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Xue J, Lin K, Li L, Wang HH, Sun I. Supportive Interventions of Chinese Police in Domestic Violence: Do Officer Knowledge and Training Matter? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241233266. [PMID: 38389326 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241233266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Policing domestic violence (DV) poses significant challenges in China due to cultural, legal, and organizational complexities. Policing DV in China favors mediation over assertive interventions, complicating law enforcement's role. While previous research has focused on coercive interventions by Chinese police, there is limited information on non-coercive, supportive approaches. This study investigates the relationship between police officers' knowledge and training regarding the Anti-DV law and their willingness to provide supportive services to DV victims in China. It also considers various individual and organizational factors. The data used in this study are derived from the Policing DV in China project, with a sample of 1,353 respondents who had experience dealing with DV cases within the past 3 years. The study focuses on three dependent variables representing supportive approaches to DV cases: Referral, Counseling, and Protection orders. Independent variables include officers' knowledge of the Anti-DV law and agency training. Control variables include the use of body-worn cameras (BWC) and attitudes toward Violence Tolerance, Male Dominance, and Gender Equality. Additionally, demographic variables, working environment, length of service, and police rank are considered. The analytical approach involves a three-step strategy, incorporating descriptive, bivariate analyses, and regression analyses. The results are interpreted using odds ratios and average marginal effects, and statistical software such as SPSS by IBM and R by Open-Source Model is utilized for data analysis. Key findings indicate that more than half of the officers referred intimate partner violence survivors to shelters and assisted victims in filing protection orders. Counseling practices varied across provinces and between male and female officers. Agency training and the use of BWC were positively associated with non-coercive and supportive approaches, while knowledge of the DV Act, male dominance score, and gender equality score did not predict the use of such approaches. Demographic characteristics, including police rank, length of service, and province of employment, influenced the utilization of non-coercive and supportive approaches. This study examines the challenges faced by Chinese police officers when responding to DV cases and their willingness to provide supportive interventions. The study highlights the complexities surrounding the initiation of protection orders due to officers' legal knowledge and discretion. The study emphasizes the importance of police support in addressing DV in China and the role of agency training in promoting non-coercive responses. It highlights regional variations in police support and underscores the need for addressing disparities in service provision across different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Lin
- University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Luye Li
- Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ivan Sun
- University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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2
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Li CKW, Liu J, Chen X. Chinese Women's Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:3126-3142. [PMID: 37722814 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have empirically examined factors influencing attitudes toward acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV), and no study has yet studied the topic in China. We empirically test the effects of attitudes toward gender roles and exposure to violence during childhood on the acceptance of IPV and the moderating effects of education and income on these relationships. Using survey data collected from 600 Chinese women from southern China, we found that education and income moderate the relationship between belief in gender equality and acceptance of IPV. The effect of exposure to parental physical violence on the acceptance of IPV is moderated by education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuan Chen
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Wang L, Hong C, He N, Xavier Hall CD, Simoni JM, Wong FY. Depression as a mediator between intimate partner violence (IPV) and CD4 cell count among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV in China. AIDS Care 2023; 35:1667-1676. [PMID: 37018752 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2195608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse mental and physical outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Few studies focus on psychological IPV, such as verbal threats. This study examined the associations between different forms of IPV and depression and CD4+ cell count, with depression as a mediator for the association between IPV and CD4+ cell count. Data for these analyses were derived from a larger cross-sectional study on HIV-HCV co-infection among MSM in Shanghai, China (N = 1623). We estimated the average causal mediation effects (ACME) and average direct effects (ADE) through three steps. About 16% of participants experienced IPV, with forced sex (7%), verbal threats (5%), and thrown objects (4%) being most common. Verbal threats showed the strongest link with depression and low CD4+ cell count. Depression fully mediated the relationship between verbal abuse and low CD4+ cell count, suggesting it as a potential pathway between psychological IPV and poorer HIV-related health outcomes. More research on psychological IPV is warranted to examine its health impacts. Mental health could be a potential focus of intervention to enhance HIV-related health outcomes among MSM with IPV experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenglin Hong
- Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Na He
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Casey D Xavier Hall
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing (ISGMH), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jane M Simoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Gender, Women & Sexuality Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank Y Wong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Center for Population Sciences and Health Equity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, Department of Population Health Science, University Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Tie L, Zheng Y. Judgments and Attributions of Intimate Partner Violence in China: The Role of Directionality, Gender Stereotypicality, and Ambivalent Sexism. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10485-10513. [PMID: 37227018 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem worldwide. IPV-related perceptions and attitudes are linked to IPV's actual perpetration and related victimization. There is a typical gender paradigm in IPV, wherein women are victims and men are perpetrators, which influences judgments toward IPV. Some socio-cultural norms or unjust notions of gender are also intertwined with this paradigm and influence perceptions of IPV. This study explored judgments and attributions of IPV in the Chinese context while extensively considering directionality, gender stereotypes, and ambivalent sexism by surveying 887 participants online. Participants read 1 of 12 scenarios and made judgments and attributions of responsibility regarding IPV. The results indicate that hostile sexism is negatively correlated with IPV perception but positively correlated with its justification. The direction of perpetration and gender stereotypicality had some main effects on judgments of IPV, and there were some interactions between these factors. The perception level of IPV involving a traditional male partner was higher when the man was the perpetrator or when his female partner was traditional. In the unidirectional IPV scenarios, the perpetrators were judged as significantly more responsible than the victims, while in the bidirectional IPV scenarios, men were judged as significantly more responsible than women. Moreover, the relationship between gender stereotypicality and responsibility attributions to female partners was significantly moderated by benevolent sexism (BS). Participants with a high level of BS tended to attribute less responsibility to traditional women than non-traditional women in bidirectional IPV scenarios. Future studies on IPV should pay attention to the influence of directionality and gender stereotypes. More efforts ought to be made to reduce IPV and overcome gender role stereotypes and sexism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tie
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Lin CY, Hou WL, Tseng YH, Lin ML, Griffiths MD. Validity, reliability, and cross-validation of a new questionnaire developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Dating Violence Bystander Help-giving Intention Questionnaire (DVBHIQ). Heliyon 2023; 9:e19706. [PMID: 37809557 PMCID: PMC10558956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically test a scale by using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) comprising two types of measurement (direct and belief-based [indirect]) to assess bystander help-giving intention to victims of dating violence among youth. A two-phase, mixed-method design was adopted. The primary source of the samples was five universities, each in the northern, central, southern, eastern, and outer islands regions of Taiwan. Phase I involved developing an instrument based on the TPB (n = 10) and pilot testing (n = 220). Phase II conducted the psychometric evaluation (n = 622). The study used item analysis, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and cross-validation to examine the psychometric properties of the Dating Violence Bystander Help-giving Intention Questionnaire (DVBHIQ) with two types of measure (direct and belief-based). Explanatory factor analysis resulted in a four-factor solution (attitude/behavioral beliefs, subjective norms/normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control/control belief, and intention) of the direct and belief-based measures of the DVBHIQ, accounting for 72.67% and 76.62% of total variance respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis and cross-validation confirmed the proposed four-factor model and demonstrated good internal consistency reliability. The two types of DVBHIQ had good validity, reliability, and measurement invariance which may help address the core cognitive determinants for bystander help-giving intention. Healthcare providers (e.g., school nurses) could use the DVBHIQ to evaluate how bystander education programs affect youth and conduct related research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Hou
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hua Tseng
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Lin
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, 43304, Taiwan
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Li Q, Gu J, Huang J, Zhao P, Luo C. "They see me as mentally ill": the stigmatization experiences of Chinese menopausal women in the family. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37076835 PMCID: PMC10116657 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopausal women are regarded as "abnormal people" in China and are often discriminated against and ostracized, especially in the privacy of their homes. However, research on the stigmatization of menopausal women in China is limited. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the stigmatization experiences of Chinese menopausal women in the family and their feelings about these experiences. METHODS A phenomenological qualitative research design involving in-depth semi-structured interviews was selected. Our data analysis adopted Colaizzi's methodology. RESULTS Fourteen menopausal women participated in this study. Four themes and 12 subthemes emerged: (1) violent treatment (verbal and physical violence); (2) lack of attention and companionship (lack of understanding of physical and psychological suffering, neglect of the value of labour and difficulty finding someone to talk to and accompany them); (3) coping struggles (keeping quiet, fighting back, changing inappropriate perceptions and developing a menopausal transition management plan); and (4) despair (deep-rooted perceptions, restrictions on travel and consumption, and unknown "healing" times). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Chinese menopausal women suffer physically and mentally within their families. The stigma of menopause is both a symptom of the broad societal lack of knowledge regarding menopause and a reflection of the patriarchal oppression of women in a specific cultural context. Accordingly, this study can help menopausal women and society in general better understand the former's stigmatization experiences and amplify their inner voices. Moreover, it can serve as a reference for the formulation of menopause-related health policies in China and for advocating and promoting humanistic care for menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Jintu Gu
- Department of Sociology, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
- Research Center for Environment and Society, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and High-quality Development, Jiangsu Research Base, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianyuan Huang
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Chenliang Luo
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Tax Bureau, State Taxation Administration, Shanghai, 200120, China
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7
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Cao J, Liu X, Gonzalez-Guarda RM. Trapped in My Roles as a Woman With No Help: Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Against Chinese Women. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:964-986. [PMID: 35840549 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences is a crucial first step toward shaping effective responses. However, relevant knowledge among Chinese women is scant. This study described Chinese women's IPV experiences by analyzing 46 posts shared by 42 women on a public online forum. Five overarching themes were identified using conventional qualitative content analysis: being trapped in my roles, no power in the relationship, the struggles are real but I need to tolerate, I want to leave but have no help, and hope for the future. This study has important implications for future research, practice, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiepin Cao
- School of Nursing, 3065Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, 477803The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
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8
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Li CKW, Liu J, Chen X. Chinese Women's Financial Independence and Their Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Experiences. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:949-963. [PMID: 35726208 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221097143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China, as a traditional patriarchal society, provides an excellent context to examine whether and how increased financial independence of women may influence intimate partner violence. This study examines how financial independence influences Chinese women's victimization experiences of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Data were collected from 600 married or divorced women aged between 20 and 60, who resided in a large metropolitan area in Southern China. Results indicated that while physical violence is reduced by women's financial independence, other forms of connective IPV against women are suggested as expressions of men's desire to keep financially independent women in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K W Li
- Faculty of Law, 59193University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianhong Liu
- Faculty of Law, 59193University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Social Work, 12646Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Caira-Chuquineyra B, Fernandez-Guzman D, Orellana D, Pomareda Vera AE, Gomez CJ, Valencia PD, Román-Lazarte V. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Social Tolerance for Intimate Partner Violence in Peru: Evidence from the National Survey of Social Relations, 2019. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5262-5281. [PMID: 36062746 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221120897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the factors associated with social tolerance for intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Peruvian population. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data from the 2019 National Survey of Social Relations (ENARES) of Peru were used. This survey collected data from a total of 1,026 Peruvians aged 18 years and older. Multilevel linear regression models were performed to evaluate the factors associated with a standardized index of social tolerance for IPV. Likewise, a stratified analysis was performed according to sex. Being older (β = .01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .01-.01) and living outside the capital (β = 0.24; 95% CI: .07-0.41) were associated with greater social tolerance for IPV. On the other hand, being female (β = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.36 to -0.17) and having a higher educational level were associated with lower tolerance. In the stratified analysis by sex, in both men and women, being older and having a higher level of education were associated with higher and lower tolerance for IPV, respectively. On the other hand, living outside the capital was associated with greater tolerance only in men. In Peru, older people and those living outside the capital showed greater acceptance of IPV, while women and those with higher levels of education expressed rejection of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Caira-Chuquineyra
- Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Arequipa, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Peru
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Guzman
- Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Arequipa, Peru
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Dayanne Orellana
- Unidad de Investigación Experimental, Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Cristhoper J Gomez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Pablo D Valencia
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Román-Lazarte
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Cerro de Pasco, Peru
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10
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Yang C, Liu W, Wang Y, Xu S, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhou Q, Li J. Influence of Ambivalent Sexism on Intimate Partner Violence Tolerance and Mental Violence in a Chinese Female Sample: Relationship Causality Orientation as a Moderator. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221137919. [DOI: 10.1177/10778012221137919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined how the general tolerance of women's intimate partner violence and mental violence perpetration are affected by women's ambivalent sexism and relationship causality orientation. One hundred and forty-nine of 221 Chinese female participants recruited on an online platform were included in the final data analysis. The results showed that causality orientation plays a moderating role. Specifically, as controlled orientation increased, the relationship between hostile sexism and intimate partner violence tolerance became stronger. As the autonomous orientation increased, the relationship between benevolent sexism and intimate partner violence tolerance became weaker. Hostile sexism and controlled orientation positively predict women's mental violence perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanlan Liu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihuan Wang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lujia Yang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Qu J, Shen S, Sun IY, Farmer AK, Xue J. Sexting Victimization Among Dating App Users: A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17109-NP17132. [PMID: 34182820 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of digital technology and devices has fundamentally transformed people's social life in recent decades, particularly in interpersonal relationships. Two popular social phenomena elucidate how social connections and interactions have dramatically evolved due to technological advancement. Sexting has surfaced as a popular way of getting attention or flirting among young populations over the past decade. Online dating also has emerged as a viable avenue for people to seek interpersonal romantic and/or sexual relationships. Based on survey data collected from two Chinese universities and one U.S. university, this study links sexting and online dating by comparatively assessing the prevalence of sexting victimization and factors influencing such victimization among young online daters. Bivariate and multiple analyses reveal that American college students are more inclined than their Chinese counterparts to be victims of receiving sexts. Chinese students with higher degrees of rape myth acceptance are more likely to experience sexting victimization, but such an association does not exist among U.S. students. Internet-related activities were only weakly connected to sexting victimization among college students. LGBT young adults, regardless of their country affiliation, are at a higher risk for sexting misconduct. Female and younger American students were more likely to experience sexting victimization, whereas Chinese students in a romantic relationship were more inclined to experience sexting victimization. If possible, future research should employ a random sampling strategy to draw a larger number of college students from different types of universities in different regions. Future studies should include other theoretically relevant variables, such as self-control and opportunity variables, into the sexting victimization research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qu
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Shen
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ivan Y Sun
- Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | | | - Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Xu H, Zeng J, Cao Z, Hao H. The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Online Help-Seeking: A Moderated Mediation Model of Emotion Dysregulation and Perceived Anonymity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148330. [PMID: 35886187 PMCID: PMC9319494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns and isolation have limited the availability of face-to-face support services for victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite the growing need for online help in supporting IPV victims, far less is known about the underlying mechanisms between IPV and online help-seeking. We studied the mediating role of emotion dysregulation (ED) and the moderating role of perceived anonymity (PA) on the internet to explain IPV victims’ willingness of online help-seeking (WOHS). Through a PROCESS analysis of the questionnaire data (n = 510, 318 female, 192 male, Mage = 22.41 years), the results demonstrate that: (1) ED has been linked with the experience of IPV, and IPV significantly induces ED. (2) When IPV victims realize the symptoms of ED, they have a strong willingness to seek external intervention to support themselves. ED mediates the relationship between IPV and online help-seeking. (3) For youth growing up in the era of social networking sites (SNS), personal privacy protection is an important factor when seeking online help. The anonymity of the internet has a positive effect on victims who experience IPV and ED, and it increases WOHS. This study introduces a new perspective on the psychological mechanism behind IPV victims’ help-seeking behaviors, and it suggests that the improvement of anonymity in online support can be an effective strategy for assisting IPV victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jun Zeng
- School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Zheng Cao
- Graduate School of Management, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia;
| | - Huihui Hao
- Faculty of Agribusiness and Commerce, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
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13
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Blame of Rape Victims and Perpetrators in China: The Role of Gender, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Situational Factors. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Lin K, Hu R, Wang X, Xue J. Female Same-Sex Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence in China. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6881-NP6902. [PMID: 33092433 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although there exists a growing body of research on female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) as well as bidirectional intimate partner violence (BIPV) among lesbian women, much of this literature focuses on the IPV experience of women living in Western societies such as the United States. The current study represents the very first to explore BIPV among lesbian women in China. In this study, we analyze a survey sample of 225 self-identified lesbian women in China to examine FSSBIPV patterns, pattern-specific rates, and risk factors of FSSBIPV. Using the Latent Class Analysis technique, we discover three main patterns of partner abuse, including bidirectional psychological violence (60%), bidirectional violence multiple types with physical abuse (79.1%), and minimal violence (20.9%). Logistic regressions show that there is no significant demographic, socioeconomic, or attitudinal difference between the bidirectional psychological violence group and the minimal violence group while being younger, cohabitating, and holding pro-IPV attitudes significantly predicted higher odds of experiencing multiple types of bidirectional violence. Contributions to the literature, as well as policy implications, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ran Hu
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiying Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Xue J, Lin K. Chinese University Students' Attitudes Toward Rape Myth Acceptance: The Role of Gender, Sexual Stereotypes, and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:2467-2486. [PMID: 32646265 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520938507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study constructs and tests models that examine the relations between variables of "gender," "sex role stereotyping," and "adversarial sexual beliefs" on rape myth acceptance. The sample is 975 Chinese university students from seven universities in China. Measures include Chinese Rape Myth Acceptance (CRMA), Sex Role Stereotyping (SRS) Scale, and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs (ASB). We use structural equation modeling to investigate whether gender directly affects the acceptance of rape myth, or that these influences are mediated by SRS and ASB, after controlling for several demographic characteristics. Results suggest that SRS and ASB have a direct effect on rape myth acceptance. Gender has no direct effect on rape myth acceptance in three out of the four models, but it significantly (β = -.02, p < .05) predicts the acceptance of rape-violence myth. We also discuss the implications and limitations of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, Ontario, USA
| | - Kai Lin
- California State University, Sacramento, USA
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16
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Dai Z, Zheng Y. Chinese Newlyweds' Perception and Tolerance Toward Common and Severe Partner Aggression. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1981-1991. [PMID: 34916859 PMCID: PMC8670883 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s337263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to find the judgment demarcation points of Chinese newlyweds toward common and severe partner aggression, exploring the correlation of asymmetrical commitment and partner aggression tolerance, and revealing the gender differences in aggression tolerance. Materials and Methods We conducted two online questionnaire surveys with a total of 629 Chinese newlyweds. Specifically, data for group 1 were collected from 326 Chinese newlyweds for exploratory factor analysis of aggression normality, and data for group 2 from the remaining 303 couples were used for confirmatory factor analysis and inferential statistical analyses. Results Results showed that eight items representing non-physical aggression were regarded as common aggression, seven items indicating physical aggression were regarded as severe aggression, and one item was deleted because of disqualification in the exploratory factor analysis. Moreover, individuals showed greater tolerance toward common aggression compared with severe aggression. In terms of commitment, the 303 couples were divided into two groups: asymmetrically committed relationships (ACR) and non-asymmetrically committed relationships (non-ACRs). Through multilevel modeling, we found that couples in ACRs had a greater tolerance for common aggression. In addition, tolerance showed gender differences: husbands displayed a more tolerant attitude toward partner aggression, whether common or severe types. Conclusion The study found the demarcation points of aggression normality in Chinese newlyweds broadened the application of commitment in research on partner aggression and emphasized the importance of study of dyadic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongpei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Du Y, Chang OD, Li M, Kwon M. Beyond Fundamental Dimensions of Mood in Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Victims of Interpersonal Violence: Examining the Role of Dispositional Optimism in Chinese Females With and Without Experience of Victimization. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:2145-2162. [PMID: 34841961 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211030951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested a prediction model involving affectivity and dispositional optimism as predictors of suicide risk (i.e., depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation) in young adult Chinese females with and without prior interpersonal violence (IPV) victimization (294 nonvictimized and 94 victimized females). Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that negative affectivity was a significant predictor of both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation for Chinese females, regardless of IPV victimization. Beyond affectivity, dispositional optimism was found to further add to the prediction model of depressive symptoms in both groups, but only for suicidal ideation in the IPV victimized group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Du
- 5930Teachers College, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Olivia D Chang
- Department of Psychology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Psychology, 2453DePaul University, Chicago, USA
| | - Misu Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, KOR
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18
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Vanterpool KB, Yarber WL, Rosenberg M, Mowatt RA, Garcia JR. Association of Black Women's Perceptions of the Sex Ratio to Their Attitudes Toward and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:946-965. [PMID: 34143709 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211013900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explores how perceptions of the availability of male dating partners (sex ratio) affect heterosexual Black women's tolerance and experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV). Evolutionary behavioral models suggest that when the sex ratio is high (more available men than women), violence against women is more likely to occur, whereas the Guttentag-Secord model suggests that when there is a surplus of men, violence against women is less likely to occur. Testing these theories, results show perception of a high sex ratio was significantly positively associated with experiences of IPV in the past 12 months and more tolerant attitudes toward IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Vanterpool
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Outcomes for Female Survivors in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105099. [PMID: 34065818 PMCID: PMC8150836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While current literature evidences a strong association between gender-based violence exposure and adverse mental health outcomes, few studies have explored how attitudinal acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV) might impact this relationship. This analysis employed data from 13–24-year-old females as part of the Violence Against Children Surveys in Nigeria, Uganda, and Malawi. Mental health status, defined by the Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress, and suicide ideation served as outcome measures. Predictors of interest included lifetime experiences of IPV and attitudinal acceptance of IPV. Country-stratified logistic and ordinary least squares regressions were used to predict outcomes and included interactions between violence exposure and attitudinal acceptance of IPV. Violence exposure was associated with increased symptoms of mental distress and increased suicide ideation in all countries. Among those who experienced IPV, exhibiting attitudinal acceptance of IPV was associated with improved mental health in Nigeria and Malawi. IPV tolerance conferred lower odds of suicide ideation following IPV exposure in Nigeria. The findings suggest that programs aiming to reduce attitudinal acceptance of IPV must consider how these changes may interact with women’s exposure to IPV.
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20
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Pugh B, Li L, Sun IY. Perceptions of Why Women Stay in Physically Abusive Relationships: A Comparative Study of Chinese and U.S. College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:3778-3813. [PMID: 29808779 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518778264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In both China and the United States, public attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) have shifted from viewing IPV as a tolerable, private matter to viewing it as a matter of public concern that should be dealt with as a crime. Empirical and comparative examinations of the perceptions of why women stay in physically abusive relationships are lacking. Answering this question calls for comprehensive, methodologically rigorous research. Using survey data collected from approximately 1,000 college students from two Chinese and two U.S. universities, this study empirically compared and contrasted factors that impact U.S. and Chinese students' perceptions as to why women remain in physically abusive relationships. Utilizing a theoretical framework of social constructionism, two common reasons were assessed: Women stay in physically abusive relationships because of learned helplessness and positive beliefs in the relationship/hope for the future. The results show that viewing IPV as a crime, gender, and beliefs of the causes of IPV were robust predictors of college students' perceptions toward why women stay in physically abusive relationships. U.S. college students were more likely to express sympathy and understanding toward why women remain in abusive relationships than Chinese students. Directions for future research and policy implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luye Li
- University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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21
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Yang M, Beybutyan A, Ríos RP, Soria-Verde MÁ. Public Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Influential Factors in China and Spain. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2021a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Liu Y, Zheng Y. Reliability and Validity of Feminist Identity Composite in Chinese Women. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2842. [PMID: 31920871 PMCID: PMC6932982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a Chinese form of the Feminist Identity Composite (FIC). A total of 2,334 Chinese adult women completed the scale for this study. In study 1 (n = 875), exploratory analysis indicated six factors, Passive Acceptance, Revelation, Embeddedness/Emanation, Active Commitment, and Synthesis, the latter of which was divided into two subscales (Femininity Synthesis and Autonomous Synthesis). In study 2 (n = 810), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with a different sample to examine the construct validity of the model obtained in study 1. In study 3 (n = 649), the convergent validity of the FIC was examined via their relationship with willingness to engage in feminist behaviors and attitude toward trans-people. The results indicated that a new measurement with solid conceptual and psychometrically solid properties needs to be developed to assess Chinese women’s feminist identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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