of new capillary blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenic growth factors play important roles in the development and maintenance of some malignancies, of which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR2 interactions are involved in proliferation, migration, and survival of many cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of VEGFR2 in human hemangiomas (HAs). Using immunohistochemistry assay, we examined the expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, Ki-67, glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) and p-ERK in different phases of human HAs. Positive expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, Ki-67, Glut-1, p-AKT and p-ERK was significantly increased in proliferating phase HAs, while decreased in involuting phase HAs (P=0.001; P=0.003). In contrast, cell apoptotic indexes were decreased in proliferating phase HAs, but increased in involuting phase HAs (P<0.01). Furthermore, we used small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated VEGFR2 knockdown in primary HA-derived endothelial cells (HemECs) to understand the role of VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling. Knockdown of VEGFR2 by Lv-shVEGFR2 inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in primary HemECs companied with decreased expression of p-AKT, p-ERK, p-p38MAPK and Ki-67 and increased expression of caspase-3 (CAS-3). Overexpression of VEGFR2 promoted cell viability and blocked apoptosis in Lv-VEGFR2-transfected HemECs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that, increased expression of VEGFR2 is involved in the development of primary HemECs possibly through regulation of the AKT and ERK pathways, suggesting that VEGFR2 may be a potential therapeutic target for HAs.
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Blei F. Update March 2013. Lymphat Res Biol 2013; 11:46-62. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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